Numerical investigation of helicopter rotors in ground effect

30th AIAA Applied Aerodynamics Conference 2012

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 1137-1150

  Kutz, Benjamin M ^a   Kowarsch, Ulrich ^a   Keßler, Manuel ^a   Krämer, Ewald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STUTTGART   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

FLOW SEPARATION; HELICOPTER ROTORS;

COLLECTIVE PITCH; FLIGHT CONDITIONS; FLOW FIELD STRUCTURE; FLOW SEPARATION POINT; NUMERICAL INVESTIGATIONS; PARTICLE MOVEMENT; THRUST COEFFICIENTS; UNSTEADY EFFECTS;

GROUND EFFECT;

EID: 84880839841     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Conference Proceeding    
DOI: 10.2514/6.2012-2913     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (32)

1. Betz, A., "The ground effect on lifting propellers," Zeitschrift f̈ur angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, Vol. 17, No. 2, April 1937.
2. Heyson, H. H., "Ground effect for lifting rotors in forward flight," NASA TN D-234, NASA, 1960.
3. Fradenburgh, E. A., "The helicopter and the ground effect machine," Symposium on Ground Effect Phenomena, October 1959.
4. Zbrozek, J., "Ground effect on the lifting rotor," R.A.E. Technical Note No. Aero. 1903 2347, Aeronautical Research Council, 1947.
5. Hayden, J. S., "The effect of the ground on helicopter hovering power required," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 32nd Annual Forum, 1976.
6. Cheeseman, I. C. and Bennett, W. E., "The effect of the ground on a helicopter rotor in forward flight," A.A.E.E. Report Rey./288 3021, Aeronautical Research Council, 1955.
7. Sheridan, P. F. and Wiesner, W., "Aerodynamics of helicopter flight near the ground," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 33th Annual Forum, May 1977.
8. Curtiss, H. C., Sun, M., Putman, W. F., and Hanker Jr., W. J., "Rotor aerodynamics in ground effect at low advance ratios," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 37th Annual Forum, May 1981.
9. Lee, T. E., Leishman, J. G., and Ramasamy, M., "Fluid dynamics of interacting blade tip vortices with a ground plane," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 64th Annual Forum, May 2008.
10. Saijo, T., Ganesh, B., Huang, A., and Komerath, N. M., "Development of unsteadiness in a rotor wake in ground effect," AIAA 21st Applied Aeromdynamics Conference, June 2003.
11. Light, J. S., "Tip vortex geometry of a hovering helicopter rotor in ground effect," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 45th Annual Forum, 1989.
12. Nathan, N. D. and Green, R. B., "The flow around a model helicopter main rotor in ground effect," Experiments in Fluids, Vol. 52, 2012, pp. 151-166.
13. Xin, H., Prasad, J., and Peters, D. A., "An analysis of partial ground effect on the aerodynamics of a helicopter rotor," AIAA 38th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, January 2000.
14. Bhattacharyya, S. and Conlisk, A., "The structure of the rotor wake in ground effect," AIAA 41th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, January 2003.
15. Griffiths, D. A., Ananthan, S., and Leishman, J. G., "Predictions of rotor performance in ground effect using a free-vortex wake model," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 58th Annual Forum, May 2005.
16. D'Andrea, A., "Unsteady numerical simulations of helicopters and tiltrotors operating in sandy-desert environment," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society Specialist's Conference on Aeromechanics, January 2010.
17. Moulton, M. A., O'Malley, J. A., and Rajagopalan, R. G., "Rotorwash prediction using an applied computational fluid dynamics tool," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 60th Annual Forum, June 2004.
18. Kang, N. and Sun, M., "Simulated flowfields in near-ground operation of single- and twin-rotor configurations," Journal of Aircraft, Vol. 37, No. 2, 2000, pp. 214-220.
19. Phillips, C. and Brown, R. E., "Eulerian simulation of the fluid dynamics of helicopter brownout," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 64th Annual Forum, May 2008.
20. Brown, R. E. and Whitehouse, G. R., "Modelling rotor wakes in ground effect," Journal of the American Helicopter Society, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2004, pp. 238-249.
21. Kalra, T. S., Lakshminarayan, V. K., and Baeder, J. D., "CFD validation of micro hovering rotor in ground effect," Proceedings of the American Helicopter Society, 66th Annual Forum, May 2010.
22. Nathan, N. D., The rotor wake in ground effect and its investigation in a wind tunnel, Ph.D. thesis, University of Glasgow, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Aerospace Engineering, 2010.
23. Pulla, D. P., A study of helicopter aerodynamics in ground effect, Ph.D. thesis, The Ohio State University, 2006.
24. Ganesh, B., Unsteady aerodynamics of rotorcraft at low advance ratios in ground effect, Ph.D. thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Aerospace Engineering, 2006.
25. Schmid, S., Lutz, T., and Krämer, E., "Impact of ground modelling approaches on the prediction of ground effect aerodynamics," Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 3, No. 3, 2009, pp. 419-429.
26. Kutz, B. M., Bensing, F., Keßler, M., and Krämer, E., "CFD calculation of a helicopter rotor hovering in ground effect," STAB Meeting, November 2010.
27. Kowarsch, U., CFD Berechnung eines isolierten Hubschrauberrotors im langsamen Vorwärtsflug unter Ber̈ucksichtigung des Bodeneffekts, Studienarbeit, University of Stuttgart, Faculty of Aerospace Engineering and Geodesy, Institute of Aerodynamics and Gasdynamics, Oktober.
28. Filippone, A. et al., "Rotor wake modeling in ground effect conditions," European Rotor Craft Forum, September 2011.
29. Kroll, N., Eisfeld, B., and Bleeke, H., "The Navier-Stokes code FLOWer," Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics, 1999, pp. 58-71.
30. Jameson, A., Schmidt, W., and Turkel, E., "Numerical solutions of the Euler equations by finite volume methods using Runge-Kutta time-stepping schemes," AIAA 14th Fluid and Plasma Dynamic Conference, 1981.
31. Jameson, A., "Time dependent calculations using multigrid, with applications to unsteady flows past airfoils and wings," AIAA 10th Computational Fluid Dynamics Conference, 1991.
32. Nathan, N. D. and Green, R. B., "Flow visualisation of the helicopter brown-out phenomenon," Aeronautical Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society, Vol. 113, No. 1145, 2009, pp. 467-478.