How many enso flavors can we distinguish?

Journal of Climate

Volumn 26, Issue 13, 2013, Pages 4816-4827

  Johnson, Nathaniel C ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE VARIABILITY; DISTINGUISHABILITY; EASTERN PACIFIC; LONG-TERM TREND; NETWORK-BASED; POSITIVE FREQUENCIES; SST ANOMALIES; WESTERN PACIFIC WARM POOL;

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; CONFORMAL MAPPING; SALINITY MEASUREMENT;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK; CLIMATE VARIATION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; LA NINA; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SELF ORGANIZATION; TEMPERATURE ANOMALY;

PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (CENTRAL); PACIFIC OCEAN (EAST);

EID: 84880775527     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00649.1     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Ashok, K., S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, H. Weng, and T. Yamagata, 2007: El Niño Modoki and its possible teleconnection. J. Geophys. Res., 112, C11007, doi:10.1029/2006JC003798.
2. Benjamini, Y., and Y. Hochberg, 1995: Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J. Roy. Stat. Soc., B57, 289-300.
3. Cane, M.A.,A. C. Clement, A. Kaplan, Y. Kushnir, D. Pozdnyakov, R. Seager, S. E. Zebiak, and R. Murtugudde, 1997: Twentiethcentury sea surface temperature trends. Science, 275, 957-960.
4. Christiansen, B., 2007: Atmospheric circulation regimes: Can cluster analysis provide the number? J. Climate, 20, 2229-2250.
5. Chu, J.-E., S. N. Hameed, and K.-J. Ha, 2012: Non-linear, intraseasonal phases of the East Asian summer monsoon: Extraction and analysis using self-organizing maps. J. Climate, 25, 6975-6988.
6. Clement, A. C., R. Seager, M. A. Cane, and S. E. Zebiak, 1996: An ocean dynamical thermostat. J. Climate, 9, 2190-2196.
7. Collins, M., and Coauthors, 2010: The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño. Nat. Geosci., 3, 391-397.
8. Compo, G. P., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 2010: Removing ENSOrelated variations from the climate record. J. Climate, 23, 1957-1978.
9. Deser, C., M. A. Alexander, S.-P. Xie, and A. S. Phillips, 2010: Sea surface temperature variability: Patterns and mechanisms. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2010 (2), 115-143.
10. Folland, C., and C. Anderson, 2002: Estimating changing extremes using empirical ranking methods. J. Climate, 15, 2954-2960.
11. Freeman, L. A., A. J. Miller, R. D. Norris, and J. E. Smith, 2012: Classification of remote Pacific coral reefs by physical oceanographic environment. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C02007, doi:10.1029/2011JC007099.
12. Giese, B. S., and S. Ray, 2011: El Niño variability in simple ocean data assimilation (SODA), 1871-2008. J. Geophys. Res., 116, C02024, doi:10.1029/2010JC006695.
13. Guilyardi, E., A. Wittenberg, A. Fedorov, M. Collins, C. Wang, A. Capotondi, G. J. van Oldenborgh, and T. Stockdale, 2009: Understanding El Niño in ocean-atmosphere general circulation models: Progress and challenges. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 325-340.
14. Hastie, T., R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, 2009: Unsupervised learning. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, Springer, 485-585.
15. Hewitson, B. C., and R. G. Crane, 2002: Self-organizing maps: Applications to synoptic climatology. Climate Res., 22, 13-26.
16. Hoerling, M. P., andA. Kumar, 2003: The perfect ocean for drought. Science, 299, 691-694.
17. Hoerling, M. P., andA. Kumar, and M. Zhong, 1997: El Niño, La Niña, and the nonlinearity of their teleconnections. J. Climate, 10, 1769-1786.
18. Hu, Z.-Z., A. Kumar, B. Jha, W. Wang, B. Huang, and B. Huang, 2012: An analysis of warm pool and cold tongue El Niños: Air-sea coupling processes, global influences, and recent trends. Climate Dyn., 38, 2017-2035, doi:10.1007/s00382-011-1224-9.
19. Jin, B., G. Wang, Y. Liu, and R. Zhang, 2010: Interaction between the East China Sea Kuroshio and the Ryukyu Current as revealed by the self-organizing map. J. Geophys. Res., 115, C12047, doi:10.1029/2010JC006437.
20. Jin, F.-F., 1997: An equatorial ocean recharge paradigm for ENSO. Part I: Conceptual model. J. Atmos. Sci., 54, 811-829.
21. Johnson, N. C., and S. B. Feldstein, 2010: The continuum of North Pacific sea level pressure patterns: Intraseasonal, interannual, and interdecadal variability. J. Climate, 23, 851-867.
22. Johnson, N. C., and S.-P. Xie, 2010: Changes in the sea surface temperature threshold for tropical convection. Nat. Geosci., 3, 842-845.
23. Johnson, N. C., S. B. Feldstein, and B. Tremblay, 2008: The continuum of Northern Hemisphere teleconnection patterns and a description of the NAO shift with the use of self-organizing maps. J. Climate, 21, 6354-6371.
24. Kao, H.-Y., and J.-Y. Yu, 2009: Contrasting eastern-Pacific and central-Pacific types of ENSO. J. Climate, 22, 615-632. Kohonen, T., 2001: Self-Organizing Maps. Springer, 501 pp.
25. Kohonen, T., 2001: Self-Organizing Maps. Springer, 501 pp.
26. Kug, J.-S., F.-F. Jin, and S.-I. An, 2009: Two types of El Niño events: Cold tongue El Niño and warm pool El Niño. J. Climate, 22, 1499-1515.
27. Kumar, A., B. Jha, and M. L'Heureux, 2010: Are tropical SST trends changing the global teleconnection during La Niña? Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L12702, doi:10.1029/2010GL043394.
28. Larkin, N. K., and D. E. Harrison, 2005: Global seasonal temperature and precipitation anomalies during El Niño autumn and winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L16705, doi:10.1029/2005GL022860.
29. Lau, N.-C., A. Leetmaa, and M. J. Nath, 2006: Attribution of atmospheric variations in the 1997-2003 period to SST anomalies in the Pacific and Indian Ocean basins. J. Climate, 19, 3607-3628.
30. Lee, S., T. Gong, N. Johnson, S. B. Feldstein, and D. Pollard, 2011: On the possible link between tropical convection and the Northern Hemisphere Arctic surface air temperature change between 1958 and 2001. J. Climate, 24, 4350-4367.
31. Lee, T., and M. J. McPhaden, 2010: Increasing intensity of El Niño in the central-equatorial Pacific. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L14603, doi:10.1029/2010GL044007.
32. Leloup, J., Z. Lachkar, J.-P. Boulanger, and S. Thiria, 2007: Detecting decadal changes in ENSO using neural networks. Climate Dyn., 28, 147-162, doi:10.1007/s00382-006-0173-1.
33. L'Heureux, M. L., D. C. Collins, and Z.-Z. Hu, 2013: Linear trends in sea surface temperature of the tropical Pacific Ocean and implications for the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Climate Dyn., 40, 1223-1236, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1331-2.
34. Liang, J., X.-Q. Yang, and D.-Z. Sun, 2012: The effect of ENSO events on the tropical Pacific mean climate: Insights from an analytical model. J. Climate, 25, 7590-7606.
35. Liu, Y., R. H. Weisberg, and C. N. K. Mooers, 2006: Performance evaluation of the self-organizing map for feature extraction. J. Geophys. Res., 111, C05018, doi:10.1029/2005JC003117.
36. Livezey, R. E., and W. Y. Chen, 1983: Statistical field significance and its determination by Monte Carlo techniques. Mon. Wea. Rev., 111, 46-59.
37. Ma, J., S.-P. Xie, and Y. Kosaka, 2012: Mechanisms for tropical tropospheric circulation change in response to global warming. J. Climate, 25, 2979-2993.
38. Michelangeli, P.-A., R. Vautard, and B. Legras, 1995: Weather regimes: Recurrence and quasi stationarity. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 1237-1256.
39. Mo, K., 2010: Interdecadal modulation of the impact of ENSO on precipitation and temperature over the United States. J. Climate, 23, 3639-3656.
40. Newman, M., M. A. Alexander, and J. D. Scott, 2011a: An empirical model of tropical ocean dynamics. Climate Dyn., 37, 1823-1841.
41. Newman, M., S.-I. Shin, and M. A. Alexander, 2011b: Natural variation in ENSO flavors. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L14705, doi:10.1029/2011GL047658.
42. Pall, P., T. Aina, D. A. Stone, P. A. Stott, T. Nozawa, A. G. J. Hilberts, D. Lohmann, and M. R. Allen, 2011: Anthropogenic greenhouse gas contribution to flood risk in England and Wales in autumn 2000. Nature, 470, 382-385.
43. Ray, S., and B. S. Giese, 2012: Historical changes in El Niño and La Niña characteristics in an ocean reanalysis. J. Geophys. Res., 117, C11007, doi:10.1029/2012JC008031.
44. Reusch, D. B., R. B. Alley, and B. C. Hewitson, 2005: Relative performance of self-organizing maps and principal component analysis in pattern extraction from synthetic climatological data. Polar Geogr., 29, 227-251.
45. Richardson, A. J., C. Risien, and F. A. Shillington, 2003: Using selforganizing maps to identify patterns in satellite imagery. Prog. Oceanogr., 59, 223-239.
46. Riddle, E. E., M. B. Stoner, N. C. Johnson, M. L. L'Heureux, D. C. Collins, and S. B. Feldstein, 2013: The impact of the MJO on clusters of wintertime circulation anomalies over the North American region. Climate Dyn., 40, 1749-1766, doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1493-y.
47. Rodgers, K. B., P. Friederichs, and M. Latif, 2004: Tropical Pacific decadal variability and its relation to decadal modulation of ENSO. J. Climate, 17, 3761-3774.
48. Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
49. Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, and P. D. Jones, 1993: Correlation methods in fingerprint detection studies. Climate Dyn., 8, 265-276.
50. Shin, S.-I., and P. D. Sardeshmukh, 2011: Critical influence of the pattern of tropical ocean warming on remote climate trends. Climate Dyn., 36, 1577-1591.
51. Smith, T. M., R. W. Reynolds, T. C. Peterson, and J. Lawrimore, 2008: Improvements to NOAA's historical merged land- ocean surface temperature analysis (1880-2006). J. Climate, 21, 2283-2296.
52. Solomon, A., and M. Newman, 2012: Reconciling disparate twentiethcentury Indo-Pacific ocean temperature trends in the instrumental record. Nat. Climate Change, 2, 691-699, doi:10.1038/nclimate1591.
53. Tokinaga, H., S.-P. Xie, C. Deser, Y. Kosaka, and Y. M. Okumura, 2012: Slowdown of the Walker circulation driven by tropical Indo-Pacific warming. Nature, 491, 439-443.
54. Trenberth, K. E., and J. M. Caron, 2000: The Southern Oscillation revisited: Sea level pressures, surface temperatures, and precipitation. J. Climate, 13, 4358-4365.
55. Trenberth, K. E., and D. P. Stepaniak, 2001: Indices of El Niño evolution. J. Climate, 14, 1697-1701.
56. Vecchi, G. A., and A. T. Wittenberg, 2010: El Niño and our future climate: Where do we stand? Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Climate Change, 1, 260-270.
57. Vesanto, J., J. Himberg, E. Alhoniemi, and J. Parhankangas, cited 2000: SOM toolbox for Matlab 5. Helsinki University of Technology, Finland. [Available online at http://www.cis.hut.fi/projects/somtoolbox/.]
58. Weng, H., K. Ashok, S. K. Behera, S. A. Rao, and T. Yamagata, 2007: Impacts of recent ElNiño Modoki on dry/wet conditions in the PacificRim during boreal summer. ClimateDyn., 29, 113-129.
59. Wilks, D. S., 2006: On "field significance" and the false discovery rate. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 45, 1181-1189.
60. Xie, S.-P., C. Deser, G. A. Vecchi, J. Ma, H. Teng, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2010: Global warming pattern formation: Sea surface temperature and rainfall. J. Climate, 23, 966-986.
61. Xue, Y., T.M. Smith, and R. W. Reynolds, 2003: Interdecadal changes of 30-yr SST normals during 1871-2000. J. Climate, 16, 1601-1612.
62. Yeh, S.-W., J.-S. Kug, B. Dewitte, M.-H. Kwon, B. P. Kirtman, and F.-F. Jin, 2009: El Niñoina changing climate. Nature, 461, 511-514.
63. Yeh, S.-W., B. K. Kirtman, J.-S. Kug, W. Park, and M. Latif, 2011: Natural variability of the central Pacific El Niño event on multi-centennial timescales. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L02704, doi:10.1029/2010GL045886.
64. Yu, J.-Y., and S. T. Kim, 2011: Relationships between extratropical sea level pressure variations and the central Pacific and eastern Pacific types of ENSO. J. Climate, 24, 708-720.