Impacts of air-sea flux parameterizations on the intensity and structure of tropical cyclones

Monthly Weather Review

Volumn 141, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 2308-2324

  Green, Benjamin W ^a   Zhang, Fuqing ^a  

^a PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATLANTIC HURRICANE; DISSIPATIVE HEATING; EXCHANGE COEFFICIENTS; NEAR-SURFACE WINDS; NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS; SEA LEVEL PRESSURE; TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY; WEATHER RESEARCH AND FORECASTING MODELS;

ENTHALPY; HEAT FLUX; HURRICANE EFFECTS; LATENT HEAT; PARAMETERIZATION; SEA LEVEL; SURFACE MEASUREMENT; WIND EFFECTS;

WEATHER FORECASTING;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; HURRICANE; LATENT HEAT FLUX; NUMERICAL MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX; TROPICAL CYCLONE; WEATHER FORECASTING;

EID: 84880724560     PISSN: 00270644     EISSN: 15200493     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00274.1     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Aksoy, A., F. Zhang, J. W. Nielsen-Gammon, and C. C. Epifanio, 2005: Ensemble-based data assimilation for thermally forced circulations. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D16105, doi:10.1029/ 2004JD005718.
2. Aksoy, A., F. Zhang, and J. W. Nielsen-Gammon, 2006a: Ensemble-based simultaneous state and parameter estimation in a two-dimensional sea-breeze model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2951-2970.
3. Aksoy, A., F. Zhang, and J. W. Nielsen-Gammon, 2006b: Ensemble-based simultaneous state and parameter estimation with MM5. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L12801, doi:10.1029/2006GL026186.
4. Anderson, J. L., 2001: An ensemble adjustment Kalman filter for data assimilation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 2884-2903.
5. Andreas, E. L, 2011: Fallacies of the enthalpy transfer coefficient over the ocean in high winds. J. Atmos. Sci., 68, 1435-1445.
6. Bao, J.-W., J. M. Wilczak, J.-K. Choi, and L. H. Kantha, 2000: Numerical simulations of air-sea interaction under high wind conditions using a coupled model: A study of hurricane development. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2190-2210.
7. Bao, J.-W., S. A. Michelson, and J. M. Wilczak, 2002: Sensitivity of numerical simulations to parameterizations of roughness for surface heat fluxes at high winds over the sea. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 1926-1932.
8. Bao, J.-W., S. G. Gopalakrishnan, S. A. Michelson, F. D. Marks, and M. T. Montgomery, 2012: Impact of physics representations in the HWRFX model on simulated hurricane structure and wind-pressure relationships. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3278-3299.
9. Bell, M. M., M. T. Montgomery, and K. A. Emanuel, 2012: Air-sea enthalpy and momentum exchange at major hurricane wind speeds observed during CBLAST. J. Atmos. Sci., 69, 3197-3222.
10. Black, P. G., and Coauthors, 2007: Air-sea exchange in hurricanes: Synthesis of observations from the Coupled Boundary Layer Air-Sea Transfer experiment. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 357-374.
11. Braun, S. A., and W.-K. Tao, 2000: Sensitivity of high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Bob (1991) to planetary boundary layer parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 3941-3961.
12. Brutsaert, W., 1975: A theory for local evaporation (or heat transfer) from rough and smooth surfaces at ground level. Water Resour. Res., 11, 543-550.
13. Bryan, G. H., 2012: Effects of surface exchange coefficients and turbulence length scales on the intensity and structure of numerically simulated hurricanes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1125-1143.
14. Bryan, G. H., 2013: Comments on ''Sensitivity of tropical-cyclone models to the surface drag coefficient.'' Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., doi:10.1002/qj.2066, in press.
15. Bryan, G. H., and R. Rotunno, 2009: The maximum intensity of tropical cyclones in axisymmetric numerical model simulations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 1770-1789.
16. Carlson, T. N., and F. E. Boland, 1978: Analysis of urban-rural canopy using a surface heat flux/temperature model. J. Appl. Meteor., 17, 998-1013.
17. Charnock, H., 1955: Wind stress on a water surface. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 81, 639-640.
18. Davis, C. A., and Coauthors, 2008: Prediction of landfalling hurricanes with the Advanced HurricaneWRFmodel. Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1990-2005.
19. Donelan, M. A., B. K. Haus, N. Reul, W. J. Plant, M. Stiassnie, H. C. Graber, O. B. Brown, and E. S. Saltzman, 2004: On the limiting aerodynamic roughness of the ocean in very strong winds. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18306, doi:10.1029/ 2004GL019460.
20. Drennan, W. M., J. A. Zhang, J. R. French, C. McCormick, and P. G. Black, 2007: Turbulent fluxes in the hurricane boundary layer. Part II: Latent heat flux. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1103-1115.
21. Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale twodimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077-3107.
22. Emanuel, K. A., 1986: An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones. Part I: Steady-state maintenance. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 585-604.
23. Emanuel, K. A.,1988: The maximumintensity of hurricanes. J. Atmos. Sci., 45, 1143-1155.
24. Emanuel, K. A., 1995a: The behavior of a simple hurricane model using a convective scheme based on subcloud-layer entropy equilibrium. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3960-3968.
25. Emanuel, K. A., 1995b: Sensitivity of tropical cyclones to surface exchange coefficients and a revised steady-state model incorporating eye dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3969-3976.
26. Fairall, C. W., E. F. Bradley, J. E. Hare, A. A. Grachev, and J. B. Edson, 2003: Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes: Updates and verification for the COARE algorithm. J. Climate, 16, 571-591.
27. French, J. R., W. M. Drennan, J. A. Zhang, and P. G. Black, 2007: Turbulent fluxes in the hurricane boundary layer. Part I: Momentum flux. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1089-1102.
28. Garratt, J. R., 1992: The Atmospheric Boundary Layer. Cambridge University Press, 316 pp.
29. Gray, W. M., 1968: Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon. Wea. Rev., 96, 669-700.
30. Grell, G. A., and D. Devenyi, 2002: A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques.Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1693, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL015311.
31. Grell, G. A., J. Dudhia, and D. R. Stauffer, 1995:Adescription of the fifthgeneration Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5). NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-3981STR, 122 pp. [Available online at http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/mm5/documents/mm5- desc-doc.html.]
32. Holland, G. J., and R. T. Merrill, 1984: On the dynamics of tropical cyclone structural changes. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 110, 723-745.
33. Hong, S.-Y., and J.-O. J. Lim, 2006: The WRF single-moment microphysics scheme (WSM6). J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 129-151.
34. Hong, S.-Y., Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318-2341.
35. Hu, X.-M., F. Zhang, and J. W. Nielsen-Gammon, 2010: Ensemblebased simultaneous state and parameter estimation for treatment of mesoscale model error: A real-data study. Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L08802, doi:10.1029/2010GL043017.
36. Kepert, J. D., 2012: Choosing a boundary layer parameterization for tropical cyclone modeling. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 1427-1445.
37. Knabb, R. D., J. R. Rhome, and D. P. Brown, 2006: Tropical cyclone report: Hurricane Katrina, 23-30 August 2005. NOAA/ NHC, 43 pp. [Available online at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/ pdf/TCR-AL122005_Katrina.pdf.]
38. Large, W. G., and S. Pond, 1981: Open ocean momentum flux measurements in moderate and strong winds. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 11, 324-336.
39. Large, W. G., and S. Pond, 1982: Sensible and latent heat flux measurements over the ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 464-482.
40. Marks, F. D., P. G. Black, M. T. Montgomery, and R. W. Burpee, 2008: Structure of the eye and eyewall of Hurricane Hugo (1989). Mon. Wea. Rev., 136, 1237-1259.
41. Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663-16682.
42. Moon, I.-J., I. Ginis, T. Hara, and B. Thomas, 2007: A physicsbased parameterization of air-sea momentum flux at high wind speeds and its impact on hurricane intensity predictions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2869-2878.
43. Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2006: An improved Mellor-Yamada level-3 model: Its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advection fog. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 119, 397-407.
44. Nolan, D. S., J. A. Zhang, and D. P. Stern, 2009a: Evaluation of planetary boundary layer parameterizations in tropical cyclones by comparison of in situ observations and high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Isabel (2003). Part I: Initialization, maximumwinds, and the outer-core boundary layer. Mon.Wea. Rev., 137, 3651-3674.
45. Nolan, D. S., D. P. Stern, and J. A. Zhang, 2009b: Evaluation of planetary boundary layer parameterizations in tropical cyclones by comparison of in situ observations and high-resolution simulations of Hurricane Isabel (2003). Part II: Inner-core boundary layer and eyewall structure. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 3675-3698.
46. Oncley, S. P., and J. Dudhia, 1995: Evaluation of surface fluxes from MM5 using observations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3344-3357.
47. Ooyama, K., 1969: Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones. J. Atmos. Sci., 26, 1586-1606.
48. Powell, M. D., P. J. Vickery, and T. A. Reinhold, 2003: Reduced drag coefficient for high wind speeds in tropical cyclones. Nature, 24, 395-419.
49. Rappaport, E. N., and Coauthors, 2009: Advances and challenges at the National Hurricane Center. Wea. Forecasting, 24, 395-419.
50. Rosenthal, S. L., 1971: The response of a tropical cyclone model to variations in boundary layer parameters, initial conditions, lateral boundary conditions, and domain size. Mon. Wea. Rev., 99, 767-777.
51. Rotunno, R., Y. Chen, W. Wang, C. Davis, J. Dudhia, and G. J. Holland, 2009: Large-eddy simulation of an idealized tropical cyclone. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 90, 1783-1788.
52. Skamarock, W. C., and Coauthors, 2008: A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3. NCAR Tech. Note NCAR/TN-4751STR, 113 pp. [Available online at http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/arw_v3.pdf.]
53. Smith, S. D., 1988: Coefficients for sea surface wind stress, heat flux, and wind profiles as a function of wind speed and temperature. J. Geophys. Res., 93, 15467-15472.
54. Stull, R. B., 1988: An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology. Springer, 670 pp.
55. Weng, Y., and F. Zhang, 2012: Assimilating airborne Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter for convectionpermitting hurricane initialization and prediction: Katrina (2005). Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 841-859.
56. Zhang, F., and J. A. Sippel, 2009: Effects of moist convection on hurricane predictability. J. Atmos. Sci., 66, 1944-1961.
57. Zhang, F., Y. Weng, J. A. Sippel, Z. Meng, and C. H. Bishop, 2009: Cloud-resolving hurricane initialization and prediction through assimilation of Doppler radar observations with an ensemble Kalman filter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 2105-2125.
58. Zhang, F., Y. Weng, J. F. Gamache, and F. D. Marks, 2011: Performance of convection-permitting hurricane initialization and prediction during 2008-2010 with ensemble data assimilation of innercore airborne Doppler radar observations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L15810, doi:10.1029/2011GL048469.
59. Zhang, J. A., P. G. Black, J. R. French, and W. M. Drennan, 2008: First direct measurements of enthalpy flux in the hurricane boundary layer: The CBLAST results. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L14813, doi:10.1029/2008GL034374.