Splanchnic venous thrombosis and pancreatitis

Pancreas

Volumn 42, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 924-931

  Nadkarni, Nikhil A ^a   Khanna, Sahil ^a   Vege, Santhi Swaroop ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

anticoagulation; pancreatitis; splanchnic vein; thrombosis

Indexed keywords

FIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

CHRONIC PANCREATITIS; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONVENTIONAL ANGIOGRAPHY; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC THERAPY; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STOMACH VARICES; VEIN THROMBOSIS;

ACUTE DISEASE; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; HUMANS; PANCREATITIS; PANCREATITIS, CHRONIC; SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION; SPLENIC VEIN; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84880699847     PISSN: 08853177     EISSN: 15364828     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e318287cd3d     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Agarwal N, Pitchumoni CS. Acute pancreatitis: a multisystem disease. Gastroenterologist. 1993;1:115-128.
2. Ranson JH, Lackner H, Berman IR, et al. The relationship of coagulation factors to clinical complications of acute pancreatitis. Surgery. 1977;81:502-511.
3. Mallick IH, Winslet MC. Vascular complications of pancreatitis. JOP. 2004;5:328-337.
4. Köklü S, Coban S, Yüksel O, et al. Left-sided portal hypertension. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:1141-1149.
5. Sutton JP, Yarborough DY, Richard JT. Isolated splenic vein occlusion. Review of literature and report of an additional case. Arch Surg. 1970;100:623-626.
6. Sakorafas GH, Sarr MG, Farley DR, et al. The significance of sinistral portal hypertension complicating chronic pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 2000;179:129-133.
7. Leger L, Lenriot JP, Lemigre G. L'hypertension et la stase portales sgmentaires dans les pncreatites chronique: a propos de 126 cas examines par spleno-portographie et spleno-manometrie. J Chir (Paris). 1968;95:599-608.
8. Lavender S, Lloyd-Davis RW, Thomas ML. Retroperitoneal fibrosis causing localized portal hypertension. Br Med J. 1970;3:627-628.
9. Salam AA, Warren WD, Tyras DH. Splenic vein thrombosis: a diagnosable and curable form of portal hypertension. Surgery. 1973;74: 961-972.
10. Rösch W. Isolated gastric varices: a hint of pancreatic disorders. Endoscopy. 1974;6:217-220.
11. Itzchak Y, Glickmann MG. Splenic vein thrombosis in patients with a normal size spleen. Invest Radiol. 1977;12:158-163.
12. Mortelé KJ, Mergo PJ, Taylor HM et al. Peripancreatic vascular abnormalities complicating acute pancreatitis: contrast-enhanced helical CT findings. Eur J Radiol. 2004;52:67-72.
13. Dörffel T, Wruck T, Rückert RI et al. Vascular complications in acute pancreatitis assessed by color duplex ultrasonography. Pancreas. 2000;21:126-133.
14. Gonzelez HJ, Sahay SJ, Samadi B et al. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in severe acute pancreatitis: a 2-year, single-institution experience. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:860-864.
15. Rösch J. Die Splenoportographie in der Diagnostik der Pankreaserkrankungen. Radiologe. 1965;5:274-281.
16. Tylen U, Arnesjo B. Angiographic diagnosis of inflammatory disease of the pancreas. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1973;14:215-240.
17. Madsen MS, Sommer H, Petersen TH, et al. Variceal bleeding caused by segmental portal hypertension in association with situs inversus and malrotation. Ann Chir Gynaecol. 1985;74:185-187.
18. Bernades P, Baetz A, Levy P, et al. Splenic and portal venous obstruction in chronic pancreatitis: a prospective longitudinal study of a medical-surgical series of 266 patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1992;37:340-346.
19. Weber SM, Rikkers LF. Splenic vein thrombosis and gastrointestinal bleeding in chronic pancreatitis. World J Surg. 2003;27:1271-1274.
20. Köklü S, Yüksel O, Arhan M, et al. Report of 24 left-sided portal hypertension cases: a single-center prospective cohort study. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:976-982.
21. Bradley EL III. The natural history of splenic vein thrombosis due to chronic pancreatitis: indications for surgery. Int J Pancreatol. 1987; 2:87-92.
22. Little AG, Moossa AR. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage from left-sided portal hypertension. An unappreciated complication of pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 1981;141:153-158.
23. McDermott VG, England RE, Newman GE. Case report: bleeding gastric varices secondary to splenic vein thrombosis successfully treated by splenic artery embolization. Br J Radiol. 1995;68:928-930.
24. Lasson A, Ohisson K. Consumptive coagulopathy, fibrinolysis and protease-antiprotease interactions during acute human pancreatitis. Thromb Res. 1986;41:167-183.
25. Lasson A, Ohisson K. Disseminated intravascular coagulation and antiprotease activity in acute human pancreatitis. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1986;126:35-39.
26. Lillemoe KD, Yeo CJ. Management of complications of pancreatitis. Curr Probl Surg. 1998;35:1-98.
27. Moossa AR, Gadd MA. Isolated splenic vein thrombosis. World J Surg. 1985;9:384-390.
28. Butler JR, Eckert GJ, Zyromski NJ, et al. Natural history of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its incidence and rate of gastrointestinal bleeding. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:839-845.
29. Agarwal AK, Kumar R, Agarwal S, et al. Significance of splenic vein thrombosis in chronic pancreatitis. Am J Surg. 2008;196:149-154.
30. Heider TR, Azeem S, Galanko JA, et al. The natural history of pancreatitis-induced splenic vein thrombosis. Ann Surg. 2004;239: 876-880; discussion 880-882.
31. Madsen MS, Petersen TH, Sommer H. Segmental portal hypertension. Ann Surg. 1986;204:72-77.
32. Witte CL, Chung YC, Witte MH, et al. Observations on the origin of ascites from experimental extrahepatic portal congestion. Ann Surg. 1969;170:1002-1015.
33. Kogutt MS, Jander HP. SplenoportographyVa valuable diagnostic technic, revisited. South Med J. 1977;70:1210-1212.
34. Gattoni F, Baldini U, Pozzato C, et al. Pure and diluted contrast media in the visualization of the portal venous system using digital angiography. Radiol Med (Torino). 1990;80:321-324.
35. Zamir O, Mogle P, Lernau O, et al. Splenoportography: a reappraisal. Am J Gastroenterol. 1984;79:283-286.
36. Herlinger H. Arterioportography. Clin Radiol. 1978;29:255-275.
37. Burcharth F, Nielbo N, Andersen B. Percutaneous transhepatic portography. II. Comparison with splenoportography in portal hypertension. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1979;132:183-185.
38. Johansen K, Paun M. Ultrasonography of the portal vein. Surg Clin North Am. 1990;70:181-190.
39. Alpern MD, Rubin JM, Williams DM. Porta hepatis: duplex Doppler US with angiographic correlation. Radiology. 1987;162:53-56.
40. Finn JP, Kane RA, Edelman LJ, et al. Imaging of the portal venous system in patients with cirrhosis: MR angiography vs. duplex Doppler sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993;161:989-994.
41. Naik KS, Ward J, Irving HC, et al. Comparison of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and Doppler ultrasound in the preoperative assessment of the portal venous system. Br J Radiol. 1997;70:43-49.
42. Bradbury MS, Kavanagh PV, Bechtold RE, et al. Mesenteric venous thrombosis: diagnosis and noninvasive imaging. Radiographics. 2002;22:527-541.
43. Vogelzang RL, Gore RM, Anschuetz SL, et al. Thrombosis of the splanchnic veins: CT diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150: 93-96.
44. Harward TR, Green D, Bergan JJ, et al. Mesenteric venous thrombosis. J Vasc Surg. 1989;9:328-333.
45. Rha SE, Ha HK, Lee SH, et al. CT and MR imaging findings of bowel ischemia from various primary causes. Radiographics. 2000;20:29-42.
46. Brink JA. Spiral CT angiography of the abdomen and pelvis: interventional applications. Abdom Imaging. 1997;22:365-372.
47. Rubin GD, Dake MD, Napel SA, et al. Three-dimensional spiral CT angiography of the abdomen: initial clinical experience. Radiology. 1993;186:147-152.
48. Zhu K, Meng X, Pang P, et al. Gastric varices in patients with portal hypertension: evaluation with multidetector row CT. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;44:e108-e115.
49. Leyendecker JR, Rivera E Jr, Washburn WK, et al. MR angiography of the portal venous system: techniques, interpretation, and clinical applications. Radiographics. 1997;17:1425-1443.
50. Yano T, Kodama T, Suzuki Y, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced 3D time-of-flight MR angiography: experimental and clinical evaluation. Acta Radiol. 1997;38:47-54.
51. Kreft B, Strunk H, Flacke S, et al. Detection of thrombosis of the portal venous system: comparison of contrast enhanced MR angiography with intra-arterial digital substraction angiography. Radiology. 2000;216: 86-92.
52. Cakmak O, Elmas N, Tamsel S, et al. Role of contrast-enhanced 3D magnetic resonance portography in evaluating portal venous system compared with color Doppler ultrasonography. Abdom Imaging. 2008;33:65-71.
53. Lo GH, Lai KH, Wang SJ, et al. Comparison of endoscopic ultrasound and computed tomogram in the evaluation of periesophageal varices. J Ultrasound Med. 1997;5:83-88.
54. Caletti GC, Brocchi E, Baraldini M, et al. Assessment of portal hypertension by endoscopic ultrasonography. Gastrointest Endosc. 1990;36:21-27.
55. Caletti GC, Brocchi E, Ferrari A, et al. Value of endoscopic ultrasonography in the management of portal hypertension. Endoscopy. 1992;24:342-346.
56. Wiersema MJ, Chak A, Kopecky KK, et al. Duplex Doppler endosonography in the diagnosis of splenic vein, portal vein, and portosystemic shunt thrombosis. Gastrointest Endosc. 1995;42:19-26.
57. Giday SA, Clarke JO, Buscaglia JM, et al. EUS-guided portal vein catheterization: a promising novel approach for portal angiography and portal vein pressure measurements. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008;67:338-342.
58. Marshall JP, Smith PD, Hoyumpa AM. Gastric varices: problem in diagnosis. Am J Dig Dis. 1977;22:947-955.
59. Gabrielson N. Diagnosis of gastric varices by conventional roentgenography as compared with splenoportal phlebography. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh). 1971;11:506-514.
60. Mathur SK, Dalvi A, Someshwar V, et al. Endoscopic and radiological appraisal of gastric varices. Br J Surg. 1990;77:432-435.
61. Perri RE, Chiorean MV, Fidler JL, et al. A prospective evaluation of computerized tomographic (CT) scanning as a screening modality for oesophageal varices. Hepatology. 2008;47:1587-1594.
62. Warshaw AL, Jin GL, Ottinger LW. Recognition and clinical implications of mesenteric and portal vein obstruction in chronic pancreatitis. Arch Surg. 1987;122:410-415.
63. Evans GRD, Yellin AE, Weaver FA, et al. Sinistral (left-sided) portal hypertension. Am Surg. 1990;56:758-763.
64. Ginès A, Fernández-Esparrach G. Endoscopic ultrasonography for the evaluation of portal hypertension. Clin Liver Dis. 2010;14:221-229.
65. Goenka MK, Kochhar R, Nagi B, et al. Rectosigmoid varices and other mucosal changes in patients with portal hypertension. Am J Gastroenterol. 1991;86:1185-1189.
66. Wu CS, Chen CM, Chang KY. Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy of bleeding duodenal varices. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995;19: 481-483.
67. Besselink MG. Splanchnic vein thrombosis complicating severe acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford). 2011;13:831-832.
68. Hall TC, Garcea G, Metcalfe M, et al. Management of acute non-cirrhotic and non-malignant portal vein thrombosis: a systematic review. World J Surg. 2011;35:2510-2520.
69. Garcia-Pagán JC, Hernández-Guerra M, Bosch J. Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis. Semin Liver Dis. 2008;28:282-292.
70. Harris S, Naina H, Chari S, et al. Does anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism in acute pancreatitis result in pancreatic and/or peri-pancreatic bleeding? Gastroenterology. 2008;134:4(S1):A-375.
71. Pribramska V, Vege S, Trna J, et al. Natural history of splanchnic venous thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2009;136:5(S1):A-541.
72. Harris S, Naina H, Vege S. Splanchnic vein thrombosis in acute pancreatitis: a single centre experience. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103: S1:S81.
73. Haage P, Krings T, Schmitz-Rode T. Nontraumatic vascular emergencies: imaging and intervention in acute venous occlusion. Eur Radiol. 2002;12:2627-2643.
74. Wang MQ, Lin HY, Guo LP, et al. Acute extensive portal and mesenteric venous thrombosis after splenectomy: treated by interventional thrombolysis with transjugular approach. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15:3038-3045.
75. de Franchis R, Baveno V Faculty. Revising consensus in portal hypertension: report of the Baveno V consensus workshop on methodology of diagnosis and therapy in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2010;53:762-768.
76. Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal A, Grace N, et al Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2007;46:922-938