Markets of exceptionalism: Peace parks in Southern Africa

Journal of Contemporary African Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 457-480

  Barrett, George ^a  

^a RHODES UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

Author keywords

alienation; borderzones; colonialism; neoliberalism; peace parks; security; Southern Africa; spectacle; transfrontier conservation

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COLONIALISM; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; LANDSCAPE; NEOLIBERALISM; PARK MANAGEMENT; PROTECTED AREA; WILDERNESS AREA;

SOUTHERN AFRICA;

EID: 84880513407     PISSN: 02589001     EISSN: 14699397     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02589001.2013.808876     Document Type: Article

References (108)

1. African Wildlife Foundation (AWF). 2002. " Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park will Double Land for Wildlife-Including Kruger's 10,000 Elephants." African Wildlife Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.awf.org/content/headline/detail/1163.html
2. Agamben, Giorgio. 1998. Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3. Alexander, Jocelyn., and, JoAnn McGregor. 2000. " Wildlife and Politics: CAMPFIRE in Zimbabwe." Development and Change 31: 605-627 doi: 10.1111/1467-7660.00169.
4. Ali, Saleem H. 2007. Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
5. Amin, Samir. 2011. Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure., 2nd ed. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press.
6. Anderson, Benedict. [1983] 1991. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso.
7. Aradau, Claudia. 2004. " Security and the Democratic Scene: Desecuritization and Emancipation." Journal of International Relations and Development 7 (4): 388-413 doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jird.1800030.
8. Barrett, George. 2011. " Utopian Dreams, Apocalyptic Nightmares and Market Panaceas." Paper presented at the Association of American Geographers Annual Conference, Seattle, April 12.
9. Basaran, Tugba. 2008. " Security, Law, Borders: Spaces of Exclusion." International Political Sociology 2 (4): 339-354 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-5687.2008.00055.x.
10. Beech, Craig. 2001. " ESRI-ArcNews ". The Peace Parks Foundation Aided by GIS. Accessed May 7, 2011. http://www.esri.com/news/arcnews/ summer01articles/thepeaceparks.html.
11. Beech, Craig. 2006. " Peace Parks Foundation GIS Lecture, Oxford University." African Environments Programme, University of Oxford. Accessed May 1, 2011. http://www.african-environments.ouce.ox.ac.uk/events/2006/190906. doc.
12. Bigo, Didier. 2008. " International Political Sociology." In Security Studies: An Introduction, Paul D. Williams., 116-129. London: Routledge.
13. Blandy, Fran. 2006. " Transfrontier Parks a Boost to Conservation." IOL SciTech. Accessed February 21, 2011. http://www.iol.co.za/scitech/technology/transfrontier-parks-A-boost-to- conservation-1.282687
14. BSA (Boundless Southern Africa). n.d. "/Ai/Ais-Richtersveld Transfrontier Conservation Area." Boundless Southern Africa. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.boundlessa.com/en/index.php?option = com-content&task = view&id = 141&Itemid = 257.
15. Brockington, Dan., Rosaleen Duffy., and, James Igoe. 2008. Nature Unbound; Conservation, Capitalism and the Future of Protected Areas. London and Washington, DC: Earthscan.
16. Brosius, J. Peter., and, Diane Russell. 2003. " Conservation from Above: An Anthropological Perspective on Transboundary Protected Areas and Ecoregional Planning." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17 1-2: 39-65 doi: 10.1300/J091v17n01-04.
17. BSA (Boundless Southern Africa). 2008. Boundless 2008. Boundless Southern Africa. Accessed April 27, 2011. http://www.boundlessa.com/en/index.php?option = com-content&task = view&id = 172&Itemid = 308
18. BSA (Boundless Southern Africa). 2009. Boundless Southern Africa Expedition 2009. Accessed May 13, 2011. http://www.boundlessa.com/en/index.php? option = com-content&task = blogcategory&id = 17&Itemid = 306.
19. BSA (Boundless Southern Africa). n.d. Boundless Song. Boundless Southern Africa. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.boundlessa.com/en/index.php?option = com-content&task = view&id = 172&Itemid = 308.
20. BSA (Boundless Southern Africa). n.d. Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area. Boundless Southern Africa. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.boundlessa.com/en/index.php?option = com-content&task = view&id = 139&Itemid = 253.
21. BSA (Boundless Southern Africa). n.d. Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Boundless Southern Africa. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.boundlessa.com/ en/index.php?option = com-content&task = view&id = 138&Itemid = 250.
22. Büscher, Bram. 2010a. " Derivative Nature: Interrogating the Value of Conservation in Boundless Southern Africa." Third World Quarterly 31 (2): 259-276 doi: 10.1080/01436591003711983.
23. Büscher, Bram. 2010b. " Seeking Telos in the Transfrontier? Neoliberalism and the Transcending of Community Conservation in Southern Africa." Environment and Planning A 42 (3): 644-660 doi: 10.1068/a42140.
24. Büscher, Bram., and, Ton Dietz. 2005. " Conjunctions of Governance: The State and the Conservation-Development Nexus in Southern Africa." The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies 4 (2): 1-15. http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/32289/JTES200541.pdf.
25. Büscher, Bram., and, Wolfram Dressler. 2007. " Linking Neoprotectionism and Environmental Governance: On the Rapidly Increasing Tensions between Actors in the Environment-Development Nexus." Conservation and Society 5 (4): 586-611. http://www.conservationandsociety.org/temp/ ConservatSoc54586-4253782-114857.pdf.
26. Büscher, Bram., and, Wolfram Dressler. 2012. " Commodity Conservation. The Restructuring of Community Conservation in South Africa and the Philippines." Geoforum 43 (3): 367-376 doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2010.06. 010.
27. Carrier, James G. 2010. " Protecting the Environment the Natural Way: Ethical Consumption and Commodity Fetishism." Antipode 42 (3): 672-689 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00768.x.
28. Cernea, Michael. M. 2006. " Population Displacement Inside Protected Areas: A Redefinition of Concepts in Conservation Policies." Policy Matters 14: 8-26.
29. Chang, Hui-Ching., and, G. Richard Holt. 1991. " Tourism as Consciousness of Struggle: Cultural Represents of Taiwan." In Critical Studies in Mass Communication 8 (1): 102-118 doi: 10.1080/15295039109366783.
30. Chirikure, Shadreck., Munyaradzi Manyanga., Webber Ndoro., and, Gilbert Pwiti. 2010. " Unfulfilled Promises? Heritage Management and Community Participation at some of Africa's Cultural Heritage Sites." International Journal of Heritage Studies 16 1-2: 30-44 doi: 10.1080/13527250903441739.
31. Craik, Jennifer. 1997. " The Culture of Tourism." In Touring Cultures: Transformation of Travel and Theory, Chris Rojek. and John Urry.,. 133. London: Routledge.
32. Cronon, William. 1996. " The Trouble with Wilderness: Or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature." Environmental History 1 (1): 7-28 doi: 10.2307/3985059.
33. Curran, Bryan., Terry Sunderland., Fiona Maisels., John Oates., Stella Asaha., Michael Balinga., Louis Defo., et al. 2009. " Are Central Africa's Protected Areas Displacing Hundreds of Thousands of Rural Poor? " Conservation and Society (7): 30-45 doi: 10.4103/0972-4923.54795.
34. Debord, Guy. [1967] 1995. Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books.
35. de Villiers, Bertus. 1999. Land Claims & National Parks: The Makuleke Experience. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council.
36. Dressler, Wolfram., and, Bram Büscher. 2008. " Market Triumphalism and the CBNRM Crises at the South African Section of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." Geoforum 39 (1): 452-465 doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.09.005.
37. Duffy, Rosaleen. 2005. Global Politics and Peace Parks. Parks for Peace or Peace for Parks. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: 6.
38. Duffy, Rosaleen. 2007. " Peace Parks and Global Politics: The Paradoxes and Challenges of Global Governance." In Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, Saleem H. Ali., 55-68. London: MIT Press.
39. Dunn, Kevin C. 2009. " Contested State Spaces: African National Parks and the State." European Journal of International Relations 15 (3): 423-446 doi: 10.1177/1354066109338233.
40. Duraiappah, Anantha K. 1996. CREED Working Paper Series No 8: Poverty and Environmental Degradation: A Literature Review and Analysis. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
41. Ellis, Stephen. 1994. " Of Elephants and Men: Politics and Nature Conservation in South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (1): 53-69 doi: 10.1080/03057079408708386.
42. Fox, Justin. 2009. " Kaza, the Birth of Africa's Greatest Game Park." Getaway 34-43. http://magazine.getaway.co.za/archive/kaza-birth- Africas-greatest-game-park/.
43. Fürsich, Elfriede., and, Melinda B. Robins. 2004. " Visiting Africa: Constructions of Nation and Identity on Travel Websites." In Journal of Asian and African Studies 39: 133-152 doi: 10.1177/0021909604048255.
44. Gertruida, Tannie. 2009. " 19-Tannie Gertruida and the Nama Stap." Boundless Southern Africa, Expedition News. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.boundlessa.com/en/index.php?option = com-content&task = view&id = 195&Itemid = 306.
45. Gordon, Lewis R. 2006. " African American Philosophy, Race and the Geography of Reason." In Not Only the Master's Tools, Lewis R. Gordon. and Jane A. Gordon., 3-50. Colorado: Paradigm.
46. Hanks, John. 2003. " Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs) in Southern Africa: Their Role in Conserving Biodiversity, Socioeconomic Development and Promoting a Culture of Peace." Journal of Sustainable Forestry 17 1-2: 127-148 doi: 10.1300/J091v17n01-08.
47. Harries, Patrick. 2007. Butterflies and Barbarians: Swiss Missionaries and Systems of Knowledge in South-East Africa. Oxford: James Curry Publishers.
48. Holgate, Kingsley. 2011. " The Grey Beard of Africa." Kingsley Holgate. Accessed April 27, 2011. http://www.kingsleyholgate.net/about-kingsley- holgate.html.
49. Hughes, David MCD. 2002. " Going Transboundary: Scale-Making and Exclusion in Southern-African Conservation." Paper Presented at the Environment and Development Advanced Research Circle, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA. Accessed February 13, 2013. http://hdgc.epp.cmu.edu/misc/ Going%20Transboundary%20-%20Hughes%5B1%5D.pdf.
50. Huysmans, Jef., and, Alesandra B. Buonfino. 2008. " Politics of Exception and Unease: Immigration, Asylum and Terrorism in Parliamentary Debates in the UK." Political Studies 56 (4): 766-788 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248. 2008.00721.x.
51. Igoe, James. 2010. " The Spectacle of Nature in the Global Economy of Appearances: Anthropological Engagements with the Spectacular Mediations of Transnational Conservation." Critique of Anthropology 30 (4): 375-397 doi: 10.1177/0308275X10372468.
52. Igoe, James., and, Dan Brockington. 2007. " Neoliberal Conservation: A Brief Introduction." Conservation and Society 5 (4): 432-449. http://www.conservationandsociety.org/temp/ConservatSoc54432-4368659-120806.pdf.
53. Igoe, James., Katja Neves., and, Dan Brockington. 2010. " A Spectacular Eco-Tour around the Historic Bloc: Theorising the Convergence of Biodiversity Conservation and Capitalist Expansion." Antipode 42 (3): 486-512 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00761.x.
54. Jindal, Rohit., Brent Swallow., and, John Kerr. 2008. " Forestry-Based Carbon Sequestration Projects in Africa: Potential Benefits and Challenges." Natural Resources Forum 32 (2): 116-130 doi: 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2008.00176.x.
55. King, David A., and, William P. Stewart. 1996. " Ecotourism and Commodification: Protecting People and Places." Biodiversity Conservation 5 (3): 293-305 doi: 10.1007/BF00051775.
56. MacDonald, Kenneth I. 2010. " The Devil is in the (Bio) Diversity: Private Sector "Engagement" and the Restructuring of Biodiversity Conservation." Antipode 42 (3): 513-550 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010. 00762.x.
57. Mbeki, Thabo. 2004. " I Am an African." African Renaissance 1 (2): 9-13. http://www.hollerafrica.com/pdf/vol1AfricanRenSep-Oct-2004.pdf#page= 9.
58. McAfee, Kathleen. 1999. " Selling Nature to Save it? Biodiversity and Green Developmentalism." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 17 (2): 133-154 doi: 10.1068/d170133.
59. MCSA (Media Club South Africa). 2009. " Famous Adventurer Promotes Transfrontier Conservation." Africa Good News. June 18. Accessed February 17, 2011. http://www.africagoodnews.com/development/education/615-famous- Adventurer-to-promote-transfrontier-conservation.html.
60. Millgroom, Jessica., and, Marja Spierenburg. 2008. " Induced Volition: Resettlement from the Limpopo National Park, Mozambique." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 26 (4): 435-448 doi: 10.1080/02589000802482021.
61. MoEAT (Ministry of Environmental Affairs and Tourism). 2001. " Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Valli Moosa, Introduces the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." South African Government Information. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/0110081046a1002. html.
62. Moore, Lorraine E. 2010. " Conservation Heroes Versus Environmental Villains: Perceiving Elephants in the Caprivi Strip." Human Ecology 38 (1): 19-29 doi: 10.1007/s10745-009-9290-x.
63. Morgan, John. 2001. Development, Globalisation and Sustainability. London: Nelson Thornes.
64. Myburgh, Werner. n.d. " Message from the CEO of the Peace Parks Foundation." Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed February 21, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?pid = 1&mid = 3.
65. OAU (Organization of African Unity). 1981. African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights ("Banjul Charter"),. CAB/LEG/67/3 rev. 5, 21 I.L.M. 58 (1982). Accessed January 15, 2013. http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/ 3ae6b3630.html.
66. Peluso, Nancy L. 1993. " Coercing Conservation? The Politics of State Resource Control." Global Environmental Change 3 (2): 199-217 doi: 10.1016/0959-3780(93)90006-7.
67. Peoples, Columba., and, Nick Vaughan-Williams. 2010. " Poststructuralism and International Political Sociology." In Critical Security Studies: An Introduction, Columbus Peoples. and Nick Vaughan-Williams., 62-74. Abingdon: Routledge.
68. Perez, Carlos A., Constance Neely., Carla Roncoli., and, Jean Steiner. 2007. Special Issue: Making Carbon Sequestration Work for Africa's Rural Poor: Opportunities and Constraints. Agricultural Systems 94 (. 1): 1-110.
69. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). 2006. Annual Review and Financial Statement. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Peace Parks Foundation.
70. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). 2009. Annual Review and Financial Statement. Stellenbosch, South Africa: Peace Parks Foundation.
71. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. !Ae!Hai Kalahari Heratige Park. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed January 15, 2013. http://www.peaceparks.org/ programme.php?pid = 25&mid = 1112.
72. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d./Ai/Ais Richtersveld Transfrontier Park. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.peaceparks. org/tfca.php?pid = 27&mid = 1001
73. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Annual Reviews and Financial Statements. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed January 23, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?pid = 1&mid = 17
74. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Climate Change Programme in Southern African TFCAs. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed February 12, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/programme.php?pid = 24&mid = 1021.
75. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Donors of Peace Parks Foundation. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed January 23, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/ story.php?pid = 42&mid = 50.
76. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca. php?pid = 27&mid = 1005
77. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Greater Mapungubwe. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid = 27&mid = 1003.
78. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Kavango-Zambezi. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 27, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid = 27&mid = 1008.
79. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php? pid = 27&mid = 1002
80. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Lumombo Transfrontier Conservation and Resource Area. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid = 27&mid = 1006.
81. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Lower Zambezi-Mana Pools TFCA. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 27, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php? pid = 27&mid = 1019
82. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation and Development Area. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/tfca.php?pid = 27&mid = 1004.
83. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Origins. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed February 21, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?pid = 1&mid = 2.
84. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Why Peace Parks? Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 27, 2011. http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?pid = 19&mid = 20
85. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Training Colleges. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed January 15, 2013. http://www.peaceparks.org/story.php?pid = 100&mid = 28
86. PPF (Peace Parks Foundation). n.d. Southern African Peace Parks? The TFCAs. Peace Parks Foundation. Accessed April 29, 2011. http://www.peaceparks. org/story.php?pid = 100&mid = 19
87. Rumble, Mike. n.d. " Message from Mike Rumble." Boundless Southern Africa Expedition. Accessed May 11, 2011. http://www.imagineering.co. za/boundlesssa/mike.html.
88. SADC (Southern African Development Community). n.d. Transfrontier Conservation Areas (TFCAs). Accessed May 12, 2011. http://www.sadc.int/fanr/ naturalresources/transfrontier/index.php?media = print&media = print.
89. Sandilands, Catriona. 1993. " On Green Consumerism: Environmental Privitization and Family Values." Canadian Women's Studies/les cahiers de la femmes 13 (3): 45-47. http://pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/cws/article/ download/10409/9498.
90. Sandwith, Trevor., Clare Shine., Lawrence Hamilton., and, David Sheppard. 2001. Transboundary Protected Areas for Peace and Co-operation. (7) IUCN-World Conservation Union.
91. Said, Eward. 1978. Orientalism. London: Penguin.
92. SANParks (South African National Parks). n.d. " Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." Conservation Services. Accessed January 15, 2013. http://www.sanparks.org/conservation/transfrontier/great-limpopo.php.
93. Schwartz, Mark W. 1999. " Choosing the Appropriate Scale of Reserves for Conservation." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 30 (1): 83-108 doi: 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.30.1.83.
94. Spenceley, Anna., and, Michael Schoon. 2007. " Peace Parks as Social Ecological Systems: Testing Environmental Resilience in Southern Africa." In Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, Saleem H. Ali., 83-104. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
95. Spenceley, Anna. 2006. " Tourism in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." Development Southern Africa 23 (5): 649-667 doi: 10.1080/03768350601021897.
96. Spierenburg, Marja., and, Harry Wels. 2010. " Conservative Philanthropists, Royalty and Business Elites in Nature Conservation in Southern Africa." Antipode 42 (3): 647-670 doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2010.00767.x.
97. Steenkamp, Conrad., and, Jana Uhr. 2000. " The Makuleke Land Claim: Power relations and Community-Based Natural Resource Management." Evaluating Eden Series, IIED 18: 1-26. http://conservation-development.net/ Projekte/Nachhaltigkeit/CD1/Suedafrika/Literatur/PDF/Steenkamp2000.pdf.
98. Stevens, P. W., and, R. Jansen. 2002. Botswana National Ecotourism Strategy. Gaborone: The Government of Botswana.
99. The African Biodiversity Network and The Gaia Foundation. 2011. Reviving Our Culture, Mapping Our Future. New York: Vimeo. Online Video. Accessed January 15, 2013. http://www.gaiafoundation.org/galleries/videos/reviving-our-culture- mapping-our-future.
100. Thorsell, Jim W. 1991. Parks on the Borderline: Experiences in Transfrontier Conservation. Gland, Switzerland: International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
101. Tosa, Hiroyuki. 2009. " Anarchical Governance: Neoliberal Governmentality in Resonance with the State of Exception." International Political Sociology 3 (4): 414-430 doi: 10.1111/j.1749-5687.2009.00084.x.
102. Vale, Peter. 2003. Security and Politics in Southern Africa: The Regional Dimension. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
103. van Amerom, Marloes., and, Bram Büscher. 2005. " Peace Parks in Southern Africa: Bringers of an African Renaissance? " The Journal of Modern African Studies 43 (2): 159-182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ S0022278X05000790.
104. Vaughan-Williams, Nick. 2008. " Borders, Territory, Law." International Political Sociology 2 (4): 322-338. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-5687.2008. 00054.x.
105. Vaughan-Williams, Nick. 2009. Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
106. West, Paige., James Igoe., and, Dan Brockington. 2006. " Parks and Peoples: The Social Impact of Protected Areas." Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (1): 251-277. doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123308.
107. Westling, Arthur H. 1993. Transfrontier Reserves for Peace and Nature: A Contribution to Human Security. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme.
108. Wolmer, William. 2003. " Transboundary Conservation: The Politics of Ecological Integrity in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park." Journal of Southern African Studies 29 (1): 261-278. doi: 10.1080/0305707032000060449.