Marine conservation planning in practice: Lessons learned from the gulf of California

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 483-505

  Álvarez Romero, Jorge G ^a   Pressey, Robert L ^a   Ban, Natalie C ^a   Torre Cosío, Jorge ^b   Aburto Oropeza, Octavio ^c  

^a JAMES COOK UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b Colonia Delicias ^*  (Mexico)

^c CENTER FOR MARINE BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation priority; Gap analysis; Marine protected area network; Marine spatial planning; Spatial similarity; Systematic conservation planning

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CLIMATE CHANGE; COASTAL DEVELOPMENT; CONSERVATION PLANNING; MARINE ECOSYSTEM; MARINE PARK; OVERFISHING; SPATIAL PLANNING;

GULF OF CALIFORNIA; PACIFIC OCEAN;

EID: 84880511616     PISSN: 10527613     EISSN: 10990755     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/aqc.2334     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Aburto-Oropeza O, Lopez-Sagastegui C. 2006. A marine reserve network for the Gulf of California the next step in conserving the world's aquarium. Greenpeace, Mexico, D.F.
2. Aburto-Oropeza O, Ezcurra E, Danemann G, Valdez V, Murray J, Sala E. 2008. Mangroves in the Gulf of California increase fishery yields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 10456-10459.
3. Aburto-Oropeza O, Erisman B, Caso M, Ezcurra E. 2010a. Log of the Deep Sea: An Expedition to the Seamounts of the Sea of Cortes. Instituto Nacional de Ecologia: Mexico, DF.
4. Aburto-Oropeza O, Paredes G, Mascareñas-Osorio I, Sala E. 2010b. Climatic influence on reef fish recruitment and fisheries. Marine Ecology Progress Series 410: 283-287.
5. Airame S, Dugan JE, Lafferty KD, Leslie H, McArdle DA, Warner RR. 2003. Applying ecological criteria to marine reserve design: a case study from the California Channel Islands. Ecological Applications 13: S170-S184.
6. All JD. 2006. Colorado river floods, droughts, and shrimp fishing in the upper Gulf of California, Mexico. Environmental Management 37: 111-125.
7. Allison GW, Gaines SD, Lubchenco J, Possingham HP. 2003. Ensuring persistence of marine reserves: catastrophes require adopting an insurance factor. Ecological Applications 13: 8-24.
8. Almany G, Connolly S, Heath D, Hogan J, Jones G, McCook L, Mills M, Pressey R, Williamson D. 2009. Connectivity, biodiversity conservation and the design of marine reserve networks for coral reefs. Coral Reefs 28: 339-351.
9. Alvarez-Romero JG, Pressey RL, Ban NC, Vance-Borland K, Willer C, Klein CJ, Gaines SD. 2011. Integrated land-sea conservation planning: the missing links. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 42: 381-409.
10. Ardron JA, Possingham H, Klein C. 2008. Marxan Good Practices Handbook. Pacific Marine Analysis and Research Association: Vancouver, BC.
11. Arriaga-Cabrera L, Vázquez-Domínguez E, González-Cano J, Jiménez-Rosenberg R, Muñoz-López E, Aguilar-Sierra V. 1998. Regiones marinas prioritarias de México. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO): Mexico, DF.
12. Baker N, Beger M, McClennen C, Ishoda A, Edwards F. 2011. Reimaanlok: a national framework for conservation area planning in the Marshall Islands. Journal of Marine Biology 2011: 1-11.
13. Ball I, Possingham H, Watts DJ. 2009. Marxan and relatives: software for spatial conservation prioritization. In Spatial Conservation Prioritization Quantitative Methods and Computational Tools, Moilanen A, Wilson K, Possingham H (eds). Oxford University Press: Oxford; 185-195.
14. Ban NC. 2009. Minimum data requirements for designing a set of marine protected areas, using commonly available abiotic and biotic datasets. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 1829-1845.
15. Ban NC, Klein CJ. 2009. Spatial socioeconomic data as a cost in systematic marine conservation planning. Conservation Letters 2: 206-215.
16. Barbier EB, Hacker SD, Kennedy C, Koch EW, Stier AC, Silliman BR. 2010. The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecological Monographs 81: 169-193.
17. Beger M, Linke S, Watts M, Game E, Treml E, Ball I, Possingham HP. 2010. Incorporating asymmetric connectivity into spatial decision making for conservation. Conservation Letters 3: 359-368.
18. Beman JM, Arrigo KR, Matson PA. 2005. Agricultural runoff fuels large phytoplankton blooms in vulnerable areas of the ocean. Nature 434: 211-214.
19. Bezaury-Creel JE. 2005. Protected areas and coastal and ocean management in México. Ocean & Coastal Management 48: 1016-1046.
20. Bottrill MC, Pressey RL. 2012. The effectiveness and evaluation of conservation planning. Conservation Letters 5: 407-420.
21. Bottrill MC, Mills M, Pressey RL, Game ET, Groves C. 2012. Evaluating perceived benefits of ecoregional assessments. Conservation Biology 26: 851-861.
22. Brusca R, Findley LT, Hastings PA, Hendrickx ME, Cosio JT, van der Heiden AM, Cartron J, Ceballos G, Felger R. 2005. Macrofaunal diversity in the Gulf of California. In Biodiversity, Ecosystems, and Conservation in Northern Mexico, Cartron J, Ceballos G, Felger R (eds). Oxford University Press: New York; 179-203.
23. Carriquiry JD, Sánchez A. 1999. Sedimentation in the Colorado River delta and Upper Gulf of California after nearly a century of discharge loss. Marine Geology 158: 125-145.
24. CEC. 2006. Ecological Regions of North America: Toward a Common Perspective - Update. Commission for Environmental Cooperation: Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
25. Chan KMA, Ruckelshaus M. 2010. Characterizing changes in marine ecosystem services. F1000 Biology Reports 2.
26. CONABIO. 2007. Analisis de vacios y omisiones en conservacion de la biodiversidad marina de Mexico: oceanos, costas e islas. Comision Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO); Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas; The Nature Conservancy; Pronatura A.C.: Mexico, DF.
27. CONABIO. 2008. Distribución de los manglares de México. Escala 1:50 000. Extraído del proyecto DQ056: Programa de monitoreo de los manglares de México a largo plazo, primera etapa. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad: Mexico, DF.
28. CONANP. 2010. Cobertura de las Áreas Naturales Protegidas Federales y Estatales de México. Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas, Dirección de Evaluación y Seguimiento, Subdirección Encargada de la Coordinación de Geomática: Mexico, DF.
29. Cudney-Bueno R, Lavín MF, Marinone SG, Raimondi PT, Shaw WW. 2009. Rapid effects of marine reserves via larval dispersal. PloS One 4: e4140.
30. Day JC. 2002. Zoning - lessons from the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ocean & Coastal Management 45: 139-156.
31. Edwards HJ, Elliott IA, Pressey RL, Mumby PJ. 2010. Incorporating ontogenetic dispersal, ecological processes and conservation zoning into reserve design. Biological Conservation 143: 457-470.
32. Enríquez-Andrade R, Danemann G. 1998. Identificación y establecimiento de prioridades para las acciones de conservación y oportunidades de uso sustentable de los recursos marinos y costeros de la Península de Baja California. Reporte técnico de proyecto. Pronatura Península de Baja California, Ensenada, Baja California.
33. Enríquez-Andrade R, Anaya-Reyna G, Barrera-Guevara JC, C-M MdlÁ, Martínez-Delgado ME, Vaca-Rodríguez J, Valdés-Casillas C. 2005. An analysis of critical areas for biodiversity conservation in the Gulf of California Region. Ocean & Coastal Management 48: 31-50.
34. Erisman B, Mascarenas I, Paredes G, de Mitcheson YS, Aburto-Oropeza O, Hastings P. 2010. Seasonal, annual, and long-term trends in commercial fisheries for aggregating reef fishes in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Fisheries Research 106: 279-288.
35. Ezcurra E, Aburto-Oropeza O, C-M MdlÁ, Cudney-Bueno R, Torre J. 2009. Gulf of California, Mexico. In Ecosystem-based Management for the Oceans, McLeod K, Leslie H (eds). Island Press: Washington, DC; 227-252.
36. Fernandes L, Day J, Lewis A, Slegers S, Kerrigan B, Breen D, Cameron D, Jago B, Hall J, Lowe D, et al. 2005. Establishing representative no-take areas in the Great Barrier Reef: Large-scale implementation of theory on marine protected areas. Conservation Biology 19: 1733-1744.
37. Fernandes L, Day J, Kerrigan B, Breen D, De'ath G, Mapstone B, Coles R, Done T, Marsh H, Poiner I, et al. 2009. A process to design a network of marine no-take areas: Lessons from the Great Barrier Reef. Ocean and Coastal Management 52: 439-447.
38. Foley M, Halpern B, Micheli F, Armsby M, Caldwell M, Crain C, Prahler E, Rohr N, Sivas D, Beck M. 2010. Guiding ecological principles for marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 34: 955-966.
39. Galindo-Reyes JG, Villagrana LC, Lazcano-Alvarez G. 1999. Environmental conditions and pesticide pollution of two coastal ecosystems in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 44: 280-286.
40. Game ET, Grantham HS, Hobday AJ, Pressey RL, Lombard AT, Beckley LE, Gjerde K, Bustamante R, Possingham HP, Richardson AJ. 2009. Pelagic protected areas: the missing dimension in ocean conservation. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 24: 360-369.
41. Game ET, Lipsett-Moore G, Hamilton R, Peterson N, Kereseka J, Atu W, Watts M, Possingham H. 2011. LETTER: Informed opportunism for conservation planning in the Solomon Islands. Conservation Letters 4: 38-46.
42. García-Hernández J, Cadena-Cárdenas L, Betancourt-Lozano M, García-De-La-Parra LM, García-Rico L, Márquez-Farías F. 2007. Total mercury content found in edible tissues of top predator fish from the Gulf of California, Mexico. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry 89: 507-522.
43. Gilliland PM, Laffoley D. 2008. Key elements and steps in the process of developing ecosystem-based marine spatial planning. Marine Policy 32: 787-796.
44. Gleason M, McCreary S, Miller-Henson M, Ugoretz J, Fox E, Merrifield M, McClintock W, Serpa P, Hoffman K. 2010. Science-based and stakeholder-driven marine protected area network planning: a successful case study from north central California. Ocean and Coastal Management 53: 52-68.
45. Glenn EP, Nagler PL, Brusca RC, Hinojosa-Huerta O. 2006. Coastal wetlands of the northern Gulf of California: inventory and conservation status. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 16: 5-28.
46. Glover AG, Smith CR. 2003. The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 30: 219-241.
47. Granek EF, Polasky S, Kappel CV, Reed DJ, Stoms DM, Koch EW, Kennedy CJ, Cramer LA, Kacker SD, Barbier EB, et al. 2010. Ecosystem services as a common language for coastal ecosystem-Based Management. Conservation Biology 24: 207-216.
48. Grantham HS, Bode M, McDonald-Madden E, Game ET, Knight AT, Possingham H. 2010. Effective conservation planning requires learning and adaptation. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 8: 431-437.
49. Grantham HS, Game ET, Lombard AT, Hobday AJ, Richardson AJ, Beckley LE, Pressey RL, Huggett JA, Coetzee JC, van der Lingen CD, et al. 2011. Accommodating dynamic oceanographic processes and pelagic biodiversity in marine conservation planning. PloS One 6: e16552.
50. Green A, Smith SE, Lipsett-Moore G, Groves C, Peterson N, Sheppard S, Lokani P, Hamilton R, Almany J, Aitsi J, Bualia L. 2009. Designing a resilient network of marine protected areas for Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea. Oryx 43: 488-498.
51. Grober-Dunsmore R, Wooninck L, Field J, Ainsworth C, Beets J, Berkeley S, Bohnsack J, Boulon R, Brodeur R, Brodziak J, et al. 2008. Vertical zoning in marine protected areas: ecological considerations for balancing pelagic fishing with conservation of benthic communities. Fisheries 33: 598-610.
52. Groves CR, Jensen DB, Valutis LL, Redford KH, Shaffer ML, Scott JM, Baumgartner JV, Higgins JV, Beck MW, Anderson MG. 2002. Planning for biodiversity conservation: Putting conservation science into practice. Bioscience 52: 499-512.
53. Gutierrez-Galindo EA, Flores Munoz G, Ortega Garcia ML, Villaescusa Celaya JA. 1992. Pesticides in coastal waters of the Gulf of California: Mussel Watch Program 1987-1988. Pesticidas en las aguas costeras del Golfo de California: Programa de Vigilancia con Mejillon 1987-1988 18: 77-99.
54. Hazlitt SL, Martin TG, Sampson L, Arcese P. 2010. The effects of including marine ecological values in terrestrial reserve planning for a forest-nesting seabird. Biological Conservation 143: 1299-1303.
55. Hidalgo-González RM, Alvarez-Borrego S. 2011. Total and new production in the Gulf of California estimated from ocean color data from the satellite sensor SeaWIFS. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 51: 739-752.
56. Hobday AJ. 2011. Sliding baselines and shuffling species: implications of climate change for marine conservation. Marine Ecology 32: 392-403.
57. Howarth RW. 2008. Coastal nitrogen pollution: a review of sources and trends globally and regionally. Harmful Algae 8: 14-20.
58. INE. 2005. Evaluacion preliminar de las tasas de perdida de la superficie de manglar en Mexico. Instituto Nacional de Ecologi{dotless}a, SEMARNAT: Mexico, DF.
59. Jaramillo-Legorreta A, Rojas-Bracho L, Brownell Jr RL, Read AJ, Reeves RR, Ralls K, Taylor BL. 2007. Saving the vaquita: immediate action, not more data. Conservation Biology 21: 1653-1655.
60. Klein C, Steinback C, Scholz A, Possingham H. 2008. Effectiveness of marine reserve networks in representing biodiversity and minimizing impact to fishermen: a comparison of two approaches used in California. Conservation Letters 1: 44-51.
61. Klein CJ, Ban NC, Halpern BS, Beger M, Game ET, Grantham HS, Green A, Klein TJ, Kininmonth S, Treml E, et al. 2010. Prioritizing land and sea conservation investments to protect coral reefs. PloS One 5: e12431.
62. Lavín M, Marinone S. 2003. An overview of the physical oceanography of the Gulf of California. In Nonlinear Processes in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Velasco OU, Sheinbaum J, Ochoa J (eds). Kluwer Academia Publishers: Dordrecht, Holland; 173-204.
63. Leslie H, Ruckelshaus M, Ball IR, Andelman S, Possingham HP. 2003. Using siting algorithms in the design of marine reserve networks. Ecological Applications 13: S185-S198.
64. Leslie HM. 2005. Synthesis of marine conservation planning approaches. Conservation Biology 19: 1701-1713.
65. Leslie HM, McLeod KL. 2007. Confronting the challenges of implementing marine ecosystem-based management. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5: 540-548.
66. Lester SE, Halpern BS, Grorud-Colvert K, Lubchenco J, Ruttenberg BI, Gaines SD, Airame S, Warner RR. 2009. Biological effects within no-take marine reserves: a global synthesis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 384: 33-46.
67. Lluch-Cota SE, Aragon-Noriega EA, Arreguin-Sanchez F, Aurioles-Gamboa D, Bautista-Romero JJ, Brusca RC, Cervantes-Duarte R, Cortes-Altamirano R, Del-Monte-Luna P, Esquivel-Herrera A, et al. 2007. The Gulf of California: review of ecosystem status and sustainability challenges. Progress in Oceanography 73: 1-26.
68. Lluch-Cota SE, Parés-Sierra A, Magaña-Rueda VO, Arreguín-Sánchez F, Bazzino G, Herrera-Cervantes H, Lluch-Belda D. 2010. Changing climate in the Gulf of California. Progress in Oceanography 87: 114-126.
69. Lombard AT, Reyers B, Schonegevel LY, Coopers J, Smith-Adao LB, Nel DC, Froneman PW, Ansorge IJ, Bester MN, Tosh CA, et al. 2007. Conserving pattern and process in the Southern Ocean: Designing a marine protected area for the Prince Edward Islands. Antarctic Science 19: 39-54.
70. Lugo-Hubp J, Fernandez Córdova C. 1990. Geomorfología Marina. Obtenido de Geomorfología 1. IV.3.3., Atlas Nacional de México, Vol. II, Escala 1:4000000. Instituto de Geografía, UNAM: Mexico, DF.
71. Lundquist CJ, Granek EF. 2005. Strategies for successful marine conservation: integrating socioeconomic, political, and scientific factors. Conservation Biology 19: 1771-1778.
72. Margules CR, Pressey RL. 2000. Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405: 243-253.
73. Marinone SG, Ulloa MJ, Parés-Sierra A, Lavín MF, Cudney-Bueno R. 2008. Connectivity in the northern Gulf of California from particle tracking in a three-dimensional numerical model. Journal of Marine Systems 71: 149-158.
74. McCook L, Ayling T, Cappo M, Choat J, Evans R, De Freitas D, Heupel M, Hughes T, Jones G, Mapstone B, et al. 2010. Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef: a globally significant demonstration of the benefits of networks of marine reserves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107: 18278-18285.
75. McLeod E, Salm R, Green A, Almany J. 2009. Designing marine protected area networks to address the impacts of climate change. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7: 362-370.
76. Mora C, Myers RA, Coll M, Libralato S, Pitcher TJ, Sumaila RU, Zeller D, Watson R, Gaston KJ, Worm B. 2009. Management effectiveness of the world's marine fisheries. PLoS Biology 7: e1000131.
77. Morgan L, Maxwell S, Tsao F, Wilkinson TAC, Etnoyer P. 2005. Marine priority conservation areas: Baja California to the Bering Sea. Commission for Environmental Cooperation of North America and the Marine Conservation Biology Institute: Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
78. Niño-Torres CA, Zenteno-Savín T, Gardner SC, Urbán RJ. 2010. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from the Gulf of California. Environmental Toxicology 25: 381-390.
79. Olson DM, Dinerstein E. 2002. The Global 200: priority ecoregions for global conservation. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 89: 199-224.
80. Ortiz-Lozano L, Gutiérrez-Velázquez AL, Granados-Barba A. 2009. Marine and terrestrial protected areas in Mexico: Importance of their functional connectivity in conservation management. Ocean and Coastal Management 52: 620-627.
81. Osmond M, Airame S, Caldwell M, Day J. 2010. Lessons for marine conservation planning: A comparison of three marine protected area planning processes. Ocean and Coastal Management 53: 41-51.
82. Páez-Osuna F, Ruiz-Fernández AC. 2005. Environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus from extensive, semiintensive, and intensive shrimp farms in the Gulf of California ecoregion. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 74: 681-688.
83. Pomeroy R, Douvere F. 2008. The engagement of stakeholders in the marine spatial planning process. Marine Policy 32: 816-822.
84. Pressey RL, Bottrill MC. 2008. Opportunism, threats, and the evolution of systematic conservation planning. Conservation Biology 22: 1340-1345.
85. Pressey RL, Bottrill MC. 2009. Approaches to landscape- and seascape-scale conservation planning: convergence, contrasts and challenges. Oryx 43: 464-475.
86. Rebman JP, De La Luz JLL, Moran RV. 2002. Vascular plants of the Gulf islands. In A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortes, Case TJ, Cody ML, Ezcurra E (eds). Oxford University Press: New York; 465-511.
87. Rife AN, Erisman B, Sanchez A, Aburto-Oropeza O. 2012. When good intentions are not enough ... insights on networks of "paper park" marine protected areas. Conservation Letters doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2012.00303.x.
88. Roberts CM, Halpern BS, Palumbi SR, Warner RR. 2001. Designing marine reserve networks: why small, isolated protected areas are not enough. Conservation Biology in Practice 2: 11-17.
89. Roberts CM, McClean CJ, Veron JEN, Hawkins JP, Allen GR, McAllister DE, Mittermeier CG, Schueler FW, Spalding M, Wells F, et al. 2002. Marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for tropical reefs. Science 295: 1280-1284.
90. Roberts CM, Andelman S, Branch G, Bustamante RH, Castilla JC, Dugan J, Halpern BS, Lafferty KD, Leslie H, Lubchenco J, et al. 2003a. Ecological criteria for evaluating candidate sites for marine reserves. Ecological Applications 13: S199-S214.
91. Roberts CM, Branch G, Bustamante RH, Castilla JC, Dugan J, Halpern BS, Lafferty KD, Leslie H, Lubchenco J, McArdle D, et al. 2003b. Application of ecological criteria in selecting marine reserves and developing reserve networks. Ecological Applications 13: 215-228.
92. Rowell K, Flessa KW, Dettman DL, Román MJ, Gerber LR, Findley LT. 2008. Diverting the Colorado River leads to a dramatic life history shift in an endangered marine fish. Biological Conservation 141: 1138-1148.
93. Sala E, Knowlton N. 2006. Global marine biodiversity trends. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 31: 93-122.
94. Sala E, Aburto-Oropeza O, Paredes G, Parra I, Barrera JC, Dayton PK. 2002. A general model for designing networks of marine reserves. Science 298: 1991-1993.
95. Sala E, Aburto-Oropeza O, Reza M, Paredes G, López-Lemus LG. 2004. Fishing down coastal food webs in the Gulf of California. Fisheries 29: 19-25.
96. Silvestri S, Kershaw F. 2010. Framing the flow: innovative approaches to understand, protect and value ecosystem services across linked habitats. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre: Cambridge, UK.
97. Spalding M, Wood LJ, Fitzgerald C, Gjerde K. 2010. The 10% target: where do we stand? In Global Ocean Protection: Present Status and Future Possibilities. Toropova C, Meliane I, Laffoley D, Matthews E, Spalding M (eds). Agence des aires marines protégées. Brest, France:; IUCN WCPA; UNEP-WCMC; TNC; UNU; and WCS: Gland, Switzerland; Washington, DC and New York, USA; Cambridge, UK; Arlington, USA; Tokyo, Japan; and New York; 25-41.
98. Stillman JH. 2003. Acclimation capacity underlies susceptibility to climate change. Science 301: 65.
99. Tallis H, Polasky S. 2009. Mapping and valuing ecosystem services as an approach for conservation and natural-resource management. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1162: 265-283.
100. Tallis H, Ferdana Z, Gray E. 2008. Linking terrestrial and marine conservation planning and threats analysis. Conservation Biology 22: 120-130.
101. Ulloa R, Torre J, Bourillón L, Gondor A, Alcantar N. 2006. Planeación ecorregional para la conservación marina: Golfo de California y costa occidental de Baja California Sur. Informe final a The Nature Conservancy. Comunidad y Biodiversidad: A.C., Guaymas, Mexico.
102. UNEP-WCMC. 2010. Coral Reefs of the World. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP-WCMC): Cambridge, UK.
103. Velarde E, Ezcurra E, Cisneros-Mata MA, LavÍn MF. 2004. Seabird ecology, El Niño anomalies, and prediction of sardine fisheries in the Gulf of California. Ecological Applications 14: 607-615.
104. Visser H, de Nijs T. 2006. The Map Comparison Kit. Environmental Modelling and Software 21: 346-358.
105. Visser H. (Ed.), 2004. The MAP COMPARISON KIT: methods, software and applications. RIVM report 550002005. Available from http://www.rivm.nl/milieu/modellen.
106. Webb TJ, Vanden Berghe E, O'Dor R. 2010. Biodiversity's big wet secret: the global distribution of marine biological records reveals chronic under-exploration of the deep pelagic ocean. PloS One 5: e10223.
107. Weeks R, Russ GR, Alcala AC, White AT. 2010a. Effectiveness of marine protected areas in the Philippines for biodiversity conservation. Conservation Biology 24: 531-540.
108. Weeks R, Russ GR, Bucol AA, Alcala AC. 2010b. Shortcuts for marine conservation planning: The effectiveness of socioeconomic data surrogates. Biological Conservation 143: 1236-1244.
109. Wheeler M, Chambers FMJ, Sims-Castley R, Cowling RM, Schoeman D. 2008. From beans to breams: how participatory workshops can contribute to marine conservation planning. African Journal of Marine Science 30: 475-487.
110. Wilson KA, Westphal MI, Possingham HP, Elith J. 2005. Sensitivity of conservation planning to different approaches to using predicted species distribution data. Biological Conservation 122: 99-112.
111. Wilson KA, McBride MF, Bode M, Possingham HP. 2006. Prioritizing global conservation efforts. Nature 440: 337-340.
112. Wilson KA, Underwood EC, Morrison SA, Klausmeyer KR, Murdoch WW, Reyers B, Wardell-Johnson G, Marquet PA, Rundel PW, McBride MF, et al. 2007. Conserving biodiversity efficiently: what to do, where, and when. PLoS Biology 5: e223.
113. Wilson KA, Carwardine J, Possingham HP. 2009. Setting conservation priorities. In Year in Ecology and Conservation Biology 2009. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford; 237-264.
114. Wood LJ, Fish L, Laughren J, Pauly D. 2008. Assessing progress towards global marine protection targets: shortfalls in information and action. Oryx 42: 340-351.
115. Worm B, Barbier EB, Beaumont N, Duffy JE, Folke C, Halpern BS, Jackson JBC, Lotze HK, Micheli F, Palumbi SR, et al. 2006. Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services. Science 314: 787-790.
116. Worm B, Hilborn R, Baum JK, Branch TA, Collie JS, Costello C, Fogarty MJ, Fulton EA, Hutchings JA, Jennings S, et al. 2009. Rebuilding global fisheries. Science 325: 578-585.