Tuberculosis among undocumented boat migrants to Malta: Implications for a migrant tuberculosis policy

International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease

Volumn 17, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1065-1070

  Pace Asciak, Analita ^a   Mamo, J ^b   Calleja, N ^c  

^a Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit   (Malta)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MALTA   (Malta)

^c Department of Health Information and Research ^*  (Malta)

Author keywords

Demography; Epidemiology; Immigration; Screening; TB

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA; ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CHILD; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; ILLEGAL IMMIGRANT; INCIDENCE; INFANT; LUNG TUBERCULOSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MALTA; MASS SCREENING; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; TUBERCULOSIS CONTROL; UNDOCUMENTED BOAT IMMIGRANT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EMIGRANTS AND IMMIGRANTS; FEMALE; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MALTA; MASS SCREENING; MIDDLE AGED; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TUBERCULOSIS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84880458362     PISSN: 10273719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.12.0622     Document Type: Article

References (32)

1. Jereb J A, Kelly G D, Dooley S W Jr, Cauthen G M, Snider D E Jr. Tuberculosis morbidity in the United States: final data, 1990. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1991; 40 (SS-3): 23-27.
2. Raviglione M C, Sudre P, Rieder H L, Spinaci S, Kochi A. Secular trends of tuberculosis in Western Europe. Bull World Health Organ 1993; 71: 297-306. (Pubitemid 23200072)
3. Rieder H L, Zellweger J P, Raviglione M C, Keizer S T, Migliori G B. Tuberculosis control in Europe and international migration. Eur Respir J 1994; 7: 1545-1553. (Pubitemid 24268347)
4. Falzon D, van Cauetern D. Surveillance and outbreak reports: demographic features and trends in tuberculosis cases in the European region, 1995-2005. Euro Surveill 2008; 13: 10-19.
5. EuroTB and the National Coordinators for Tuberculosis Surveillance in the WHO European Region. Surveillance of tuberculosis in Europe. Report on tuberculosis cases notified in 2005. Saint-Maurice, France: Institut de Veille Sanitaire, 2007.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States, 2005. Atlanta, GA, US: Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 2006. http://www. cdc.gov/tb/statistics/reports/surv2005/PDF/TBSurvFULL Report.pdf Accessed May 2013.
7. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The UN Refugee Agency. Mixed migration into Europe. Geneva, Switzerland: UNHCR, 2013. http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4a1d 569d6.html Accessed May 2013.
8. Ministry for Justice and Home Affairs, Ministry for the Family and Social Solidarity. Irregular immigrants, refugees and integration- policy document, 2005. Valletta, Malta: MJHA, n.d. http://www.enaro.eu/documents/immigration- English.pdf Accessed May 2013.
9. American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standards and classification of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 725-735.
10. Rieder H L, Watson J M, Raviglione M C, Fossbohm M, Migliori G B, Schooebel V. Surveillance of tuberculosis in Europe. Working Group of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the European Region of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (IUATLD) for uniform reporting on tuberculosis cases. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 1097-1104.
11. Commission of the European Communities. Commission Decision of 19 March 2002 laying down case definitions for reporting communicable diseases to the Community network under Decision No 2119/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (2002/253/EC). Official Journal of the European Communities 2002; 86: 44-62.
12. United Nations Statistics Division. Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic and other groupings. Geneva, Switzerland: UN Stats, 2012. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/ methods/m49/m49 regin.htm Accessed May 2013.
13. National Statistics Office. Demographic yearly review 2005. Valletta, Malta: NSO, 2005.
14. Menzies D. Tuberculosis crosses borders. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4: S153-S159. (Pubitemid 32046275)
15. Ho M J. Migratory journeys and tuberculosis risk. Med Anthropol Q 2003; 17: 442-458.
16. French C E, Antoine D, Gelb D, Jones J A, Gilbert R L, Watson J M. Tuberculosis in non-UK-born persons, England and Wales, 2001-2003. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2007; 11: 577-584. (Pubitemid 46732648)
17. Mckenna M T, McCray E, Onorato I. The epidemiology of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1986 to 1993. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1071-1076.
18. Heldal E, Kuyvenhoven J V, Wares F, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in undocumented migrants in low- or intermediate-incidence countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2008; 12: 878-888.
19. Gilbert R L, Antoine D, French C E, Abubakar I, Watson J M, Jones J A. The impact of immigration on tuberculosis rates in the United Kingdom compared with other European countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2009; 13: 645-651.
20. World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis control: surveillance, planning, financing. WHO report 2007. WHO/HTM/ TB/2007.376. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO, 2007.
21. Piper N. Gender and migration. A paper prepared for the policy analysis and research programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, 2005. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization of Migration, 2005. http://www. iom.int/jahia/webdav/site/myjahiasite/shared/shared/mainsite/ policy-and-research/gcim/tp/TP10.pdf Accessed May 2013.
22. Talbot E A, Moore M, McCray E, Binkin N J. Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1993-1998. JAMA 2000; 284: 2894-2900.
23. Geng E, Kreiswirth B, Driver C. Changes in the transmission of tuberculosis in New York City from 1990 to 1999. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 1453-1458. (Pubitemid 34755713)
24. Small P M, Hopewell P C, Singh S P, Paz A, Parsonnet J, Ruston D C. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco - a population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1703-1709.
25. Erkens C, Slump E, Kamphorst M, Keizer S, van Gerven P J H J, Bwire R. Coverage and yield of entry and follow-up screening for tuberculosis among new immigrants. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 153-161.
26. Klinkenberg E, Manissero D, Semenza J C, Verver S. Migrant tuberculosis screening in the EU/EEA: yield, coverage and limitations. Eur Respir J 2009; 34: 1180-1189.
27. Health Protection Agency. Migrant health: infectious diseases in non-UK born populations in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. A baseline report - 2006. London, UK: HPA Centre for Infections, 2006. http://www.hpa.org.uk/ Publications/Infectious Diseases/TravelHealth/0611MigrantHealth2006/ Accessed May 2013.
28. Zuber P L F, Mckenna M T, Binkin N J, Onorato I M, Castro K G. Long-term risk of tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States. JAMA 1997; 278: 304-307. (Pubitemid 27339658)
29. Lillebaek T, Andersen A B, Dirksen A, Smith E, Skovgaard L T, Kok-Jensen A. Persistent high incidence of tuberculosis in immigrants in a low-incidence country. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 679-684. (Pubitemid 34764732)
30. Health for Undocumented Migrants and Asylum Seekers; Collantes S, Soler A, Klorek N, Waslinski K. Access to healthcare and living conditions of asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in Cyprus, Malta, Poland and Romania. Paris, France: Médecins du Monde, 2011. http://www.huma-network.org/ Publications-Resources/Our-publications/Access-to-healthcare-and- living-conditions-of-asylum-seekers-and- undocumented-migrants- in-Cyprus-Malta-Poland-and- Romania Accessed May 2013.
31. Asch S, Leake B, Anderson R, Gelberg L. Why do symptomatic patients delay obtaining care for tuberculosis? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1244-1248.
32. Ortega A N, Fang H, Perez V H. Health care access, use of services, and experiences among undocumented Mexicans and other Latinos. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 2354-2360. (Pubitemid 350179531)