Bile Formation and the Enterohepatic Circulation

Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Volumn 2, Issue , 2012, Pages 1461-1484

  Dawson, Paul A ^a  

^a WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880428398     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382026-6.00053-1     Document Type: Chapter

References (250)

1. Fahy E, Subramaniam S, Brown HA, Glass CK, Merrill AH, Murphy RC, et al. A comprehensive classification system for lipids. J Lipid Res 2005, 46:839-862.
2. Moschetta A, Xu F, Hagey LR, van Berge Henegouwen GP, van Erpecum KJ, Brouwers JF, et al. A phylogenetic survey of biliary lipids in vertebrates. J Lipid Res 2005, 46:2221-2232.
3. Hofmann AF, Hagey LR, Krasowski MD Bile salts of vertebrates: structural variation and possible evolutionary significance. J Lipid Res 2010, 51:226-246.
4. Hofmann AF, Hagey LR Bile acids: chemistry, pathochemistry, biology, pathobiology, and therapeutics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2008, 65:2461-2483.
5. Hofmann AF Biliary secretion and excretion in health and disease: current concepts. Ann Hepatol 2007, 6:15-27.
6. Wilson FA, Sallee VL, Dietschy JM Unstirred water layers in intestine: rate determinant of fatty acid absorption from micellar solutions. Science 1971, 174:1031-1033.
7. Hernell O, Staggers JE, Carey MC Physical-chemical behavior of dietary and biliary lipids during intestinal digestion and absorption. 2. Phase analysis and aggregation states of luminal lipids during duodenal fat digestion in healthy adult human beings. Biochemistry 1990, 29:2041-2056.
8. Gass J, Vora H, Hofmann AF, Gray GM, Khosla C Enhancement of dietary protein digestion by conjugated bile acids. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:16-23.
9. Dietschy JM, Turley SD, Spady DK Role of liver in the maintenance of cholesterol and low density lipoprotein homeostasis in different animal species, including humans. J Lipid Res 1993, 34:1637-1659.
10. Dietschy JM, Turley SD Control of cholesterol turnover in the mouse. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:3801-3804.
11. Lorenzo-Zuniga V, Bartoli R, Planas R, Hofmann AF, Vinado B, Hagey LR, et al. Oral bile acids reduce bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia in cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 2003, 37:551-557.
12. Inagaki T, Moschetta A, Lee YK, Peng L, Zhao G, Downes M, et al. Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006, 103:3920-3925.
13. Emmett M, Guirl MJ, Santa Ana CA, Porter JL, Neimark S, Hofmann AF, et al. Conjugated bile acid replacement therapy reduces urinary oxalate excretion in short bowel syndrome. Am J Kidney Dis 2003, 41:230-237.
14. Gu JJ, Hofmann AF, Ton-Nu HT, Schteingart CD, Mysels KJ Solubility of calcium salts of unconjugated and conjugated natural bile acids. J Lipid Res 1992, 33:635-646.
15. Moore EW, Celic L, Ostrow JD Interactions between ionized calcium and sodium taurocholate: bile salts are important buffers for prevention of calcium-containing gallstones. Gastroenterology 1982, 83:1079-1089.
16. Dobbins JW, Binder HJ Effect of bile salts and fatty acids on the colonic absorption of oxalate. Gastroenterology 1976, 70:1096-1100.
17. Keely SJ Missing link identified: GpBAR1 is a neuronal bile acid receptor. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010, 22:711-717.
18. Poole DP, Godfrey C, Cattaruzza F, Cottrell GS, Kirkland JG, Pelayo JC, et al. Expression and function of the bile acid receptor GpBAR1 (TGR5) in the murine enteric nervous system. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010, 22:814-825. e227-818.
19. Thomas C, Pellicciari R, Pruzanski M, Auwerx J, Schoonjans K Targeting bile-acid signalling for metabolic diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008, 7:678-693.
20. Lefebvre P, Cariou B, Lien F, Kuipers F, Staels B Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation. Physiol Rev 2009, 89:147-191.
21. Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Pandak WM, Ren S, Gil G, Dent P Bile acids as regulatory molecules. J Lipid Res 2009, 50:1509-1520.
22. Wang H, Chen J, Hollister K, Sowers LC, Forman BM Endogenous bile acids are ligands for the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR. Mol Cell 1999, 3:543-553.
23. Parks DJ, Blanchard SG, Bledsoe RK, Chandra G, Consler TG, Kliewer SA, et al. Bile acids: natural ligands for an orphan nuclear receptor. Science 1999, 284:1365-1368.
24. Makishima M, Okamoto AY, Repa JJ, Tu H, Learned RM, Luk A, et al. Identification of a nuclear receptor for bile acids. Science 1999, 284:1362-1365.
25. Zhang Y, Kast-Woelbern HR, Edwards PA Natural structural variants of the nuclear receptor farnesoid X receptor affect transcriptional activation. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:104-110.
26. Reschly EJ, Ai N, Ekins S, Welsh WJ, Hagey LR, Hofmann AF, et al. Evolution of the bile salt nuclear receptor FXR in vertebrates. J Lipid Res 2008, 49:1577-1587.
27. Gadaleta RM, van Mil SW, Oldenburg B, Siersema PD, Klomp LW, van Erpecum KJ Bile acids and their nuclear receptor FXR: Relevance for hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1801:683-692.
28. Modica S, Bellafante E, Moschetta A Master regulation of bile acid and xenobiotic metabolism via the FXR, PXR and CAR trio. Front Biosci 2009, 14:4719-4745.
29. Dawson PA, Hubbert ML, Rao A Getting the mOST from OST: Role of organic solute transporter, OSTalpha-OSTbeta, in bile acid and steroid metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta 2010, 1801:994-1004.
30. Inagaki T, Choi M, Moschetta A, Peng L, Cummins CL, McDonald JG, et al. Fibroblast growth factor 15 functions as an enterohepatic signal to regulate bile acid homeostasis. Cell Metab 2005, 2:217-225.
31. Lundasen T, Galman C, Angelin B, Rudling M Circulating intestinal fibroblast growth factor 19 has a pronounced diurnal variation and modulates hepatic bile acid synthesis in man. J Intern Med 2006, 260:530-536.
32. Maran RR, Thomas A, Roth M, Sheng Z, Esterly N, Pinson D, et al. Farnesoid X receptor deficiency in mice leads to increased intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and tumor development. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009, 328:469-477.
33. Goodwin B, Gauthier KC, Umetani M, Watson MA, Lochansky MI, Collins JL, et al. Identification of bile acid precursors as endogenous ligands for the nuclear xenobiotic pregnane X receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003, 100:223-228.
34. Xie W, Radominska-Pandya A, Shi Y, Simon CM, Nelson MC, Ong ES, et al. An essential role for nuclear receptors SXR/PXR in detoxification of cholestatic bile acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:3375-3380.
35. Makishima M, Lu TT, Xie W, Whitfield GK, Domoto H, Evans RM, et al. Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor. Science 2002, 296:1313-1316.
36. Hofmann AF Detoxification of lithocholic acid, a toxic bile acid: relevance to drug hepatotoxicity. Drug Metab Rev 2004, 36:703-722.
37. Maruyama T, Miyamoto Y, Nakamura T, Tamai Y, Okada H, Sugiyama E, et al. Identification of membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002, 298:714-719.
38. Kawamata Y, Fujii R, Hosoya M, Harada M, Yoshida H, Miwa M, et al. A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:9435-9440.
39. Sato H, Macchiarulo A, Thomas C, Gioiello A, Une M, Hofmann AF, et al. Novel potent and selective bile acid derivatives as TGR5 agonists: biological screening, structure-activity relationships, and molecular modeling studies. J Med Chem 2008, 51:1831-1841.
40. Pellicciari R, Costantino G, Camaioni E, Sadeghpour BM, Entrena A, Willson TM, et al. Bile acid derivatives as ligands of the farnesoid X receptor. Synthesis, evaluation, and structure-activity relationship of a series of body and side chain modified analogues of chenodeoxycholic acid. J Med Chem 2004, 47:4559-4569.
41. Keitel V, Reinehr R, Gatsios P, Rupprecht C, Gorg B, Selbach O, et al. The G-protein coupled bile salt receptor TGR5 is expressed in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Hepatology 2007, 45:695-704.
42. Keitel V, Cupisti K, Ullmer C, Knoefel WT, Kubitz R, Haussinger D The membrane-bound bile acid receptor TGR5 is localized in the epithelium of human gallbladders. Hepatology 2009, 50:861-870.
43. Thomas C, Gioiello A, Noriega L, Strehle A, Oury J, Rizzo G, et al. TGR5-mediated bile acid sensing controls glucose homeostasis. Cell Metab 2009, 10:167-177.
44. Watanabe M, Houten SM, Mataki C, Christoffolete MA, Kim BW, Sato H, et al. Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation. Nature 2006, 439:484-489.
45. Twisk J, Hoekman MF, Mager WH, Moorman AF, de Boer PA, Scheja L, et al. Heterogeneous expression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase and sterol 27-hydroxylase genes in the rat liver lobulus. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:1235-1243.
46. Russell DW Fifty years of advances in bile acid synthesis and metabolism. J Lipid Res 2009, 50(suppl):S120-125.
47. Russell DW The enzymes, regulation, and genetics of bile acid synthesis. Annu Rev Biochem 2003, 72:137-174.
48. Botham KM, Boyd GS The metabolism of chenodeoxycholic acid to beta-muricholic acid in rat liver. Eur J Biochem 1983, 134:191-196.
49. Li-Hawkins J, Lund EG, Turley SD, Russell DW Disruption of the oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene in mice. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:16536-16542.
50. Repa JJ, Lund EG, Horton JD, Leitersdorf E, Russell DW, Dietschy JM, et al. Disruption of the sterol 27-hydroxylase gene in mice results in hepatomegaly and hypertriglyceridemia. Reversal by cholic acid feeding. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:39685-39692.
51. Lund EG, Xie C, Kotti T, Turley SD, Dietschy JM, Russell DW Knockout of the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase gene in mice reveals a brain-specific mechanism of cholesterol turnover. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:22980-22988.
52. Bjorkhem I, Meaney S Brain cholesterol: long secret life behind a barrier. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004, 24:806-815.
53. Meaney S, Heverin M, Panzenboeck U, Ekstrom L, Axelsson M, Andersson U, et al. Novel route for elimination of brain oxysterols across the blood-brain barrier: conversion into 7alpha-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid. J Lipid Res 2007, 48:944-951.
54. Li-Hawkins J, Gafvels M, Olin M, Lund EG, Andersson U, Schuster G, et al. Cholic acid mediates negative feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis in mice. J Clin Invest 2002, 110:1191-1200.
55. Hubbard B, Doege H, Punreddy S, Wu H, Huang X, Kaushik VK, et al. Mice deleted for fatty acid transport protein 5 have defective bile acid conjugation and are protected from obesity. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:1259-1269.
56. Alnouti Y, Csanaky IL, Klaassen CD Quantitative-profiling of bile acids and their conjugates in mouse liver, bile, plasma, and urine using LC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008, 873:209-217.
57. Huijghebaert SM, Hofmann AF Pancreatic carboxypeptidase hydrolysis of bile acid-amino conjugates: selective resistance of glycine and taurine amidates. Gastroenterology 1986, 90:306-315.
58. Ishibashi S, Schwarz M, Frykman PK, Herz J, Russell DW Disruption of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene in mice. I. Postnatal lethality reversed by bile acid and vitamin supplementation. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:18017-18023.
59. Schwarz M, Lund EG, Setchell KD, Kayden HJ, Zerwekh JE, Bjorkhem I, et al. Disruption of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene in mice. II. Bile acid deficiency is overcome by induction of oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase. J Biol Chem 1996, 271:18024-18031.
60. Pullinger CR, Eng C, Salen G, Shefer S, Batta AK, Erickson SK, et al. Human cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) deficiency has a hypercholesterolemic phenotype. J Clin Invest 2002, 110:109-117.
61. Schwarz M, Lund EG, Lathe R, Bjorkhem I, Russell DW Identification and characterization of a mouse oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase cDNA. J Biol Chem 1997, 272:23995-24001.
62. Setchell KD, Schwarz M, O'Connell NC, Lund EG, Davis DL, Lathe R, et al. Identification of a new inborn error in bile acid synthesis: mutation of the oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene causes severe neonatal liver disease. J Clin Invest 1998, 102:1690-1703.
63. Ueki I, Kimura A, Nishiyori A, Chen HL, Takei H, Nittono H, et al. Neonatal cholestatic liver disease in an Asian patient with a homozygous mutation in the oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008, 46:465-469.
64. Chiang JY Bile acids: regulation of synthesis. J Lipid Res 2009, 50:1955-1966.
65. Gilardi F, Mitro N, Godio C, Scotti E, Caruso D, Crestani M, et al. The pharmacological exploitation of cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, the key enzyme in bile acid synthesis: from binding resins to chromatin remodelling to reduce plasma cholesterol. Pharmacol Ther 2007, 116:449-472.
66. Shefer S, Hauser S, Bekersky I, Mosbach EH Biochemical site of regulation of bile acid biosynthesis in the rat. J Lipid Res 1970, 11:404-411.
67. Eriksson S Biliary excretion of bile acids and cholesterol in bile fistula rats; bile acids and steroids. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1957, 94:578-582.
68. Lu TT, Makishima M, Repa JJ, Schoonjans K, Kerr TA, Auwerx J, et al. Molecular basis for feedback regulation of bile acid synthesis by nuclear receptors. Mol Cell 2000, 6:507-515.
69. Goodwin B, Jones SA, Price RR, Watson MA, McKee DD, Moore LB, et al. A regulatory cascade of the nuclear receptors FXR, SHP-1, and LRH-1 represses bile acid biosynthesis. Mol Cell 2000, 6:517-526.
70. Sinal CJ, Tohkin M, Miyata M, Ward JM, Lambert G, Gonzalez FJ Targeted disruption of the nuclear receptor FXR/BAR impairs bile acid and lipid homeostasis. Cell 2000, 102:731-744.
71. Kurosu H, Choi M, Ogawa Y, Dickson AS, Goetz R, Eliseenkova AV, et al. Tissue-specific expression of betaKlotho and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor isoforms determines metabolic activity of FGF19 and FGF21. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:26687-26695.
72. Yu C, Wang F, Kan M, Jin C, Jones RB, Weinstein M, et al. Elevated cholesterol metabolism and bile acid synthesis in mice lacking membrane tyrosine kinase receptor FGFR4. J Biol Chem 2000, 275:15482-15489.
73. Ito S, Fujimori T, Furuya A, Satoh J, Nabeshima Y Impaired negative feedback suppression of bile acid synthesis in mice lacking betaKlotho. J Clin Invest 2005, 115:2202-2208.
74. Kim I, Ahn SH, Inagaki T, Choi M, Ito S, Guo GL, et al. Differential regulation of bile acid homeostasis by the farnesoid X receptor in liver and intestine. J Lipid Res 2007, 48:2664-2672.
75. Pandak WM, Heuman DM, Hylemon PB, Chiang JY, Vlahcevic ZR Failure of intravenous infusion of taurocholate to down-regulate cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in rats with biliary fistulas. Gastroenterology 1995, 108:533-544.
76. Kubaska WM, Gurley EC, Hylemon PB, Guzelian PS, Vlahcevic ZR Absence of negative feedback control of bile acid biosynthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1985, 260:13459-13463.
77. Trawick JD, Lewis KD, Dueland S, Moore GL, Simon FR, Davis RA Rat hepatoma L35 cells, a liver-differentiated cell line, display resistance to bile acid repression of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase. J Lipid Res 1996, 37:588-598.
78. Song KH, Li T, Owsley E, Strom S, Chiang JY Bile acids activate fibroblast growth factor 19 signaling in human hepatocytes to inhibit cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene expression. Hepatology 2009, 49:297-305.
79. Miao J, Xiao Z, Kanamaluru D, Min G, Yau PM, Veenstra TD, et al. Bile acid signaling pathways increase stability of Small Heterodimer Partner (SHP) by inhibiting ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation. Genes Dev 2009, 23:986-996.
80. Xu Z, Tavares-Sanchez OL, Li Q, Fernando J, Rodriguez CM, Studer EJ, et al. Activation of bile acid biosynthesis by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK): hepatocyte nuclear factor-4alpha phosphorylation by the p38 MAPK is required for cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase expression. J Biol Chem 2007, 282:24607-24614.
81. Yu C, Wang F, Jin C, Huang X, McKeehan WL Independent repression of bile acid synthesis and activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) by activated hepatocyte fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) and bile acids. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:17707-17714.
82. Lee YK, Schmidt DR, Cummins CL, Choi M, Peng L, Zhang Y, et al. Liver receptor homolog-1 regulates bile Acid homeostasis but is not essential for feedback regulation of bile Acid synthesis. Mol Endocrinol 2008, 22:1345-1356.
83. Pandak WM, Ren S, Marques D, Hall E, Redford K, Mallonee D, et al. Transport of cholesterol into mitochondria is rate-limiting for bile acid synthesis via the alternative pathway in primary rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:48158-48164.
84. Strauss JF, Kishida T, Christenson LK, Fujimoto T, Hiroi H START domain proteins and the intracellular trafficking of cholesterol in steroidogenic cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2003, 202:59-65.
85. Hall EA, Ren S, Hylemon PB, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Redford K, Marques D, et al. Detection of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR, in human liver cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005, 1733:111-119.
86. Ren S, Hylemon P, Marques D, Hall E, Redford K, Gil G, et al. Effect of increasing the expression of cholesterol transporters (StAR, MLN64, and SCP-2) on bile acid synthesis. J Lipid Res 2004, 45:2123-2131.
87. Fini A, Roda A Chemical properties of bile acids. IV. Acidity constants of glycine-conjugated bile acids. J Lipid Res 1987, 28:755-759.
88. Kamp F, Hamilton JA, Kamp F, Westerhoff HV, Hamilton JA Movement of fatty acids, fatty acid analogues, and bile acids across phospholipid bilayers. Biochemistry 1993, 32:11074-11086.
89. Carlton VE, Harris BZ, Puffenberger EG, Batta AK, Knisely AS, Robinson DL, et al. Complex inheritance of familial hypercholanemia with associated mutations in TJP2 and BAAT. Nat Genet 2003, 34:91-96.
90. Morton DH, Salen G, Batta AK, Shefer S, Tint GS, Belchis D, et al. Abnormal hepatic sinusoidal bile acid transport in an Amish kindred is not linked to FIC1 and is improved by ursodiol. Gastroenterology 2000, 119:188-195.
91. Roda A, Fini A Effect of nuclear hydroxy substituents on aqueous solubility and acidic strength of bile acids. Hepatology 1984, 4:72S-76S.
92. Carey MC Bile acids and bile salts: ionization and solubility properties. Hepatology 1984, 4:66S-71S.
93. Hofmann AF, Molino G, Milanese M, Belforte G Description and simulation of a physiological pharmacokinetic model for the metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in man. Cholic acid in healthy man. J Clin Invest 1983, 71:1003-1022.
94. Fujino T, Une M, Imanaka T, Inoue K, Nishimaki-Mogami T Structure-activity relationship of bile acids and bile acid analogs in regard to FXR activation. J Lipid Res 2004, 45:132-138.
95. Hylemon PB, Harder J Biotransformation of monoterpenes, bile acids, and other isoprenoids in anaerobic ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 1998, 22:475-488.
96. Eyssen HJ, De Pauw G, Van Eldere J Formation of hyodeoxycholic acid from muricholic acid and hyocholic acid by an unidentified gram-positive rod termed HDCA-1 isolated from rat intestinal microflora. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999, 65:3158-3163.
97. Schmassmann A, Angellotti MA, Ton-Nu HT, Schteingart CD, Marcus SN, Rossi SS, et al. Transport, metabolism, and effect of chronic feeding of cholylsarcosine, a conjugated bile acid resistant to deconjugation and dehydroxylation. Gastroenterology 1990, 98:163-174.
98. Hanson RF, Williams G Metabolism of deoxycholic acid in bile fistula patients. J Lipid Res 1971, 12:688-691.
99. Hepner GW, Hofmann AF, Thomas PJ Metabolism of steroid and amino acid moieties of conjugated bile acids in man. II. Glycine-conjugated dihydroxy bile acids. J Clin Invest 1972, 51:1898-1905.
100. Subbiah MT, Kuksis A, Mookerjea S Secretion of bile salts by intact and isolated rat livers. Can J Biochem 1969, 47:847-854.
101. Wang DQ, Paigen B, Carey MC Genetic factors at the enterocyte level account for variations in intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency among inbred strains of mice. J Lipid Res 2001, 42:1820-1830.
102. Schoenfield LJ, Sjovall J Identification of bile acids and neutral sterols in guinea pig bile. Bile acids and steroids 163. Acta Chem Scand 1966, 20:1297-1303.
103. Kuroki S, Muramoto S, Kuramoto T, Hoshita T Sex differences in gallbladder bile acid composition and hepatic steroid 12 alpha-hydroxylase activity in hamsters. J Lipid Res 1983, 24:1543-1549.
104. Washizu T, Ikenaga H, Washizu M, Ishida T, Tomoda I, Kaneko JJ Bile acid composition of dog and cat gall-bladder bile. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 1990, 52:423-425.
105. Carulli N, Bertolotti M, Carubbi F, Concari M, Martella P, Carulli L, et al. Review article: effect of bile salt pool composition on hepatic and biliary functions. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000, 14(suppl 2):14-18.
106. Hagey LR, Schteingart CD, Rossi SS, Ton-Nu HT, Hofmann AF An N-acyl glycyltaurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid in the biliary bile acids of the rabbit. J Lipid Res 1998, 39:2119-2124.
107. Hamilton JP, Xie G, Raufman JP, Hogan S, Griffin TL, Packard CA, et al. Human cecal bile acids: concentration and spectrum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007, 293:G256-263.
108. Ridlon JM, Kang DJ, Hylemon PB Bile salt biotransformations by human intestinal bacteria. J Lipid Res 2006, 47:241-259.
109. Hofmann AF The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in mammals: form and functions. Front Biosci 2009, 14:2584-2598.
110. van Berge Henegouwen GP, Hofmann AF Nocturnal gallbladder storage and emptying in gallstone patients and healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 1978, 75:879-885.
111. O'Brien JJ, Shaffer EA, Williams LF, Small DM, Lynn J, Wittenberg J A physiological model to study gallbladder function in primates. Gastroenterology 1974, 67:119-125.
112. Choi M, Moschetta A, Bookout AL, Peng L, Umetani M, Holmstrom SR, et al. Identification of a hormonal basis for gallbladder filling. Nat Med 2006, 12:1253-1255.
113. Roda E, Aldini R, Mazzella G, Roda A, Sama C, Festi D, et al. Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids after cholecystectomy. Gut 1978, 19:640-649.
114. Kullak-Ublick GA, Paumgartner G, Berr F Long-term effects of cholecystectomy on bile acid metabolism. Hepatology 1995, 21:41-45.
115. Berr F, Stellaard F, Pratschke E, Paumgartner G Effects of cholecystectomy on the kinetics of primary and secondary bile acids. J Clin Invest 1989, 83:1541-1550.
116. Stiehl A Bile salt sulphates in cholestasis. Eur J Clin Invest 1974, 4:59-63.
117. Stiehl A, Earnest DL, Admirant WH Sulfation and renal excretion of bile salts in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Gastroenterology 1975, 68:534-544.
118. Wilson FA, Burckhardt G, Murer H, Rumrich G, Ullrich KJ Sodium-coupled taurocholate transport in the proximal convolution of the rat kidney in vivo and in vitro. J Clin Invest 1981, 67:1141-1150.
119. Weiner IM, Glasser JE, Lack L Renal excretion of bile acids: taurocholic, glycocholic, and colic acids. Am J Physiol 1964, 207:964-970.
120. Christie DM, Dawson PA, Thevananther S, Shneider BL Comparative analysis of the ontogeny of a sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in rat kidney and ileum. Am J Physiol 1996, 271:G377-385.
121. Craddock AL, Love MW, Daniel RW, Kirby LC, Walters HC, Wong MH, et al. Expression and transport properties of the human ileal and renal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. Am J Physiol 1998, 274:G157-169.
122. Ballatori N, Christian WV, Lee JY, Dawson PA, Soroka CJ, Boyer JL, et al. OSTalpha-OSTbeta: a major basolateral bile acid and steroid transporter in human intestinal, renal, and biliary epithelia. Hepatology 2005, 42:1270-1279.
123. Trauner M, Boyer JL Bile salt transporters: molecular characterization, function, and regulation. Physiol Rev 2003, 83:633-671.
124. Sellinger M, Boyer JL Physiology of bile secretion and cholestasis. Prog Liver Dis 1990, 9:237-259.
125. Nathanson MH, Boyer JL Mechanisms and regulation of bile secretion. Hepatology 1991, 14:551-566.
126. Hofmann AF Bile secretion in mice and men. Hepatology 2001, 34:848-850.
127. Wang R, Salem M, Yousef IM, Tuchweber B, Lam P, Childs SJ, et al. Targeted inactivation of sister of P-glycoprotein gene (spgp) in mice results in nonprogressive but persistent intrahepatic cholestasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001, 98:2011-2016.
128. Strautnieks SS, Bull LN, Knisely AS, Kocoshis SA, Dahl N, Arnell H, et al. A gene encoding a liver-specific ABC transporter is mutated in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis. Nat Genet 1998, 20:233-238.
129. Ballatori N, Truong AT Glutathione as a primary osmotic driving force in hepatic bile formation. Am J Physiol 1992, 263:G617-624.
130. Hardison WG, Wood CA Importance of bicarbonate in bile salt independent fraction of bile flow. Am J Physiol 1978, 235:E158-164.
131. Ballatori N, Hammond CL, Cunningham JB, Krance SM, Marchan R Molecular mechanisms of reduced glutathione transport: role of the MRP/CFTR/ABCC and OATP/SLC21A families of membrane proteins. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005, 204:238-255.
132. Meier PJ, Knickelbein R, Moseley RH, Dobbins JW, Boyer JL Evidence for carrier-mediated chloride/bicarbonate exchange in canalicular rat liver plasma membrane vesicles. J Clin Invest 1985, 75:1256-1263.
133. Hirata K, Nathanson MH Bile duct epithelia regulate biliary bicarbonate excretion in normal rat liver. Gastroenterology 2001, 121:396-406.
134. Kanno N, LeSage G, Glaser S, Alpini G Regulation of cholangiocyte bicarbonate secretion. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001, 281:G612-625.
135. Feranchak AP, Fitz JG Thinking outside the cell: the role of extracellular adenosine triphosphate in bile formation. Gastroenterology 2007, 133:1726-1728.
136. Jones AL, Hradek GT, Renston RH, Wong KY, Karlaganis G, Paumgartner G Autoradiographic evidence for hepatic lobular concentration gradient of bile acid derivative. Am J Physiol 1980, 238:G233-237.
137. Baumgartner U, Baier P, Mappes HJ, Farthmann EH Pericentral hepatocytes translocate hydrophilic bile acids more rapidly than hydrophobic ones. Dig Dis Sci 2001, 46:2098-2103.
138. Weinman SA, Maglova LM Free concentrations of intracellular fluorescent anions determined by cytoplasmic dialysis of isolated hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:G922-931.
139. Kouzuki H, Suzuki H, Ito K, Ohashi R, Sugiyama Y Contribution of sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide to the uptake of its possible substrates into rat hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1998, 286:1043-1050.
140. Reichen J, Paumgartner G Uptake of bile acids by perfused rat liver. Am J Physiol 1976, 231:734-742.
141. van de Steeg E, Wagenaar E, van der Kruijssen CM, Burggraaff JE, de Waart DR, Elferink RP, et al. Organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a/1b-knockout mice provide insights into hepatic handling of bilirubin, bile acids, and drugs. J Clin Invest 2010, 120:2942-2952.
142. Dawson PA, Lan T, Rao A Bile acid transporters. J Lipid Res 2009, 50:2340-2357.
143. Alrefai WA, Gill RK Bile acid transporters: structure, function, regulation and pathophysiological implications. Pharm Res 2007, 24:1803-1823.
144. Stieger B, O'Neill B, Meier PJ ATP-dependent bile-salt transport in canalicular rat liver plasma-membrane vesicles. Biochem J 1992, 284(Pt 1):67-74.
145. Stieger B, Meier Y, Meier PJ The bile salt export pump. Pflugers Arch 2007, 453:611-620.
146. Nies AT, Keppler D The apical conjugate efflux pump ABCC2 (MRP2). Pflugers Arch 2007, 453:643-659.
147. Megaraj V, Iida T, Jungsuwadee P, Hofmann AF, Vore M Hepatobiliary disposition of 3alpha,6alpha,7alpha,12alpha-tetrahydroxy-cholanoyl taurine: a substrate for multiple canalicular transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2010, 38:1723-1730.
148. Wang R, Chen HL, Liu L, Sheps JA, Phillips MJ, Ling V Compensatory role of P-glycoproteins in knockout mice lacking the bile salt export pump. Hepatology 2009, 50:948-956.
149. Zollner G, Marschall HU, Wagner M, Trauner M Role of nuclear receptors in the adaptive response to bile acids and cholestasis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations. Mol Pharm 2006, 3:231-251.
150. Belinsky MG, Dawson PA, Shchaveleva I, Bain LJ, Wang R, Ling V, et al. Analysis of the in vivo functions of Mrp3. Mol Pharmacol 2005, 68:160-168.
151. Mennone A, Soroka CJ, Cai SY, Harry K, Adachi M, Hagey L, et al. Mrp4-/-mice have an impaired cytoprotective response in obstructive cholestasis. Hepatology 2006, 43:1013-1021.
152. Boyer JL, Trauner M, Mennone A, Soroka CJ, Cai SY, Moustafa T, et al. Upregulation of a basolateral FXR-dependent bile acid efflux transporter OSTalpha-OSTbeta in cholestasis in humans and rodents. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290:G1124-1130.
153. Soroka CJ, Mennone A, Hagey LR, Ballatori N, Boyer JL Mouse organic solute transporter alpha deficiency enhances renal excretion of bile acids and attenuates cholestasis. Hepatology 2010, 51:181-190.
154. Soroka CJ, Lee JM, Azzaroli F, Boyer JL Cellular localization and up-regulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 in hepatocytes and cholangiocytes during obstructive cholestasis in rat liver. Hepatology 2001, 33:783-791.
155. Rius M, Nies AT, Hummel-Eisenbeiss J, Jedlitschky G, Keppler D Cotransport of reduced glutathione with bile salts by MRP4 (ABCC4) localized to the basolateral hepatocyte membrane. Hepatology 2003, 38:374-384.
156. Hirohashi T, Suzuki H, Takikawa H, Sugiyama Y ATP-dependent transport of bile salts by rat multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (Mrp3). J Biol Chem 2000, 275:2905-2910.
157. Rius M, Hummel-Eisenbeiss J, Hofmann AF, Keppler D Substrate specificity of human ABCC4 (MRP4)-mediated cotransport of bile acids and reduced glutathione. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290:G640-649.
158. Marschall HU, Wagner M, Zollner G, Fickert P, Diczfalusy U, Gumhold J, et al. Complementary stimulation of hepatobiliary transport and detoxification systems by rifampicin and ursodeoxycholic acid in humans. Gastroenterology 2005, 129:476-485.
159. Geyer J, Wilke T, Petzinger E The solute carrier family SLC10: more than a family of bile acid transporters regarding function and phylogenetic relationships. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2006, 372:413-431.
160. Godoy JR, Fernandes C, Doring B, Beuerlein K, Petzinger E, Geyer J Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of a novel putative membrane transporter (SLC10A7), conserved in vertebrates and bacteria. Eur J Cell Biol 2007, 86:445-460.
161. Weinman SA Electrogenicity of Na(+)-coupled bile acid transporters. Yale J Biol Med 1997, 70:331-340.
162. Kramer W, Stengelin S, Baringhaus KH, Enhsen A, Heuer H, Becker W, et al. Substrate specificity of the ileal and the hepatic Na(+)/bile acid cotransporters of the rabbit. I. Transport studies with membrane vesicles and cell lines expressing the cloned transporters. J Lipid Res 1999, 40:1604-1617.
163. Mita S, Suzuki H, Akita H, Hayashi H, Onuki R, Hofmann AF, et al. Vectorial transport of unconjugated and conjugated bile salts by monolayers of LLC-PK1 cells doubly transfected with human NTCP and BSEP or with rat Ntcp and Bsep. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290:G550-556.
164. Van Dyke RW, Stephens JE, Scharschmidt BF Bile acid transport in cultured rat hepatocytes. Am J Physiol 1982, 243:G484-492.
165. Mahagita C, Grassl SM, Piyachaturawat P, Ballatori N Human organic anion transporter 1B1 and 1B3 function as bidirectional carriers and do not mediate GSH-bile acid cotransport. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007, 293:G271-278.
166. Hagenbuch B, Meier PJ Organic anion transporting polypeptides of the OATP/ SLC21 family: phylogenetic classification as OATP/ SLCO superfamily, new nomenclature and molecular/functional properties. Pflugers Arch 2004, 447:653-665.
167. Gui C, Hagenbuch B Cloning/characterization of the canine organic anion transporting polypeptide 1b4 (Oatp1b4) and classification of the canine OATP/SLCO members. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2010, 151:393-399.
168. Csanaky IL, Lu H, Zhang Y, Ogura K, Choudhuri S, Klaassen CD Organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1b2 (Oatp1b2) is important for the hepatic uptake of unconjugated bile acids: Studies in Oatp1b2-null mice. Hepatology 2010.
169. Strautnieks SS, Byrne JA, Pawlikowska L, Cebecauerova D, Rayner A, Dutton L, et al. Severe bile salt export pump deficiency: 82 different ABCB11 mutations in 109 families. Gastroenterology 2008, 134:1203-1214.
170. Hayashi H, Takada T, Suzuki H, Onuki R, Hofmann AF, Sugiyama Y Transport by vesicles of glycine-and taurine-conjugated bile salts and taurolithocholate 3-sulfate: a comparison of human BSEP with rat Bsep. Biochim Biophys Acta 2005, 1738:54-62.
171. Byrne JA, Strautnieks SS, Mieli-Vergani G, Higgins CF, Linton KJ, Thompson RJ The human bile salt export pump: characterization of substrate specificity and identification of inhibitors. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:1649-1658.
172. Wolters H, Elzinga BM, Baller JF, Boverhof R, Schwarz M, Stieger B, et al. Effects of bile salt flux variations on the expression of hepatic bile salt transporters in vivo in mice. J Hepatol 2002, 37:556-563.
173. Schaap FG, van der Gaag NA, Gouma DJ, Jansen PL High expression of the bile salt-homeostatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 19 in the liver of patients with extrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 2009, 49:1228-1235.
174. Zollner G, Fickert P, Silbert D, Fuchsbichler A, Marschall HU, Zatloukal K, et al. Adaptive changes in hepatobiliary transporter expression in primary biliary cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2003, 38:717-727.
175. Wagner M, Fickert P, Zollner G, Fuchsbichler A, Silbert D, Tsybrovskyy O, et al. Role of farnesoid X receptor in determining hepatic ABC
176. Ananthanarayanan M, Balasubramanian N, Makishima M, Mangelsdorf DJ, Suchy FJ Human bile salt export pump promoter is transactivated by the farnesoid X receptor/bile acid receptor. J Biol Chem 2001, 276:28857-28865.
177. Plass JR, Mol O, Heegsma J, Geuken M, Faber KN, Jansen PL, et al. Farnesoid X receptor and bile salts are involved in transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding the human bile salt export pump. Hepatology 2002, 35:589-596.
178. Lew JL, Zhao A, Yu J, Huang L, De Pedro N, Pelaez F, et al. The farnesoid X receptor controls gene expression in a ligand-and promoter-selective fashion. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:8856-8861.
179. Yu J, Lo JL, Huang L, Zhao A, Metzger E, Adams A, et al. Lithocholic acid decreases expression of bile salt export pump through farnesoid X receptor antagonist activity. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:31441-31447.
180. Anwer MS Cellular regulation of hepatic bile acid transport in health and cholestasis. Hepatology 2004, 39:581-590.
181. Gurantz D, Schteingart CD, Hagey LR, Steinbach JH, Grotmol T, Hofmann AF Hypercholeresis induced by unconjugated bile acid infusion correlates with recovery in bile of unconjugated bile acids. Hepatology 1991, 13:540-550.
182. Halilbasic E, Fiorotto R, Fickert P, Marschall HU, Moustafa T, Spirli C, et al. Side chain structure determines unique physiologic and therapeutic properties of norursodeoxycholic acid in Mdr2-/-mice. Hepatology 2009, 49:1972-1981.
183. Lazaridis KN, Pham L, Tietz P, Marinelli RA, deGroen PC, Levine S, et al. Rat cholangiocytes absorb bile acids at their apical domain via the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. J Clin Invest 1997, 100:2714-2721.
184. Alpini G, Glaser SS, Rodgers R, Phinizy JL, Robertson WE, Lasater J, et al. Functional expression of the apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter in large but not small rat cholangiocytes. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:1734-1740.
185. Benedetti A, Di Sario A, Marucci L, Svegliati-Baroni G, Schteingart CD, Ton-Nu HT, et al. Carrier-mediated transport of conjugated bile acids across the basolateral membrane of biliary epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1997, 272:G1416-1424.
186. Alpini G, Glaser S, Baiocchi L, Francis H, Xia X, Lesage G Secretin activation of the apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter is associated with cholehepatic shunting in rats. Hepatology 2005, 41:1037-1045.
187. Xia X, Francis H, Glaser S, Alpini G, LeSage G Bile acid interactions with cholangiocytes. World J Gastroenterol 2006, 12:3553-3563.
188. Fickert P, Wagner M, Marschall HU, Fuchsbichler A, Zollner G, Tsybrovskyy O, et al. 24-norUrsodeoxycholic acid is superior to ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice. Gastroenterology 2006, 130:465-481.
189. Glaser SS, Alpini G Activation of the cholehepatic shunt as a potential therapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Hepatology 2009, 49:1795-1797.
190. Aldini R, Montagnani M, Roda A, Hrelia S, Biagi PL, Roda E Intestinal absorption of bile acids in the rabbit: different transport rates in jejunum and ileum. Gastroenterology 1996, 110:459-468.
191. Amelsberg A, Schteingart CD, Ton-Nu HT, Hofmann AF Carrier-mediated jejunal absorption of conjugated bile acids in the guinea pig. Gastroenterology 1996, 110:1098-1106.
192. Dietschy JM Mechanisms for the intestinal absorption of bile acids. J Lipid Res 1968, 9:297-309.
193. Hofmann AF, Poley JR Role of bile acid malabsorption in pathogenesis of diarrhea and steatorrhea in patients with ileal resection. I. Response to cholestyramine or replacement of dietary long chain triglyceride by medium chain triglyceride. Gastroenterology 1972, 62:918-934.
194. Dawson PA, Haywood J, Craddock AL, Wilson M, Tietjen M, Kluckman K, et al. Targeted deletion of the ileal bile acid transporter eliminates enterohepatic cycling of bile acids in mice. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:33920-33927.
195. Zhang Y, Klaassen CD Effects of feeding bile acids and a bile acid sequestrant on hepatic bile acid composition in mice. J Lipid Res 2010, 51:3230-3242.
196. Oelkers P, Kirby LC, Heubi JE, Dawson PA Primary bile acid malabsorption caused by mutations in the ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter gene (SLC10A2). J Clin Invest 1997, 99:1880-1887.
197. Gui X, Carraway RE Involvement of mast cells in basal and neurotensin-induced intestinal absorption of taurocholate in rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004, 287:G408-416.
198. Gong YZ, Everett ET, Schwartz DA, Norris JS, Wilson FA Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and expression of a 14-kDa bile acid-binding protein from rat ileal cytosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994, 91:4741-4745.
199. Kramer W, Girbig F, Gutjahr U, Kowalewski S, Jouvenal K, Muller G, et al. Intestinal bile acid absorption. Na(+)-dependent bile acid transport activity in rabbit small intestine correlates with the coexpression of an integral 93-kDa and a peripheral 14-kDa bile acid-binding membrane protein along the duodenum-ileum axis. J Biol Chem 1993, 268:18035-18046.
200. Kok T, Hulzebos CV, Wolters H, Havinga R, Agellon LB, Stellaard F, et al. Enterohepatic circulation of bile salts in farnesoid X receptor-deficient mice: efficient intestinal bile salt absorption in the absence of ileal bile acid-binding protein. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:41930-41937.
201. Perez MJ, Briz O Bile-acid-induced cell injury and protection. World J Gastroenterol 2009, 15:1677-1689.
202. Beuling E, Kerkhof IM, Nicksa GA, Giuffrida MJ, Haywood J, aan de Kerk DJ, et al. Conditional Gata4 deletion in mice induces bile acid absorption in the proximal small intestine. Gut 2010, 59:888-895.
203. Shneider BL, Dawson PA, Christie DM, Hardikar W, Wong MH, Suchy FJ Cloning and molecular characterization of the ontogeny of a rat ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:745-754.
204. Montagnani M, Love MW, Rossel P, Dawson PA, Qvist P Absence of dysfunctional ileal sodium-bile acid cotransporter gene mutations in patients with adult-onset idiopathic bile acid malabsorption. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001, 36:1077-1080.
205. Balesaria S, Pell RJ, Abbott LJ, Tasleem A, Chavele KM, Barley NF, et al. Exploring possible mechanisms for primary bile acid malabsorption: evidence for different regulation of ileal bile acid transporter transcripts in chronic diarrhoea. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 20:413-422.
206. Renner O, Harsch S, Schaeffeler E, Schwab M, Klass DM, Kratzer W, et al. Mutation screening of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (SLC10A2): novel haplotype block including six newly identified variants linked to reduced expression. Hum Genet 2009, 125:381-391.
207. Schiller LR, Hogan RB, Morawski SG, Santa Ana CA, Bern MJ, Norgaard RP, et al. Studies of the prevalence and significance of radiolabeled bile acid malabsorption in a group of patients with idiopathic chronic diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1987, 92:151-160.
208. Meihoff WE, Kern F Bile salt malabsorption in regional ileitis, ileal resection and mannitol-induced diarrhea. J Clin Invest 1968, 47:261-267.
209. Vitek L, Carey MC Enterohepatic cycling of bilirubin as a cause of 'black' pigment gallstones in adult life. Eur J Clin Invest 2003, 33:799-810.
210. Holzer A, Harsch S, Renner O, Strohmeyer A, Schimmel S, Wehkamp J, et al. Diminished expression of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in gallstone disease is independent of ileal inflammation. Digestion 2008, 78:52-59.
211. Arlow FL, Dekovich AA, Priest RJ, Beher WT Bile acid-mediated postcholecystectomy diarrhea. Arch Intern Med 1987, 147:1327-1329.
212. Camilleri M, Nadeau A, Tremaine WJ, Lamsam J, Burton D, Odunsi S, et al. Measurement of serum 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (or 7alphaC4), a surrogate test for bile acid malabsorption in health, ileal disease and irritable bowel syndrome using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2009, 21:734-e743.
213. Love MW, Craddock AL, Angelin B, Brunzell JD, Duane WC, Dawson PA Analysis of the ileal bile acid transporter gene, SLC10A2, in subjects with familial hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21:2039-2045.
214. Duane WC, Hartich LA, Bartman AE, Ho SB Diminished gene expression of ileal apical sodium bile acid transporter explains impaired absorption of bile acid in patients with hypertriglyceridemia. J Lipid Res 2000, 41:1384-1389.
215. Wang W, Seward DJ, Li L, Boyer JL, Ballatori N Expression cloning of two genes that together mediate organic solute and steroid transport in the liver of a marine vertebrate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001, 98:9431-9436.
216. Seward DJ, Koh AS, Boyer JL, Ballatori N Functional complementation between a novel mammalian polygenic transport complex and an evolutionarily ancient organic solute transporter, OSTalpha-OSTbeta. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:27473-27482.
217. Dawson PA, Hubbert M, Haywood J, Craddock AL, Zerangue N, Christian WV, et al. The heteromeric organic solute transporter alpha-beta, Ostalpha-Ostbeta, is an ileal basolateral bile acid transporter. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:6960-6968.
218. Li N, Cui Z, Fang F, Lee JY, Ballatori N Heterodimerization, trafficking and membrane topology of the two proteins, Ost alpha and Ost beta, that constitute the organic solute and steroid transporter. Biochem J 2007, 407:363-372.
219. Frankenberg T, Rao A, Chen F, Haywood J, Shneider BL, Dawson PA Regulation of the mouse organic solute transporter alpha-beta, Ostalpha-Ostbeta, by bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290:G912-922.
220. Landrier JF, Eloranta JJ, Vavricka SR, Kullak-Ublick GA The nuclear receptor for bile acids, FXR, transactivates human organic solute transporter-alpha and -beta genes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290:G476-485.
221. Rao A, Haywood J, Craddock AL, Belinsky MG, Kruh GD, Dawson PA The organic solute transporter alpha-beta, Ostalpha-Ostbeta, is essential for intestinal bile acid transport and homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008, 105:3891-3896.
222. Ballatori N, Fang F, Christian WV, Li N, Hammond CL Ostalpha-Ostbeta is required for bile acid and conjugated steroid disposition in the intestine, kidney, and liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008, 295:G179-G186.
223. Jung D, Inagaki T, Gerard RD, Dawson PA, Kliewer SA, Mangelsdorf DJ, et al. FXR agonists and FGF15 reduce fecal bile acid excretion in a mouse model of bile acid malabsorption. J Lipid Res 2007, 48:2693-2700.
224. Kapadia CR, Essandoh LK Active absorption of vitamin B12 and conjugated bile salts by guinea pig ileum occurs in villous and not crypt cells. Dig Dis Sci 1988, 33:1377-1382.
225. Stelzner M, Hoagland V, Somasundaram S Distribution of bile acid absorption and bile acid transporter gene message in the hamster ileum. Pflugers Arch 2000, 440:157-162.
226. Stelzner M, Somasundaram S, Kearney D Distribution of bile acid transport capacities in the human ileum. Gastroenterology 2000, 118:A76.
227. Shih DQ, Bussen M, Sehayek E, Ananthanarayanan M, Shneider BL, Suchy FJ, et al. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1alpha is an essential regulator of bile acid and plasma cholesterol metabolism. Nat Genet 2001, 27:375-382.
228. Bosse T, Piaseckyj CM, Burghard E, Fialkovich JJ, Rajagopal S, Pu WT, et al. Gata4 is essential for the maintenance of jejunal-ileal identities in the adult mouse small intestine. Mol Cell Biol 2006, 26:9060-9070.
229. Battle, MA, Bondow, BJ, Iverson, MA, Adams, SJ, Jandacek, RJ, Tso, P, et al. GATA4 is essential for jejunal function in mice. Gastroenterology. 2008;135:1676-1686.
230. Coppola CP, Gosche JR, Arrese M, Ancowitz B, Madsen J, Vanderhoof J, et al. Molecular analysis of the adaptive response of intestinal bile acid transport after ileal resection. Gastroenterology 1998, 115:1172-1178.
231. Stravitz RT, Sanyal AJ, Pandak WM, Vlahcevic ZR, Beets JW, Dawson PA Induction of sodium-dependent bile acid transporter messenger RNA, protein, and activity in rat ileum by cholic acid. Gastroenterology 1997, 113:1599-1608.
232. Arrese M, Trauner M, Sacchiero RJ, Crossman MW, Shneider BL Neither intestinal sequestration of bile acids nor common bile duct ligation modulate the expression and function of the rat ileal bile acid transporter. Hepatology 1998, 28:1081-1087.
233. Duane WC, Xiong W, Wolvers J Effects of bile acids on expression of the human apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter gene. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007, 1771:1380-1388.
234. Hofmann AF Regulation of ileal bile acid transport: desirability of measuring transport function as well as transporter activity. Hepatology 1999, 29:1335-1337.
235. Chen F, Ma L, Dawson PA, Sinal CJ, Sehayek E, Gonzalez FJ, et al. Liver receptor homologue-1 mediates species-and cell line-specific bile acid-dependent negative feedback regulation of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter. J Biol Chem 2003, 278:19909-19916.
236. Sinha J, Chen F, Miloh T, Burns RC, Yu Z, Shneider BL beta-Klotho and FGF-15/19 inhibit the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter in enterocytes and cholangiocytes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008, 295:G996-G1003.
237. Krag E, Krag B Regional ileitis (Crohn's disease). I. Kinetics of bile acid absorption in the perfused ileum. Scand J Gastroenterol 1976, 11:481-486.
238. Stelzner M, Somasundaram S, Khakberdiev T Systemic effects of acute terminal ileitis on uninflamed gut aggravate bile acid malabsorption. J Surg Res 2001, 99:359-364.
239. Jung D, Fantin AC, Scheurer U, Fried M, Kullak-Ublick GA Human ileal bile acid transporter gene ASBT (SLC10A2) is transactivated by the glucocorticoid receptor. Gut 2004, 53:78-84.
240. Chen F, Ma L, Sartor RB, Li F, Xiong H, Sun AQ, et al. Inflammatory-mediated repression of the rat ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by c-fos nuclear translocation. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:2005-2016.
241. Chen F, Ma L, Sartor B, Li F, Xiong H, Sun A, et al. Inflammatory-mediated repression of the rat ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by c-fos nuclear translocation. Gastroenterology 2002, 123:2005-2016.
242. Nowicki M, Shneider B, Paul J, Heubi J Glucorticoids up-regulate taurocholate transport by the ileal brush border membrane. Am J Physiol 1997, 273:G197-G203.
243. Kwon RS, Carey MC Do steroids ameliorate bile acid malabsorption in Crohn's disease?. Gut 2004, 53:10-11.
244. Jung D, Fried M, Kullak-Ublick GA Human apical sodium-dependent bile salt transporter gene (SLC10A2) is regulated by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:30559-30566.
245. Annaba F, Sarwar Z, Kumar P, Saksena S, Turner JR, Dudeja PK, et al. Modulation of ileal bile acid transporter (ASBT) activity by depletion of plasma membrane cholesterol: association with lipid rafts. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008, 294:G489-497.
246. Xia X, Roundtree M, Merikhi A, Lu X, Shentu S, Lesage G Degradation of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in cholangiocytes. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:44931-44937.
247. Lee H, Zhang Y, Lee FY, Nelson SF, Gonzalez FJ, Edwards PA FXR regulates organic solute transporters alpha and beta in the adrenal gland, kidney, and intestine. J Lipid Res 2006, 47:201-214.
248. Zollner G, Wagner M, Moustafa T, Fickert P, Silbert D, Gumhold J, et al. Coordinated induction of bile acid detoxification and alternative elimination in mice: role of FXR-regulated organic solute transporter-alpha/beta in the adaptive response to bile acids. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006, 290:G923-932.
249. Okuwaki M, Takada T, Iwayanagi Y, Koh S, Kariya Y, Fujii H, et al. LXR alpha transactivates mouse organic solute transporter alpha and beta via IR-1 elements shared with FXR. Pharm Res 2007, 24:390-398.
250. Carey MC, Cahalane MJ Enterohepatic circulation. The Liver: Biology and Pathology 1988, 591. Raven Press Ltd, New York. 2nd ed. I.M. Arias, W.B. Jakoby, H. Popper, D. Schachter, D.A. Shafritz (Eds.).