Prophylactic drug management for febrile seizures in children (Review)

Evidence-Based Child Health

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1376-1485

  Offringa, Martin ^a   Newton, Richard ^b  

^a HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (Canada)

^b ROYAL MANCHESTER CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETOACETIC ACID; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIPYRETIC AGENT; CLOBAZAM; DIAZEPAM; DICLOFENAC; IBUPROFEN; PARACETAMOL; PHENOBARBITAL; PHENYTOIN; PLACEBO; PYRIDOXINE; VALPROIC ACID;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; AGGRESSION; ANGER; ANOREXIA; ARTICLE; ATAXIA; BAD TEMPER; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD; COGNITIVE DEFECT; CONFUSION; DEPRESSION; DIARRHEA; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; FEBRILE CONVULSION; FEEDING DISORDER; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; HUMAN; HYPERACTIVITY; HYPERKINESIA; INCREASED APPETITE; IRRITABILITY; LETHARGY; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NIGHTMARE; NOISINESS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOLOGICAL CRYING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHYLAXIS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECTUM HEMORRHAGE; RECURRENCE RISK; RECURRENT DISEASE; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SLEEP DISORDER; SOMNOLENCE; THUMB SUCKING; UNSTEADINESS; VOMITING; WEAKNESS; WHINGENESS;

ANTICONVULSANTS; ANTIPYRETICS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; FEMALE; GREAT BRITAIN; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SEIZURES, FEBRILE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84880395201     PISSN: None     EISSN: 15576272     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ebch.1921     Document Type: Article

References (183)

1. References to studies included in this review
2. Autret 1990 {published data only}
3. Autret E, Billard C, Bertrand P, Motte J, Pouplard F, Jonville AP. Double-blind, randomized trial of diazepam versus placebo for prevention of recurrence of febrile seizures. Journal of Pediatrics 1990;117(3):490-4.
4. Bacon 1981a {published data only}
5. Bacon CJ, Hierons AM, Mucklow JC, Webb JK, Rawlins MD, Weightman D. Placebo-controlled study of phenobarbitone and phenytoin in the prophylaxis of febrile convulsions. Lancet 1981;2(8247):600-4.
6. Bacon 1981b {published data only}
7. Bacon CJ, Cranage JD, Hierons AM, Rawlins MD, Webb JK. Behavioural effects of phenobarbitone and phenytoin in small children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1981;56(11):836-40.
8. Bajaj 2005 {published data only}
9. Bajaj AS, Bajaj BK, Purib V, Tayal G. Intermittent clobazam in febrile seizures: an Indian experience. Journal of Pediatric Neurology 2005;3:19-23.
10. Camfield 1979 {published data only}
11. Camfield CS, Chaplin S, Doyle AB, Shapiro SH, Cummings C, Camfield PR. Side effects of phenobarbital in toddlers; behavioral and cognitive aspects. Journal of Pediatrics 1979;95(3):361-5.
12. Camfield 1980 {published data only}
13. Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Shapiro SH, Cummings C. The first febrile seizure--antipyretic instruction plus either phenobarbital or placebo to prevent recurrence. Journal of Pediatrics 1980;97(1):16-21.
14. Daugbjerg 1990 {published data only}
15. Daugbjerg P, Brems M, Mai J, Ankerhus J, Knudsen FU. Intermittent prophylaxis in febrile convulsions: diazepam or valproic acid?. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1990;82(1):17-20.
16. Farwell 1990 {published data only}
17. Farwell JR, Lee YJ, Hirtz DG, Sulzbacher SI, Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB. Phenobarbital for febrile seizures--effects on intelligence and on seizure recurrence [published erratum appears in New England Journal of Medicine 1992 Jan 9;326(2):144] [see comments]. New England Journal of Medicine 1990;322(6):364-9.
18. Garcia 1984 {published data only}
19. Garcia FO, Campos-Castello J, Maldonado JC. Continuous oral fenobarbital or intermitent rectal diazepam to prevent febrile seizures [Fenobarbital oral continuado o diazepam rectal intermitente para la prevencion de las crises febriles]. Anales Espanoles de Pediatria 1984;20:763-9.
20. Heckmatt 1976 {published data only}
21. Heckmatt JZ, Houston AB, Clow DJ, Strephenson JB, Dodd KL, Lealman GT, et al.Failure of phenobarbitone to prevent febrile convulsions. BMJ 1976;1(6009):559-61.
22. Hirtz 1993 {published data only}
23. Hirtz DG, Chen TC, Nelson KB, Sulzbacher S, Farwell JR, Ellenberg JH. Does phenobarbital used for febrile seizures cause sleep disturbances?. Pediatric Neurology 1993;9(2):94-100.
24. Khosroshahi 2011 {published data only}
25. Khosroshahi N, Faramarzi F, Salamati P, Haghighi SM, Kamrani K. Diazepam versus clobazam for intermittent prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2011;78(1):38-40.
26. Knudsen 1985a {published data only}
27. Knudsen FU. Effective short-term diazepam prophylaxis in febrile convulsions. Journal of Pediatrics 1985;106(3):487-90.
28. Knudsen 1985b {published data only}
29. Knudsen FU. Recurrence risk after first febrile seizure and effect of short term diazepam prophylaxis. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1985;60(11):1045-9.
30. Knudsen 1988 {published data only}
31. Knudsen FU. Frequent febrile episodes and recurrent febrile convulsions. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1988;78(5):414-7.
32. Knudsen 1996 {published data only}
33. Knudsen FU, Paerregaard A, Andersen R, Andresen J. Long term outcome of prophylaxis for febrile convulsions. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1996;74(1):13-8.
34. Mackintosh 1970 {published data only}
35. Mackintosh TF. Studies on prophylactic treatment of febrile convulsions in children. Is it feasible to inhibit attacks by giving drugs at the first sign of fever or infection?. Clinical Pediatrics 1970;9(5):283-6.
36. Mamelle 1982 {published data only}
37. Mamelle JC, Mamelle N, Plasse JC, Revol M, Gilly R. Efficacy of sodium dipropylacetate compared with phenobarbital and placebo in the prevention of recurrence of febrile convulsions. Pediatrie 1982;37(6):433-45.
38. Mamelle 1984 {published data only}
39. Mamelle N, Mamelle JC, Plasse JC, Revol M, Gilly R. Prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions--a randomized therapeutic assay: sodium valproate, phenobarbital and placebo. Neuropediatrics 1984;15(1):37-42.
40. McKiernan 1981 {published data only}
41. McKiernan J, Mellor DH, Court S. A controlled trial of pyridoxine supplementation in children with febrile convulsions. Clinical Pediatrics 1981;20(3):208-11.
42. McKinlay 1989 {published data only}
43. McKinlay I, Newton R. Intention to treat febrile convulsions with rectal diazepam, valproate or phenobarbitone. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1989;31(5):617-25.
44. Mosquera 1987 {published data only}
45. Mosquera C, Rodriguez J, Cabrero A, Fidalgo I, Fernandez RM. Preventing the recurrence of febrile seizures: intermittent prevention with rectal diazepam compared with continuous treatment with sodium valproate [Prevencion de la recurrencia de crisis febriles: profilaxis intermitente con diacepam rectal comparada con tratamiento continuo con valproato sodico]. Anales Espanoles de Pediatria 1987;27(5):379-81.
46. Ngwane 1980 {published data only}
47. Ngwane E, Bower B. Continuous sodium valproate or phenobarbitone in the prevention of 'simple' febrile convulsions. Comparison by a double-blind trial. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1980;55(3):171-4.
48. Pavlidou 2006 {published data only}
49. Pavlidou E, Tzitiridou M, Panteliadis C. Effectiveness of intermittent diazepam prophylaxis in febrile seizures: long-term prospective controlled study. Journal of Child Neurology 2006;21:1036-40.
50. Ramakrishnan 1986 {published data only}
51. Ramakrishnan K, Thomas K. Long term prophylaxis of febrile seizures. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 1986;53(3):397-400.
52. Rosman 1993 {published data only}
53. Rosman NP, Colton T, Labazzo J, Gilbert PL, Gardella NB, Kaye EM, et al.A controlled trial of diazepam administered during febrile illnesses to prevent recurrence of febrile seizures [see comments]. New England Journal of Medicine 1993;329(2):79-84.
54. Strengell 2009 {published data only}
55. Strengell T, Uhari M, Tarkka R, Uusimaa J, Alen R, Lautala P, Rantala H. Antipyretic agents for preventing recurrences of febrile seizures. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2009;163:799-804.
56. Sulzbacher 1999 {published data only}
57. Sulzbacher S, Farwell JR, Temkin N, Lu AS, Hirtz DG. Late cognitive effects of early treatment with phenobarbital. Clinical Pediatrics 1999;38(7):387-94.
58. Thilothammal 1993 {published data only}
59. Thilothammal N, Kannan, Krishnamurthy PV, Kamala KG, Ahamed S, Banu K. Role of phenobarbitone in preventing recurrence of febrile convulsions. Indian Pediatrics 1993;30(5):637-42.
60. Uhari 1995 {published data only}
61. Uhari M, Rantala H, Vainionpaa L, Kurttila R. Effect of acetaminophen and of low intermittent doses of diazepam on prevention of recurrences of febrile seizures. The Journal of Pediatrics 1995;126(6):991-5.
62. van Stuijvenberg 1998 {published data only}
63. van Stuijvenberg M, Derksen-Lubsen G, Steyerberg EW, Habbema JD, Moll HA. Randomized, controlled trial of ibuprofen syrup administered during febrile illnesses to prevent febrile seizure recurrences. Pediatrics 1998;102(5):E51.
64. Verrotti 2004 {published data only}
65. Verrottia A, Latinib G, di Corciaa G, Giannuzzib R, Salladinia C, Trottaa D, Chiarellia F. Intermittent oral diazepam prophylaxis in febrile convulsions: its effectiveness for febrile seizure recurrence. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology 2004;8:131-4.
66. Williams 1979 {published data only}
67. Williams AJ, Evans-Jones LG, Kindley AD, Groom PJ. Sodium valproate in the prophylaxis of simple febrile convulsions. Clinical Pediatrics 1979;18(7):426-30.
68. Wolf 1977a {published data only}
69. Wolf SM, Carr A, Davis DC, Davidson S, Dale EP, Forsythe A, et al.The value of phenobarbital in the child who has had a single febrile seizure: a controlled prospective study. Pediatrics 1977;59(3):378-85.
70. Wolf 1978 {published data only}
71. Wolf SM, Forsythe A. Behavior disturbance, phenobarbital, and febrile seizures. Pediatrics 1978;61(5):728-31.
72. Wolf 1981 {published data only}
73. Wolf SM, Forsythe A, Stunden AA, Friedman R, Diamond H. Long-term effect of phenobarbital on cognitive function in children with febrile convulsions. Pediatrics 1981;68(6):820-3.
74. References to studies excluded from this review
75. AAP Steering Group 2008 {published data only}
76. American Academy of Pediatrics Steering Group. Febrile seizures: Clinical practice guideline for the long-term management of the child with simple febrile seizures. Pediatrics 2008;121:1281-6.
77. Addy 1977 {published data only}
78. Addy DP. Tegretol in epilepsy. Proceedings of an International Meeting. Macclesfield: Geigy Pharmaceuticals. 1977.
79. Antony 1983 {published data only}
80. Antony JH, Hawke SH. Phenobarbital compared with carbamazepine in prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions. A double-blind study. American Journal of Disease of Children 1983;137(9):892-5.
81. Camfield 1982 {published data only}
82. Camfield PR, Camfield CS, Tibbles JA. Carbamazepine does not prevent febrile seizures in phenobarbital failures. Neurology 1982;32(3):288-9.
83. Camfield 1995 {published data only}
84. Camfield P, Camfield C, Gordon D. Prevention of recurrent febrile seizures. Journal of Pediatrics 1995;126:929-30.
85. Capocchi 1982 {published data only}
86. Capocchi G. Girelli L. Prophylaxis of febrile convulsions: resulst of 8 years experience [Profilassi delle convulsioni febbrili: risultati di 8 anni di esperienza]. Bollettino Lega Italiana Contro L'Epilessia 1982;39 (suppl)(12):23.
87. Cavazzuti 1975 {published data only}
88. Cavazzuti GB. Prevention of febrile convulsions with dipropylacetate (Depakine). Epilepsia 1975;16(4):647-8.
89. Costa 1996 {published data only}
90. Costa M, Silva EA, Silva AE, Guerreiro MM. Intermittent prophylaxis in febrile seizures with oral diazepam: study of 82 cases. Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria 1996;54(2):197-201.
91. Dalla Bernardina 1988 {published data only}
92. dalla Bernardina B, Fontana E. Sodium valproate in febrile convulsions. Bollettino Lega Italiana Contro L'Epilessia 1988;61:25-7.
93. De Zan 1982 {published data only}
94. De Zan G, Luchini P, Visentin A, Bruno F. Statistics on 123 children with febrile convulsions from 1976 to 1981 with possible advantages of continuous prophylaxis with valproic acid and/or phenobarbital. La Pediatria medica e chirurgica: Medical and Surgical Pediatrics 1982;4(4):407-12.
95. Dianese 1979 {published data only}
96. Dianese G. Prophylactic diazepam in febrile convulsions. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1979;54(3):244-5.
97. Domizio 1993 {published data only}
98. Domizio S, Verrotti A, Ramenghi LA, Sabatino G, Morgese G. Anti-epileptic therapy and behaviour disturbances in children. Child's Nervous System 1993;9(5):272-4.
99. Echenne 1983 {published data only}
100. Echenne B, Cheminal R, Martin P, Peskine F, Rodiere M, Astruc J, et al.Use of diazepam in the preventive home treatment of recurrent febrile convulsions. Archives Françaises de Pédiatrie 1983;40(6):499-501.
101. Faero 1972 {published data only}
102. Faero O, Kastrup KW, Lykkegaard NE, Melchior JC, Thorn I. Successful prophylaxis of febrile convulsions with phenobarbital. Epilepsia 1972;13(2):279-85.
103. Frehlih 1997 {published data only}
104. Frelih J, Ravnick IM. Assessing the value of different therapies for the prevention of febrile seizures. Epilepsia 1997;38 Suppl 3:94.
105. Galli 1977 {published data only}
106. Galli V, Gatti G, Massolo F, Nalin A, Rozzi N, Tamborino G. Sodium dipropyl acetate in the prevention of febrile convulsions in children. Acta Neurologica (Napoli) 1977;32(6):884-91.
107. Guerreiro 1992 {published data only}
108. Guerreiro MM, Costa M, Bellomo MA, Sabino SH, Silva EA, Scotoni AE. Intermittent prophylaxis in febrile convulsions with oral diazepam. Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria 1992;50(2):163-7.
109. Herranz 1984 {published data only}
110. Herranz JL, Armijo JA, Arteaga R. Effectiveness and toxicity of phenobarbital, primidone, and sodium valproate in the prevention of febrile convulsions, controlled by plasma levels. Epilepsia 1984;25(1):89-95.
111. Knudsen 1978 {published data only}
112. Knudsen FU, Vestermark S. Prophylactic diazepam or phenobarbitone in febrile convulsions: a prospective, controlled study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1978;53(8):660-3.
113. Lahat 2000 {published data only}
114. Lahat E, Goldman M, Barr J, Bistritzer T, Berkovitch M. Comparison of intranasal midazolam with intravenous diazepam for treating febrile seizures in children: prospective randomised study. BMJ 2000;321(7253):83-6.
115. Lee 1981 {published data only}
116. Lee K, Melchior JC. Sodium valproate versus phenobarbital in the prophylactic treatment of febrile convulsions in childhood. European Journal of Pediatrics 1981;137(2):151-3.
117. Lee 1986 {published data only}
118. Lee K, Taudorf K, Hvorslev V. Prophylactic treatment with valproic acid or diazepam in children with febrile convulsions. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1986;75(4):593-7.
119. Manreza 1997 {published data only}
120. Manreza ML, Gherpelli JL, Machado-Haertel LR, Pedreira CC, Heise CO, Diament A. Treatment of febrile seizures with intermittent clobazam. Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria 1997;55(4):757-61.
121. Minagawa 1981 {published data only}
122. Minagawa K, Miura H. Phenobarbital, primidone and sodium valproate in the prophylaxis of febrile convulsions. Brain and Development 1981;3:385-93.
123. Parisi 1995 {published data only}
124. Parasi P, Nasta L, Terenzi S. CBZ does not prevent FS in phenobarbitone failures. Pediatria Oggi Medica e Chirurgia 1995;15:101-3.
125. Rose 2005 {published data only}
126. Rose W, Kirubakaran C, Scott JX. Intermittent clobazam therapy in febrile seizures. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2005;72:31-3.
127. Rosman 2001 {published data only}
128. Rosman NP, Douglass LM, Paolini JL. Preventing febrile seizures in children with oral diazepam: can a controlled trial truly be "double-blind"?. Journal of Pediatrics 2001;138(4):548-52.
129. Schnaiderman 1993 {published data only}
130. Schnaiderman D, Lahat E, Sheefer T, Aladjem M. Antipyretic effectiveness of acetaminophen in febrile seizures: ongoing prophylaxis versus sporadic usage. European Journal of Pediatrics 1993;152(9):747-9.
131. Shimazaki 1997 {published data only}
132. Shimazaki S, Kuremoto K, Oyama S. Efficacy of rectal diazepam suppository in the prophylaxis of febrile seizures: comparison with rectal chloral hydrate suppository. No To Hattatsu 1997;29(4):278-84.
133. Shirai 1988 {published data only}
134. Shirai H, Miura H, Sunaoshi W. A clinical study on the effectiveness of intermittent therapy with rectal diazepam suppositories for the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions. Journal of the Japan Epilepsy Society 1988;6:1-10.
135. Smith 1982 {published data only}
136. Smith JA, Wallace SJ. Febrile convulsions: intellectual progress in relation to anticonvulsant therapy and to recurrence of fits. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1982;57(2):104-7.
137. Sopo 1991 {published data only}
138. Sopo SM, Pescaresi MA, Celestini E, Stabile A. Short-term prophylaxis of febrile convulsions. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1991;80(2):248-9.
139. Steardo 1980 {published data only}
140. Steardo L, Florio C, Sorge F, Steardo R. DPA and clonazepam activity in febrile convulsions: preliminary results [Attivita del clonazepam e del dipropilacetato sulle convulsioni febbrili]. Bollettino- Societa Italiana Biologia Sperimentale (Napoli) 1980;56(11):1187-91.
141. Sunami 1990 {published data only}
142. Sunami K, Hayashi N. Prophylactic effects of acetaminophen suppository on febrile convulsions: an epidemiologic and twin study. Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology 1990;44(2):351-3.
143. Thorn 1975 {published data only}
144. Thorn I. A controlled study of prophylactic long-term treatment of febrile convulsions with phenobarbital. Acta Neurological Scandinavica Supplementum 1975;60:67-73.
145. Tondi 1987 {published data only}
146. Tondi M, Carboni F, Deriu A, Manca S, Mastropaolo C. Intermittent therapy with clobazam for simple febrile convulsions. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1987;29:830-1.
147. Vanasse 1984 {published data only}
148. Vanasse M, Masson P, Geoffroy G, Larbrisseau A, David PC. Intermittent treatment of febrile convulsions with nitrazepam. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1984;11(3):377-9.
149. Van den Berg 1971 {published data only}
150. Van Den Berg BJ, Yerushalmy J. Studies on convulsive disorders in young children. II. Intermittent phenobarbital prophylaxis and recurrence of febrile convulsions. Journal of Pediatrics 1971;78(6):1004-12.
151. Van Esch 1995 {published data only}
152. Van Esch A, Steensel-Moll HA, Steyerberg EW, Offringa M, Habbema JD, Derksen-Lubsen G. Antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen and acetaminophen in children with febrile seizures. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1995;149(6):632-7.
153. Vining 1987 {published data only}
154. Vining EP, Mellitis ED, Dorsen MM, Cataldo MF, Quaskey SA, Spielberg SP, et al.Psychologic and behavioral effects of antiepileptic drugs in children: a double-blind comparison between phenobarbital and valproic acid. Pediatrics 1987;80:165-74.
155. Wallace 1980 {published data only}
156. Wallace SJ, Smith JA. Successful prophylaxis against febrile convulsions with valproic acid or phenobarbitone. British Medical Journal 1980;280(6211):353-4.
157. Winsley 2005 {published data only}
158. Winsley R, Chellam K, Xavier SJ. Intermittent clobazam therapy in febrile seizures. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2005;72:31-8.
159. Wolf 1977b {published data only}
160. Wolf SM. The effectiveness of phenobarbital in the prevention of recurrent febrile convulsions in children with and without a history of pre-, peri- and postnatal abnormalities. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1977;66(5):585-7.
161. Additional references
162. Baumann 1999
163. Baumann RJ. Technical report: treatment of the child with simple febrile seizures. Pediatrics 1999;103(6):e86.
164. Berg 1990
165. Berg AT, Shinnar S, Hauser WA, Leventhal JM. Predictors of recurrent febrile seizures: a metaanalytic review. Journal of Pediatrics 1990;116(3):329-37.
166. Gram 1984
167. Gram L, Bentsen KD. Controlled and comparative trials of valproate performed in Europe and Asia. Epilepsia 1984;25 Suppl 1:S32-S39.
168. Herranz 1988
169. Herranz JL, Armijo JA, Arteaga R. Clinical side effects of phenobarbital, primidone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproate during monotherapy in children. Epilepsia 1988;29(6):794-804.
170. Knudsen 1991
171. Knudsen FU. Intermittent diazepam prophylaxis in febrile convulsions. Pros and cons. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica. Supplementum 1991;135:1-24.
172. Lefebvre 2009
173. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2 (updated September 2009). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2009. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
174. Nelson 1981
175. Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH (editors). Febrile Seizures. New York: Raven Press, 1981.
176. Newton 1988
177. Newton RW. Randomised controlled trials of phenobarbitone and valproate in febrile convulsions. Archives of Disease in Childhood 1988;63:1189-91.
178. Offringa 1994
179. Offringa M, Bossuyt PM, Lubsen J, Ellenberg JH, Nelson KB, Knudsen FU, et al.Risk factors for seizure recurrence in children with febrile seizures: A pooled analysis of individual patient data from five studies. Journal of Pediatrics 1994;124:574-84.
180. Rantala 1997
181. Rantala H. A meta-analytic review of the preventive treatment of recurrences of febrile seizures. Journal of Pediatrics 1997;131(6):922-5.
182. Verity 1985
183. Verity CM, Butler NR, Golding J. Febrile convulsions in a national cohort followed up from birth: Prevalence and recurrence in the first five years of life. British Medical Journal 1985;290:1307-10.