Exploring the potential for automatic extraction of vegetation phenological metrics from traffic webcams

Remote Sensing

Volumn 5, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 2200-2218

  Morris, David E ^a   Boyd, Doreen S ^a   Crowe, John A ^a   Johnson, Caroline S ^a   Smith, Karon L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Automation; Climate change; Image processing; Network; Phenology; Traffic camera

Indexed keywords

AUTOMATIC EXTRACTION; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; MANUAL MEASUREMENTS; PHENOLOGY; POTENTIAL VALUES; SATELLITE IMAGING; TRAFFIC CAMERA; TRAFFIC MONITORING;

AUTOMATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; DATA TRANSFER; DIGITAL STORAGE; EXTRACTION; FORESTRY; IMAGE PROCESSING; NETWORKS (CIRCUITS); TRAFFIC CONTROL;

CAMERAS;

EID: 84880362327     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20724292     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/rs5052200     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Richardson, A.D.; Anderson, R.S.; Arain, M.A.; Barr, A.G.; Bohrer, G.; Chen, G.S.; Chen, J.M.; Ciais, P.; Davis, K.J.; Desai, A.R.; et al. Terrestrial biosphere models need better representation of vegetation phenology: Results from the North American Carbon Program Site Synthesis. Glob. Change Biol. 2012, 18, 566-584.
2. Schwartz, M.D.; Betancourt, J.L.; Weltzin, J.F. From Caprio's lilacs to the USA national phenology network. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2012, 10, 324-327.
3. Brügger, R.; Dobbertin, M.; Kräuchi, N. Phenological Variation of Forest Trees. In Phenology: An Integrative Environmental Science; Schwartz, M., Ed.; Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2003; Volume 39, pp. 255-267.
4. Molod, A.; Salmun, H.; Waugh, D.W. A new look at modeling surface heterogeneity: Extending its influence in the vertical. J. Hydrometeorol. 2003, 4, 810-825.
5. Wilson, K.B.; Baldocchi, D.D. Seasonal and interannual variability of energy fluxes over a broadleaved temperate deciduous forest in North America. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2000, 100, 1-18.
6. Cleland, E.E.; Chuine, I.; Menzel, A.; Mooney, H.A.; Schwartz, M.D. Shifting plant phenology in response to global change. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2007, 22, 357-365.
7. Richardson, A.D.; Black, T.A.; Ciais, P.; Delbart, N.; Friedl, M.A.; Gobron, N.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Kutsch, W.L.; Longdoz, B.; Luyssaert, S.; et al. Influence of spring and autumn phenological transitions on forest ecosystem productivity. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2010, 365, 3227-3246.
8. Lucht, W.; Prentice, I.C.; Myneni, R.B.; Sitch, S.; Friedlingstein, P.; Cramer, W.; Bousquet, P.; Buermann, W.; Smith, B. Climatic control of the high-latitude vegetation greening trend and pinatubo effect. Science 2002, 296, 1687-1689.
9. Betts, R.A. Offset of the potential carbon sink from boreal forestation by decreases in surface albedo. Nature 2000, 408, 187-190.
10. Doi, H.; Takahashi, M. Latitudinal patterns in the phenological responses of leaf colouring and leaf fall to climate change in Japan. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2008, 17, 556-561.
11. Badeck, F.W.; Bondeau, A.; Bottcher, K.; Doktor, D.; Lucht, W.; Schaber, J.; Sitch, S. Responses of spring phenology to climate change. New Phytol. 2004, 162, 295-309.
12. Migliavacca, M.; Galvagno, M.; Cremonese, E.; Rossini, M.; Meroni, M.; Sonnentag, O.; Cogliati, S.; Manca, G.; Diotri, F.; Busetto, L.; et al. Using digital repeat photography and eddy covariance data to model grassland phenology and photosynthetic CO2 uptake. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2011, 151, 1325-1337.
13. Wingate, L.; Richardson, A.D.; Weltzin, J.F.; Nasahara, K.N.; Grace, J. Keeping an eye on the carbon balance: Linking canopy development and net ecosystem exchange using a webcam. FluxLette 2008, 1, 14-17.
14. Morisette, J.T.; Richardson, A.D.; Knapp, A.K.; Fisher, J.I.; Graham, E.A.; Abatzoglou, J.; Wilson, B.E.; Breshears, D.D.; Henebry, G.M.; Hanes, J.M.; et al. Tracking the rhythm of the seasons in the face of global change: Phenological research in the 21st century. Front. Ecol. Environ. 2009, 7, 253-260.
15. Graham, E.A.; Yuen, E.M.; Robertson, G.F.; Kaiser, W.J.; Hamilton, M.P.; Rundel, P.W. Budburst and leaf area expansion measured with a novel mobile camera system and simple color thresholding. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 65, 238-244.
16. Liang, L.A.; Schwartz, M.D.; Fei, S.L. Validating satellite phenology through intensive ground observation and landscape scaling in a mixed seasonal forest. Remote Sens. Environ. 2011, 115, 143-157.
17. Garrity, S.R.; Bohrer, G.; Maurer, K.D.; Mueller, K.L.; Vogel, C.S.; Curtis, P.S. A comparison of multiple phenology data sources for estimating seasonal transitions in deciduous forest carbon exchange. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2011, 151, 1741-1752.
18. White, J.W.; Kimball, B.A.; Wall, G.W.; Ottman, M.J.; Hunt, L.A. Responses of time of anthesis and maturity to sowing dates and infrared warming in spring wheat. Field Crops Res. 2011, 124, 213-222.
19. Studer, S.; Stockli, R.; Appenzeller, C.; Vidale, P.L. A comparative study of satellite and ground-based phenology. Int. J. Biometeorol. 2007, 51, 405-414.
20. Sonnentag, O.; Hufkens, K.; Teshera-Sterne, C.; Young, A.M.; Friedl, M.; Braswell, B.H.; Milliman, T.; O'Keefe, J.; Richardson, A.D. Digital repeat photography for phenological research in forest ecosystems. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2012, 152, 159-177.
21. Betancourt, J.L.; Schwartz, M.D.; Breshears, D.D.; Brewer, C.A.; Frazer, G.; Gross, J.E.; Mazer, S.J.; Reed, B.C.; Wilson, B.E. Evolving plans for the USA National Phenology Network. Eos Trans. AGU 2007, 88, 211.
22. Collinson, N.; Sparks, T. Phenology-Nature's calendar: An overview of results from the UK phenology network. Arboric. J. 2008, 30, 271-278.
23. Jenkins, J.P.; Richardson, A.D.; Braswell, B.H.; Ollinger, S.V.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Smith, M.L. Refining light-use efficiency calculations for a deciduous forest canopy using simultaneous tower-based carbon flux and radiometric measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2007, 143, 64-79.
24. Wang, Z.J.; Wang, J.H.; Liu, L.Y.; Huang, W.J.; Zhao, C.J.; Wang, C.Z. Prediction of grain protein content in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) using plant pigment ratio (PPR). Field Crops Res. 2004, 90, 311-321.
25. Richardson, A.D.; Braswell, B.H.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Jenkins, J.P.; Ollinger, S.V. Near-surface remote sensing of spatial and temporal variation in canopy phenology. Ecol. Appl. 2009, 19, 1417-1428.
26. Boyd, D.S.; Almond, S.; Dash, J.; Curran, P.J.; Hill, R.A. Phenology of vegetation in Southern England from Envisat MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index (MTCI) data. Int. J. Remote Sens. 2011, 32, 8421-8447.
27. Fisher, J.I.; Mustard, J.F.; Vadeboncoeur, M.A. Green leaf phenology at Landsat resolution: Scaling from the field to the satellite. Remote Sens. Environ. 2006, 100, 265-279.
28. Graham, E.A.; Riordan, E.C.; Yuen, E.M.; Estrin, D.; Rundel, P.W. Public internet-connected cameras used as a cross-continental ground-based plant phenology monitoring system. Glob. Change Biol. 2010, 16, 3014-3023.
29. Eklundh, L.; Jin, H.X.; Schubert, P.; Guzinski, R.; Heliasz, M. An optical sensor network for vegetation phenology monitoring and satellite data calibration. Sensors 2011, 11, 7678-7709.
30. Fisher, J.I.; Mustard, J.F. Cross-scalar satellite phenology from ground, Landsat, and MODIS data. Remote Sens. Environ. 2007, 109, 261-273.
31. Fisher, J.I.; Richardson, A.D.; Mustard, J.F. Phenology model from surface meteorology does not capture satellite-based greenup estimations. Glob. Change Biol. 2007, 13, 707-721.
32. Boyd, C.S.; Svejcar, T.J. A visual obstruction technique for photo monitoring of willow clumps. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 2005, 58, 434-438.
33. Slaughter, D.C.; Giles, D.K.; Downey, D. Autonomous robotic weed control systems: A review. Comput. Electron. Agric. 2008, 61, 63-78.
34. Richardson, A.D.; Jenkins, J.P.; Braswell, B.H.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Ollinger, S.V.; Smith, M.L. Use of digital webcam images to track spring green-up in a deciduous broadleaf forest. Oecologia 2007, 152, 323-334.
35. Crimmins, M.A.; Crimmins, T.M. Monitoring plant phenology using digital repeat photography. Environ. Manage. 2008, 41, 949-958.
36. Zhao, J.B.; Zhang, Y.P.; Tan, Z.H.; Song, Q.H.; Liang, N.S.; Yu, L.; Zhao, J.F. Using digital cameras for comparative phenological monitoring in an evergreen broad-leaved forest and a seasonal rain forest. Ecol. Inform. 2012, 10, 65-72.
37. Hufkens, K.; Friedl, M.; Sonnentag, O.; Braswell, B.H.; Milliman, T.; Richardson, A.D. Linking near-surface and satellite remote sensing measurements of deciduous broadleaf forest phenology. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 117, 307-321.
38. Li, H.F.; Fu, X.S. An intelligence traffic accidence monitor system using sensor web enablement. Procedia Eng. 2011, 15, 2098-2102.
39. Highways Agency. Avaiable online: http://www.highways.gov.uk/about-us/what-we-do/ (accessed on 9 November 2012).
40. Cleveland, W.S.; Devlin, S.J. Locally weighted regression-An approach to regression-analysis by local fitting. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1988, 83, 596-610.
41. Armitage, R.P.; Alberto Ramirez, F.; Mark Danson, F.; Ogunbadewa, E.Y. Probability of cloud-free observation conditions across Great Britain estimated using MODIS cloud mask. Remote Sens. Lett. 2012, 4, 427-435.
42. Kimball, J.S.; McDonald, K.C.; Running, S.W.; Frolking, S.E. Satellite radar remote sensing of seasonal growing seasons for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests. Remote Sens. Environ. 2004, 90, 243-258.
43. Saitoh, T.M.; Nagai, S.; Saigusa, N.; Kobayashi, H.; Suzuki, R.; Nasahara, K.N.; Muraoka, H. Assessing the use of camera-based indices for characterizing canopy phenology in relation to gross primary production in a deciduous broad-leaved and an evergreen coniferous forest in Japan. Ecol. Inform. 2012, 11, 45-54.
44. Nagai, S.; Maeda, T.; Gamo, M.; Muraoka, H.; Suzuki, R.; Nasahara, K.N. Using digital camera images to detect canopy condition of deciduous broad-leaved trees. Plant Ecol. Div. 2011, 4, 79-89.
45. Motohka, T.; Nasahara, K.N.; Oguma, H.; Tsuchida, S. Applicability of green-red vegetation index for remote sensing of vegetation phenology. Remote Sens. 2010, 2, 2369-2387.
46. Atkinson, P.M.; Jeganathan, C.; Dash, J.; Atzberger, C. Inter-comparison of four models for smoothing satellite sensor time-series data to estimate vegetation phenology. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 123, 400-417.
47. Schwartz, M.D.; Hanes, J.M.; Liang, L. Comparing carbon flux and high-resolution spring phenological measurements in a northern mixed forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2013, 169, 136-147.
48. Nasahara, K.N.; Muraoka, H.; Nagai, S.; Mikami, H. Vertical integration of leaf area index in a Japanese deciduous broad-leaved forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 2008, 148, 1136-1146.
49. Schleip, C.; Sparks, T.H.; Estrella, N.; Menzel, A. Spatial variation in onset dates and trends in phenology across Europe. Climate Res. 2009, 39, 249-260.
50. Ahrends, H.E.; Etzold, S.; Kutsch, W.L.; Stoeckli, R.; Bruegger, R.; Jeanneret, F.; Wanner, H.; Buchmann, N.; Eugster, W. Tree phenology and carbon dioxide fluxes: Use of digital photography at for process-based interpretation the ecosystem scale. Climate Res. 2009, 39, 261-274.
51. Mizunuma, T.; Wilkinson, M.; Eaton, E.L.; Mencuccini, M.; Morison, J.I.L.; Grace, J. The relationship between carbon dioxide uptake and canopy colour from two camera systems in a deciduous forest in southern England. Funct. Ecol. 2013, 27, 196-207.
52. Ryu, Y.; Verfaillie, J.; Macfarlane, C.; Kobayashi, H.; Sonnentag, O.; Vargas, R.; Ma, S.; Baldocchi, D.D. Continuous observation of tree leaf area index at ecosystem scale using upward-pointing digital cameras. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 126, 116-125.
53. Ide, R.; Oguma, H. Use of digital cameras for phenological observations. Ecol. Inform. 2010, 5, 339-347.
54. Bater, C.W.; Coops, N.C.; Wulder, M.A.; Nielsen, S.E.; McDermid, G.; Stenhouse, G.B. Design and installation of a camera network across an elevation gradient for habitat assessment. Instrum. Sci. Technol. 2011, 39, 231-247.
55. Doi, H.; Gordo, O.; Katano, I. Heterogeneous intra-annual climatic changes drive different phenological responses at two trophic levels. Climate Res. 2008, 36, 181-190.
56. Jenkins, G.; Perry, M.; Prior, J. UKCIP08: The Climate of the United Kingdom and Recent Trends; Meteorological Office Hadley Centre: Exeter, UK, 2009.
57. Lamb, R. UKCP 09-UK Climate Projections 2009; Oxford University: Oxford, UK, 2010.
58. Murphy, J. Sexton, D.; Jenkins, G.; Booth, B.; Brown, C.; Clark, R.; Collins, M.; Harris, G.; Kendon, E.; Betts, R. UK Climate Projections Science Report: Climate Change Projections; Meteorological Office Hadley Centre: Exeter, UK, 2009.
59. Broadmeadow, M.; Morecroft, M.; Morison, J. Observed Impacts of Climate Change on UK Forests to Date. In Combating Climate Change: A Role for UK Forests. An Assessment of the Potential of the UK's Trees and Woodlands to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change; Read, D., Freer-Smith, P., Hanley, N., West, C., Snowdon, P., Eds.; The Stationery Office Limited: Norwich, UK, 2009; pp. 50-66.
60. Graham, E.A.; Yuen, E.M.; Robertson, G.F.; Kaiser, W.J.; Hamilton, M.P.; Rundel, P.W. Budburst and leaf area expansion measured with a novel mobile camera system and simple color thresholding. Environ. Exp. Bot. 2009, 65, 238-244.
61. Bater, C.W.; Coops, N.C.; Wulder, M.A.; Hilker, T.; Nielsen, S.E.; McDermid, G.; Stenhouse, G.B. Using digital time-lapse cameras to monitor species-specific understorey and overstorey phenology in support of wildlife habitat assessment. Environ. Monit. Assess. 2011, 180, 1-13.
62. Almeida, J.; dos Santos, J.A.; Alberton, B.; Torres, R.D.; Morellato, L.P.C. Remote Phenology: Applying Machine Learning to Detect Phenological Patterns in a Cerrado Savanna. In Proceedings of 2012 IEEE 8th International Conference on E-Science (E-Science), Chicago, IL, USA, 8-12 October 2012.
63. Berger, M.; Moreno, J.; Johannessen, J.A.; Levelt, P.F.; Hanssen, R.F. ESA's sentinel missions in support of Earth system science. Remote Sens. Environ. 2012, 120, 84-90.
64. Polgar, C.A.; Primack, R.B. Leaf-out phenology of temperate woody plants: From trees to ecosystems. New Phytol. 2011, 191, 926-941.