Rising capitalism, emerging middle-classes and environmental perspectives in China: A Weberian approach

The New Middle Classes: Globalizing Lifestyles, Consumerism and Environmental Concern

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 119-142

  Reusswig, Fritz ^a   Isensee, André ^a  

^a POTSDAM INSTITUTE FOR CLIMATE IMPACT RESEARCH   (Germany)

Author keywords

Chinese middle class; Confucianism; Consumption; Environment; Guanxi

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880272516     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-9938-0_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (138)

1. Auffhammer, M., & Carson, R. T. (2008). Forecasting the path of China's CO2 emissions using province level information. Accepted by Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (DOI 10.1016/j.jeem.2007.10.002
2. Balazs, E. (1967). Chinese civilization and bureaucracy. Variations on a theme. New Haven and London: Yale University Press
3. Beckert, J. (2007). The social order of markets. Cologne: MPIfG Discussion Paper 07/15
4. Bendix, R. (1977). Max weber: An intellectual portrait. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press
5. Bian, Y. (2002). Chinese social stratification and social mobility. Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 91-116
6. Boltho, A. (2004). China-Can rapid economic growth continué The Singapore Economic Review, 49(2), 255-272
7. Buckley, P. J., & Meng, C. (2005). The Strategy of foreign-invested manufacturing enterprises in China: Export-orientated and market-orientated FDI revisited. Journal of Chinese Economics and Business Studies, 3(2), 111-131
8. Bun, C. K. (Ed.). (2000). Chinese business networks: State, economy and culture. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies
9. Cai, F., & Wang, M. (2008). A counterfactual analysis on unlimited surplus labor in rural China. China & World Economy, 16(1), 51-65
10. Chan, R. Y. K. (2001). Determinants of Chinese consumers' green purchase behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 18(4), 389-413
11. Chen, A. H. Y. (1999). Rational law, economic development and the case of China. Social & Legal Studies, 8(1): 97-120
12. Chen, C-Z., & Lin, Z-S. (2008). Multiple timescale analysis and factor analysis of energy ecological footprint growth in China 1953-2006. Energy Policy, 36(5), 1666-1678
13. Chunling, L (2003). Zhongguo dangdai zhongchan jieceng de goucheng ji bili [The composition and percentage of China's contemporary middle stratum] Retrieved March 20, 2008 from http://www.sachina.edu.cn/Htmldata/article/2005/ 09/289.html
14. Cohen, I. J. (1981). Introduction. In M.Weber (Ed.), General economic history (pp. 15-55). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers
15. Cohen, J. A. (2006). Law in political transitions: Lessons from East Asia and the road ahead for China. Journal of International Law and Politics, 37(3), 423-429
16. Croll, E. (2006). China's new consumers: Social development and domestic demand. London: Routledge
17. Curtis, K. R., McCluskey, J. J., & Wahl, T. I. (2007). Consumer preferences for western-style convenience foods in China. China Economic Review, 18(1), 1-14
18. Davis, D. S. (Ed.). (2000). The consumer revolution in urban China. Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press
19. Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How societies choose to succeed or fail. New York: Viking
20. Dollar, D. (2008). New PPPs reveal China has had more poverty reduction than we thought. World Bank Discussion Forum. http://eapblog.worldbank.org/ content/new-ppps-reveal-chinahas-had-more-poverty-reduction-Than-we-Thought
21. Dougherty, S., Herd, R., & He, P. (2007). Has a private sector emerged in China's industrý Evidence from a quarter of a million Chinese firms. China Economic Review, 18(3), 309-334
22. Economy, E. (2004). The river runs black: The environmental challenge to China's future. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
23. Economy, E. (2007, September/October). The Great Leap backward́ Foreign Affairs, 25-29
24. Edmonds, P. (1994). Patterns of China's lost harmony: A survey of the country's environmental degradation and protection. London: Routledge
25. Farquhar, J. (2002). Appetites: Food and sex in Post-Socialist China. Durham, NC: Duke University Press
26. Fligstein, N. (2001). The architecture of markets-An economic sociology of twenty-first century capitalist societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
27. Fox, J. B., Donohue, J. M., & Wu, J. (2005). Beyond the image of Foreign Direct Investment in China: Where ethics meets public relations. Journal of Business Ethics, 56, 317-324
28. Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. NewYork, NY: Free Press
29. Gold, T., Guthrie, D., &Wank, D. (Eds.). (2002). Social connections in China: Institutions, culture, and the changing nature of guanxi. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press
30. Goodman, D. S. G. (1996). The People's Republic of China. The party-state, capitalist revolution and new entrepreneurs. In R. Robison, & D.S.G. Goodman (Eds.), The new rich in Asia: Mobile phones, McDonald's and middle-class revolution (pp. 225-242). London and New York: Routledge
31. Guthrie, D. (2006). China and globalization: The social, economic and political transformation of Chinese society. New York and London: Routledge
32. Haley, G., Tan, C.T., & Haley, U. (1998). The new Asian emperors: The Chinese overseas, their strategies and competitive advantages. London: Butterworth Heinemann
33. Hall, P. A., & Soskice, D. (2003). Varieties of capitalism: The institutional foundations of comparative advantages. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press
34. Heartfield, J. (2005). China's comprador capitalism is coming home. Review of Radical Political Economics, 37(2), 196-214
35. Heilbronner, R. L. (1985). The nature and logic of capitalism. New York and London: W.W. Norton
36. Heilmann, S. (2008). Policy experimentation in China's economic rise. Studies in Comparative International Development, 43(1), 1-26
37. Hill, M. (2000). ásian values' as reverse Orientalism: Singapore. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 41(2), 177-190
38. Ho, P. (2007). Embedded activism and political change in a semiauthoritarian context. China Information, 21(2), 187-209
39. Ho, P., & Edmonds, R. L. (2007). Perspectives of time and change. China Information, 21(2), 331-344
40. Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1988). The Confucius connection: From cultural roots to economic growth. Organizational Dynamics, 16, 4-21
41. Hollstein, B. (2002). Kann man mit Max Weber den Transformationsprozess in China besser versteheń In H. G. Nutzinger (Ed.), Religion, Werte und Wirtschaft. China und der Transformationsprozess in Asien (pp. 43-53). Marburg: Metropolis
42. Hsing, Y. T. (1998). Making capitalism in China: The Taiwanese connection. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press
43. Hsu, C. L. (2005). Capitalism without contracts versus capitalists without capitalism: Comparing the influence of Chinese guanxi and Russian blat on marketization. Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 38, 309-327
44. Hu, A. (2006). Economic and social transformation in China: Challenges and opportunities. London: Routledge
45. Hu, Y. (2007). Implementation of voluntary agreements for energy efficiency in China. Energy Policy, 35, 5541-5548
46. Hubacek, K., Guan, D., & Barua, A. (2007). Changing lifestyles and consumption patterns in developing countries: A scenario analysis for China and India. Futures, 39(9), 1084-1096
47. Hung, H. (2007). Changes and continuities in the political ecology of popular protest. China Information, 21(2), 299-329
48. Isensee, A. (2007). Chinas Weg in die kapitalistische Moderne: Historische Bedingungen und Zukunftsperspektiven. Universität Potsdam: Magisterarbeit Soziologie
49. Jaeger, C. (1994). Taming the dragon: Transforming economic institutions in the face of global change. Philadelphia, PA: Gordon and Breach
50. Keister, L. A. (2001). Exchange structures in transition: Lending and trade relations in Chinese business groups. American Sociological Review, 66(3), 336-360
51. Kluckhohn, F. R., & Strodtbeck, F. L. (1961). Variations in value orientation. Evanston, IL: Paterson
52. Krug, B. (2002). Kultur und wirtschaftliche Entwicklung in China. In H. G. Nutzinger (Ed.), Religion, Werte und Wirtschaft. China und der Transformationsprozess in Asien (pp. 129-146). Marburg: Metropolis
53. Latham, K., Thompson, S., & Klein, J. (Eds.). (2006). Consuming China: Approaches to cultural change in contemporary China. Milton Park, New York: Routledge
54. Lee, S. (2007). Environmental movements and social organizations in Shanghai. China Information, 21(2), 269-297
55. Leonhard, M. (2008). What Does China Think? London: Fourth Estate
56. Leung, C. K. (1993). Personal contacts, subcontracting linkages, and development in the Hong Kong-Zhujiang Delta region. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 83(2), 272-302
57. Li, L. (2004). Political trust in rural China. Modern China, 30(2), 228-258
58. Li, L. (2007). The weak valence in weak ties and its transformation: A cultural interpretation of Chinese guanxi. Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology, 27(4), 175-194
59. Li, P. (Ed.). (2004). New change of Chinese social stratification structure. In P. Li (Ed.),Social stratification in China's today (pp. 21-43). Beijing: Chinese Academy of the Social Sciences
60. Li, P., & Li, W. (2007). Economic status and social attitudes of migrant workers in China. China & World Economy, 15(4), 1-16
61. Li, P., & Zhang, Y. (2008). The scope, identity, and social attitudes of the middle class in China. Society: Chinese Journal of Sociology, 28(2), 1-19
62. Li, S. (2004). Why is property right protection lacking in China? An institutional explanation. California Management Review, 46(3), 100-115
63. Li, Z., &Wu, F. (2006). Socioeconomic transformations in Shanghai (1990-2000): Policy impacts in global-national-local contexts. Cities, 23(4), 250-268
64. Li, H., Zhang, J., Sin, L. T., & Zhao, Y. (2006). Relative earnings of husbands and wives in urban China. China Economic Review, 17(4), 412-431
65. Li, Y., & Hewitt, C.N. (2008). The effect of trade between China and the UK on national and global carbon dioxide emissions. Energy Policy, 36, 1907-1914
66. Liang, Z., & Ma, Z. (2004). China's floating population: New evidence from the 2000 census. Population and Development Review, 30(3), 467-488
67. Lim, L. (1996). South Asian business systems: The dynamics of diversity. In A. E. Safarian, & W. Dobson (Eds.), East Asian capitalism: Diversity and dynamism (pp. 91-118). Hong Kong Bank of Canada Papers on Asia, Vol. 2. Toronto: University of Toronto
68. Lin, G. C. S. (2002). The growth and structural change of Chinese cities: A contextual and geographic analysis. Cities, 19(5), 299-316
69. Liu, J., Wang, R., & Yang, J. (2005). Metabolism and driving forces of Chinese urban household consumption. Population and Environment, 26(4), 325-341
70. Liu, J-K. (2007). Korruption und Korruptionsbekämpfung in China-ein Kampf gegen Windmühlen. China aktuell, 5, 70-95
71. Liu, Y., & Wu, F. (2006). The state, institutional transition and the creation of new urban poverty in China. Social Policy & Administration, 40(2), 121-137
72. Long, G. (2005). China's policies on FDI: Review and evaluation. In T. D. Moran, E. M. Graham, & M. Bloström (Eds.), Does foreign investment promote development? (pp. 315-345 Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics
73. Lury, C. (1996). Consumer culture. Chapel Hill, NC: Rutgers University Press
74. McNally, C. (2006). Insinuations on China's emergent capitalism. Honululu, HI: East-West Center Working Papers, No. 15
75. Menzel, U. (2008). Von Asien lerneń Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, 3, 43-51
76. MGI (McKinsey Global Institute). (2006). From 'Made in China' to 'Sold in China': The rise of the Chinese urban consumer. Los Angeles, CA: McKinsey & Co
77. Morrison,W. M. (2006). China's economic conditions. U.S. Congressional Research Service, CRS Issue Brief for Congress, IB 89014, Washington DC
78. Murray, B. (2000). Dollars and sense: Foreign investment in Russia and China. Problems of Post-Communism, 47(4), 24-33
79. Murray, G., & Cook, I. G. (2002). Green China. Seeking ecological alternatives. London: Routledge
80. Myers, N., & Kent, J. (2003). New consumers: The influence of affluence on the environment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 100(8), 4963-4968
81. Nee, V. (2005). Organizational dynamics of institutional change: Politicized capitalism in China. In V. Nee, & R. Swedberg (Eds.), The economic sociology of capitalism (pp. 53-74). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
82. Nee, V., & Cao, Y. (2005).Market transition and the firm: Institutional change and income inequality in urban China. Management and Organization Review, 1(1), 23-56
83. Nee, V., Opper, S., & Wong, S. (2007). Developmental state and corporate governance in China. Center for the Study of Economy and Society, Cornell University, Ithaca; NY, CSES Working Paper Series No. 35
84. Nolan, P. H. (2001). China and the global business revolution. Basingstoke: Palgrave
85. Nolan, P. H. (2004). China at the crossroads. Cambridge: Polity Press
86. Panther, S. (2002). Sozialkapital und Religion-das Beispiel China. In H. G. Nutzinger (Ed.), Religion, Werte und Wirtschaft. China und der Transformationsprozess in Asien (pp. 243-266). Marburg: Metropolis
87. Redding, S. G. (1990). The spirit of Chinese capitalism. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter
88. Redding, G. (2000).What is Chinese about Chinese family businesš And how much is family and how much is businesš In: H. W. Yeung, & K. Olds (Eds.), Globalization of Chinese business (pp. 31-54). New York: St Martin's Press
89. Reusswig, F. (2007). Consuming nature. Modern lifestyles and their environment. Habilitation Thesis. Potsdam University
90. Sang-In, J. (1999). No (logical) place for Asian values in East Asia's economic development. Development and Society, 28(2), 191-204
91. Schirmer, D. (2004). Soziologie und Lebensstilforschung in der Volksrepublik China. Perspektiven einer Mikrotheorie gesellschaftlichen Wandels. Bielefeld: Transcript
92. Schluchter, W. (1980). Rationalismus der Weltbeherrschung. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp
93. Schmidt, V. (2004). Erfolgsbedingungen des konfuzianischenWohlfahrtskapitalismus. Kultursoziologische und modernisierungstheoretische U? berlegungen. In P. Stykow, & J. Beyer (Eds.), Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Hoffnung. Reformfähigkeit und die Möglichkeit rationaler Politik (pp. 175-196). Wiesbaden: Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften
94. Shen, J., & Saijo, T. (2008). Reexamining the relations between socio-demographic characteristics and individual environmental concern: Evidence from Shanghai data. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(1), 42-50
95. Shen, L., Cheng, S., Gunson, A. J., & Wan, H. (2005). Urbanization, sustainability and the utilization of energy and mineral resources in China. Cities, 22(4), 287-302
96. Shui, B., & Harriss, R. C. (2006). The role of CO2 embodiment in US-China trade. Energy Policy, 34(18): 4063-4068
97. Siebert, H. (2007). China: Coming to grips with the new global player. The World Economy, 30(6), 893-922
98. SinusSociovision. (2005). Sinus goes China. Navigator, 3, 1-3
99. Smart, A. (1993). Gifts, bribes, and guanxi: A reconsideration of Bourdieu's social capital. Cultural Anthropology, 8(3), 388-408
100. Smart, J., & Smart, A. (1991). Personal connections and divergent economies: A case study of Hong Kong investment in China. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 15(2), 216-233
101. Smil, V. (1993). China's environmental crisis: An inquiry into the limits of national development. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe
102. Staiger, B. (Ed.). (2000). Länderbericht China. Geschichte, Politik, Wirtschaft, Gesellschaft, Kultur. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
103. Steinhardt, H. C., & Jiang, Y. (2007). Die politischen Determinanten des chinesischen 'GreenGDP-Projekts. China aktuell, 5, 25-39
104. Tai, H. (Ed.). (1989). Confucianism and economic development: An oriental alternative.Washington, DC: Washington Institute Press
105. Taube, M. (2006). Der Beitrag ausländischer Direktinvestitionen zur ökonomischen Entwicklung in der VR China. In Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (Ed.), Auslandsinvestitionen (pp. 224-252). Freiburg: Herder
106. Teiwes, F. C. (2000). The Chinese state during the Maoist era. In D. Shambaugh (Ed.), The modern Chinese state (pp. 105-160). Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press
107. Thiers, P. (2005). Using global organic markets to pay for ecologically based agricultural development in China. Agriculture and Human Values, 22, 3-15
108. Tian, G. Liu, J., & Zhang, Z. (2002). Urban functional structure characteristics and transformation in China. Cities, 19(4), 243-248
109. Tsai, K. S. (2005). Capitalists without a class. Comparative Political Studies, 38(9), 1130-1158
110. Tong, S. Y., & Zheng, Y. (2008). China's Trade Acceleration and the Deepening of an East Asian Regional Production Network. China & World Economy, 16(1), 66-81
111. Tu, W. (Ed.). (1988). The third cord: Confucian ethics, industrial East Asia and Max Weber. Singapore: The Institute of East Asian Philosophies
112. Tu, W. (Ed.). (1996). Confucian traditions in East Asian modernity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press
113. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2005). China in a globalizing world. Geneva: UNCTAD
114. Veeck, A., & Veeck, G. (2000). Consumer segmentation and changing food purchase patterns in Nanjing, PRC. World Development, 28(3), 457-471
115. Wang, T., & Watson, J (2007). Who owns China's carbon emissionš Sussex Energy Group and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research, Briefing Paper 23
116. Wang, Z-X. (2004, March 22-24). The impact on self-expression values:Modernization, economic development, and higher education. Paper presented at the 'Market, Democracy, and Citizens in Pacific Rim' Conference, East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii
117. Weber, M. (1920). Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Religionssoziologie. Band I. Tübingen: Mohr/Siebeck
118. Weggel, O. (1997). China im Aufbruch. Konfuzianismus und politische Zukunft. München: Beck
119. Wei, Y-M., Liu, L. C., Fan, Y., & Wu, G. (2007). The impact of lifestyle on energy use and CO2 emission: An empirical analysis of China's residents. Energy Policy, 35(1), 247-257
120. Whitley, R. (2006). Understanding differences: Searching for the social processes that construct and reproduce variety in science and economic organization. Organization Studies, 27(8), 1153-1177
121. World Bank. (1993). The East Asian miracle: Economic growth and public policy. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press
122. World Bank. (2003). China: Promoting growth with equity. Report No. 24169-CHA, Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit East Asia and Pacific Region, Washington, DC
123. World Bank. (2007). An overview of China's transport sector-2007. EASTE Working Paper No. 15, December 2007. Retrieved January 15, 2008 from http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPREGTOPTRANSPORT/34004324-1189182692007/ 21600796/07-12-19 China Transport Sector Overview. pdf
124. Worldwatch. (2006). State of the world 2006: Special focus: China and India. Washington, DC: The Worldwatch Institute
125. Wu, X.,&Perloff, J.M. (2005). China's income distribution, 1985-2001. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 87(4), 763-775
126. Wu, X., & Treiman, D. J. (2004). The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955-1996. Demography, 41, 363-384
127. Xiaohong, Z. (2004). Zhongguo zhongchang jieceng diaocha [Survey of the Chinese middle class]. Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe
128. Xin, K. R., & Pearce, J. L. (1996). Guanxi: Connections as substitutes for formal institutional support. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1641-1658
129. Yao, X. (2003). An introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge etc.: Cambridge University Press
130. Yi, L. (2005). The structure and evolution of Chinese social stratification. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield
131. Young, G., & Calhoun, C. (2007). Media, civil society, and the rise of a green public sphere in China. China Information, 21(2), 211-236
132. Zhang, J. (2005). An explanatory study of bilateral FDI relations: The case of China. Journal of Chinese Economics and Business Studies, 3(2), 133-150
133. Zhang, K.,Wen, Z., & Peng, L. (2007). Environmental policies in China: Evolvement, features and evaluation. China Population, Resources and Environment, 17(2), 1-7
134. Zhang, X., Dagevos, H., He, Y., van der Lans, I., & Zhai, F. (2008). Consumption and corpulence in China. A consumer segmentation study based on the food perspective. Food Policy, 33, 37-47
135. Zhao, B. (1997). Consumerism, Confucianism, Communism: Making sense of China today. New Left Review, 22, 43-59
136. Zhao, S. X. B., Chan, R. K., & Kelvin, T. O. S. (2003). Globalization and the dominance of large cities in contemporary China. Cities, 20(4), 265-278
137. Zhu, Q., Sarkis, R., & Geng, Y. (2005). Green supply chain management in China: Pressures, practices and performance. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 25(5), 449-468
138. Zöllner, R. (2002). Religiöse und kulturelle Prägungen in Ostasien in historischer Dimension. In H. G. Nutzinger (Ed.), Religion, Werte und Wirtschaft. China und der Transformationsprozess in Asien (pp. 90-102). Marburg: Metropolis