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Economic statecraft revisited
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For concept definition see: Mastanduno M, 'Economic statecraft revisited', in Smith S, A Hadfield & T Dunne (eds) Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, and Cases. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 171-87
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Taming the Dragon: Sinopec's interests in Angola
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Alves A, 'Taming the Dragon: Sinopec's interests in Angola', in Alves A & M Power (eds), China and Angola: A Marriage of Convenience. Cape-Town: Fahamu, 2012.
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China Development Bank's oil loans: Pursuing policy-and profit
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Downs E, 'China Development Bank's oil loans: Pursuing policy-and profit', China Economic Quarterly, December 2011, pp. 43-47, www.brookings.edu/_/media/research/ files/articles/2011/12/09%20china%20development%20bank%20downs/1209_china_devel opment_bank_downs_ (accessed 30 June 2012)
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China Economic Quarterly
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Gallagher K, A Irwin and K Koleski, 'The New Banks in Town: Chinese finance in Latin America', Inter-American Dialogue Report, 2012, http://ideaswebsite.org/pdfs/financial_architectures_ ilene_grabel.pdf (accessed 30 June 2012).
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Inter-American Dialogue Report
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Gallagher, K.1
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Schiere R and A Rugamba, 'Chinese infrastructure investments and African integration'. Working Paper Series, No. 127, May 2011, ADB
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Deng Ping, 'Outward Investment by Chinese MNCs: Motivations and Implications', Business Horizons, 47.3, 2004, pp. 8-16
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Cai KG, 'Outward foreign direct investment: A novel dimension of China's integration into the regional and global economy', The China Quarterly, 160, 1999, pp. 856-80.
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Zhu Rongji, Premier of the State Council, Report on the Work of the Government, delivered at the Third Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on 5 March 2000, http://www.showchina.org/en/China/Reports/2000/201001/t521776.htm
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Zhu, R.1
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Aluminium, cement, coal, copper, gold, iron and steel, lead, manganese, rare earths, silver, tin, tungsten and zinc
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21
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The mineral industry of China
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Pui-Kwan Tse, 'The mineral industry of China', in 2010 Minerals Yearbook. USGS, February 2012, p. 9.1.
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2010 Minerals Yearbook
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WTO, Statistics database p. 20, http://stat.wto.org/Home/WSDBHome.aspx?Language=E (accessed 15 May 2012).
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Statistics database
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24
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According to WTO, International Trade Statistics (various years), merchandise trade by product, region and major trading partner-China, http://www.wto.org/english/res_e/ statis_e/statis_e.htm
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International Trade Statistics
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27
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China became world's largest construction market in 2010
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Cited by Shie A, 'China became world's largest construction market in 2010', Want China Times, 4 March 2011, available online at: http://www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclasscnt. aspx?cid=1102&MainCatID=&id=20110304000094 (accessed 30 September 2012).
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Want China Times
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Shie, A.1
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note
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The information and data in this paragraph is according to: World Bank, 'Fact sheet: infrastructure in Subsaharan Africa', no date, http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0, contentMDK:21951811_pagePK:146736_ piPK:146830_theSitePK:258644,00.html (accessed 30 September 2012)
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Fact sheet: Infrastructure in Subsaharan Africa
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African Development Bank Group, 'Infrastructure deficit and opportunities in Africa', Economic Brief, September 2010, http://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publica tions/ECON%20Brief_Infrastructure%20Deficit%20and%20Opportunities%20in%20 Africa_Vol%201%20Issue%202.pdf (accessed 30 September 2012).
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Infrastructure deficit and opportunities in Africa
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31
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The gateway to Africa? Geography and South Africa's role as an economic hinge joint between Africa and the world
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There are some positive developments worth noting on the continent, especially with regard to South African ports and transport links with neighbouring states. See Scholvin S & P Draper, 'The gateway to Africa? Geography and South Africa's role as an economic hinge joint between Africa and the world', South African Journal of International Affairs, 19.3, 2012, pp. 381-400.
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South African Journal of International Affairs
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World Bank, 'Fact sheet: Infrastructure in Subsaharan Africa', no date, http://web. worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/0, contentMDK:21 951811_pagePK:146736_piPK:146830_theSitePK:258644,00.html (accessed 30 September 2012).
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Fact sheet: Infrastructure in Subsaharan Africa
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Ernst & Young, 'It's time for Africa', 2011 Africa Attractiveness Survey, 2011, http:// www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/2011_Africa_Attractiveness_Survey/$FILE/ 11EDA187_attractiveness_africa_low_resolution_final.pdf (accessed 8 June 2012).
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2011 Africa Attractiveness Survey
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Ernst1
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All figures in this paragraph are according to the workbook of BP Statistical Review of Energy 2012, http://www.bp.com/statisticalreview (accessed 15 July 2012).
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BP Statistical Review of Energy 2012
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Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 'China's foreign aid', White Paper issued in April 2011.
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China's foreign aid
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36
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Personal interview, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, African Department, Beijing, China 3 May 2010.
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Personal interview
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Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 'China's African Policy', White paper issued in January 2006.
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China's African Policy
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Personal interview, China Exim Bank, Beijing, China, 26 August 2009.
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(2009)
Personal interview
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Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China 'China's foreign aid', White Paper issued in April 2011.
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China's foreign aid
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40
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84880265450
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note
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The Export-Import Bank of China was created in 1994. It is fully owned by the Chinese government, and is under the direct leadership of the State Council. It plays an important role in promoting foreign trade and economic cooperation, acting as a key channel of policy that finances the Chinese import and export of mechanical and electronic products, equipment and technologies, and undertaking offshore construction contracts and overseas investment projects by Chinese companies.
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42
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Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 'China's foreign aid', White Paper issued in April 2011.
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China's foreign aid
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Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 'China's foreign aid', White Paper issued in April 2011.
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China's foreign aid
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Personal interview, Angolan oil sector expert, Luanda, Angola, 1 February 2011.
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(2011)
Personal interview
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46
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Commodity backed finance in Sub-saharan Africa
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For a detailed study on commodity backed finance in Africa see: JBIC London Office, 'Commodity backed finance in Sub-saharan Africa'. Research papers on Africa and Development, Paper 20, October 2006.
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Research papers on Africa and Development
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47
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Personal interview, BNDES International Department, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 23 May 2012.
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(2012)
Personal interview
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Foster V, W Butterfield, C Chen & N Pushak, Building Bridges: China's Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: PPIAF/World Bank, 2008, p. 57.
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Building Bridges: China's Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa
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50
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Personal interview, China Exim Bank, Beijing, China, 26 August 2009.
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Personal interview
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Alves AC, 'China and Gabon'. Policy Report No. 5, China in Africa Project. Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs, 2008.
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China to lend DRC $5bn in latest Africa foray
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Reuters, 'China to lend DRC $5bn in latest Africa foray', 18 September 2007, www. engineeringnews.co.za (accessed 16 November 2007).
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Reuters
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Bavier J, Reuters-Kinshasa, 'China's DRC investment $9 billion=3$ billion for mining', 16 February 2008, www.mineweb.com/mineweb/view/mineweb/en/page67?oid=47452& Sn=Detail (accessed 16 February 2008).
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Reuters-Kinshasa
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Personal interview, China Exim Bank, Beijing, China, 26 August 2009.
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Personal interview
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Gabon renegotiates Chinese iron ore mine deal
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AAP, 'Gabon renegotiates Chinese iron ore mine deal', Business Spectator, 12 June 2012, http://www.businessspectator.com.au/bs.nsf/Article/Gabon-renegotiates-Chinese-iron-minedeal-V6LSW?opendocument&srcrss (accessed 15 June 2012).
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Business Spectator
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Verma S, 'Sino-African ties: The Ghana case study', FT Tilt, 29 August 2011, http://tilt. ft.com/#!posts/2011-08/28946/ghana-china (accessed 8 June 2012).
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Ghana seeks $6bn loan from China Exim Bank
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Mozart Dzawu M, 'Ghana seeks $6bn loan from China Exim Bank', Bloomberg, 19 April 2012, http://mobile.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-19/ghana-seeks-6-billion-loanfrom-china-exim-bank-graphic-says (accessed 8 June 2012).
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Bloomberg
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Ghana's opposition targets Chinese loan
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Wallis W & L Barber, 'Ghana's opposition targets Chinese loan', Financial Times Online, 26 April 2012, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7159e1be-8d29-11e1-9798-00144feab49a. html#axzz1xfTYeTbu (accessed 8 June 2012).
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(2012)
Financial Times Online
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Ngozi in Beijing for $3bn Chinese loans
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Ahmed I, 'Ngozi in Beijing for $3bn Chinese loans', Daily Trust, 22 February 2012, http://dailytrust.com.ng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=155265:ngoziin-beijing-for-3bn-chinese-loans&catid=2:lead-stories&Itemid=8 (accessed 8 June 2012).
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Daily Trust
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China and Nigeria oil
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Sharife K, 'China and Nigeria oil', Pambazuka News, 26 January 2011, http://www. pambazuka.org/en/category/features/70400 (accessed 8 June 2012).
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Pambazuka News
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South Sudan's announcement of $8bn loan from China draws skepticism
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'South Sudan's announcement of $8bn loan from China draws skepticism', Sudan Tribune, 15 May 2012, http://www.sudantribune.com/South-Sudan-s-announcement-of-8,42605 (accessed 8 June 2012).
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Sudan Tribune
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Big Chinese loan for TRANSNET
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Railways Africa, 'Big Chinese loan for TRANSNET', Railways for Africa, 2 April 2013, http://www.railwaysafrica.com/blog/2013/04/big-chinese-loan-for-transnet/ (accessed 10 May 2013).
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Steelguru, 'China to give loan to Tanzania for coal based power plant', 16 June 2009, http://www.steelguru.com/raw_material_news/China_to_give_loan_to_Tanzania_for_coal_ based_power_plant/107075.html (accessed 8 June 2012).
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(2009)
China to give loan to Tanzania for coal based power plant
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China lends Zimbabwe $700 million
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Dzirutwe M, 'China lends Zimbabwe $700 million', Reuters, 21 March 2011, http://af. reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE72K2J720110321?pageNumber=1&virtualBrand Channel=0 (accessed 8 June 2012).
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Reuters
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'Africa rising: The Hopeful continent', The Economist, 3 December 2011.
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The Economist
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69
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note
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'The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa is a tripartite relationship between bilateral donors, multilateral agencies and African institutions. ICA membership from the African side is led by the African Development Bank and Development Bank of Southern Africa, while the African Union (AU) Commission, NEPAD Secretariat and Regional Economic Communities participate as observers at ICA meetings. Multilateral agencies that are ICA members: the World Bank, International Finance Corporation (IFC), European Commission (EC) and European Investment Bank (EIB). All G8 countries are members of the ICA (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, United States). In 2011, ICA members decided to enlarge membership to include all G20 countries', http://www.icafrica.org/en/about-ica/ica-contributors/ (accessed 10 May 2013).
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ICA, Annual Report 2011. Tunis: ICA and ADB, 2012, p. 18.
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Annual Report 2011
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ICA, Annual Report 2011. Tunis: ICA and ADB, 2012, p. 18.
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Annual Report 2011
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China's EXIM lend more to Sub-Sahara Africa than World Bank, Fitch says
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Cohen M, 'China's EXIM lend more to Sub-Sahara Africa than World Bank, Fitch says', Bloomberg, 28 December 2011, www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-28/china-eximloans-to-sub-sahara-africa-exceed-world-bank-funds-fitch-says.html (accessed 30 June 2012).
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Bloomberg
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ICA, Annual Report 2011. Tunis: ICA and ADB, 2012, p. 18.
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Annual Report 2011
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77
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84880313524
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The initiative, which was launched in 2005 by a coalition of governments, companies, civil society groups, investors and international organisations, sets a global standard for companies to publish what they pay and for governments to disclose what they receive. There are presently 23 candidate states, mostly from Sub-Saharan Africa.
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78
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84880323888
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The Kimberley Process Certification process imposes extensive requirements on its members to enable them to certify shipments of rough diamonds as 'conflict-free' and prevent conflict diamonds from entering the legitimate trade.
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79
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84880304182
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Initiative to promote greater transparency and accountability in the extraction of natural resources such as oil, gas, minerals and timber.
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80
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84880299865
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The principles are a voluntary set of guidelines based on International Finance Corporation policies to incorporate social and environmental issues in project financing.
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81
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Alden A and A Alves (2013) 'Global and local challenges and opportunities: Reflections on China and the governance of African resources', in Grant A (ed.) New Approaches to the Governance of Natural Resources: Insights from Africa. London: Palgrave 2013.
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IMF and International Development Association (IDA) instrument created in 1996 and enhanced in 1999, to provide debt relief to the world's most 'heavily indebted poor countries'. The criteria that a country needs to meet before becoming eligible under the initiative can include good governance, accountability for public funds and the adoption of a national anti-corruption strategy.
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83
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69549101533
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Foster V, W Butterfield, C Chen & N Pushak, Building Bridges: China's Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, DC: PPIAF/World Bank, 2008, p. 48.
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(2008)
Building Bridges: China's Growing Role as Infrastructure Financier for Sub-Saharan Africa
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Foster, V.1
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Information Office of the State Council of the PRC, 'White Paper on China Africa Economic and Trade Cooperation', December 2010, http://english.gov.cn/official/2010-12/23/content_1771603.htm (accessed 15 June 2012).
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Bosshard P, 'China's Environmental Footprint in Africa'. SAIS Working papers in African Studies. Braamfontein: South African Institute of International Affairs, 2008, http://www.sais-jhu.edu/academics/regional-studies/africa
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Africa must get real about Chinese ties
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Sanusi L, 'Africa must get real about Chinese ties', Financial Times, 11 March 2013, http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/562692b0-898c-11e2-ad3f-00144feabdc0.html#axzz2TTet 9SdM (accessed 10 May 2013).
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Financial Times
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Annual Report 2011
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Chinese resource quest in Brazil: The changing role of economic statecraft
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Alves AC, 'Chinese resource quest in Brazil: The changing role of economic statecraft', Portuguese Journal of International Affairs, Spring Summer 2012 number 6, pp. 28-39.
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Portuguese Journal of International Affairs
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