Pain sensitivity and observer perception of pain in individuals with autistic spectrum disorder

The Scientific World Journal

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Allely, C S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BETA ENDORPHIN; ENDORPHIN; IBUPROFEN;

ALVEOLAR BONE LOSS; ANALGESIA; ANALGESIA (SENSORY DYSFUNCTION); ANTERIOR CINGULATE; ASPERGER SYNDROME; AUTISM; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; BLOOD DONOR; BLOOD FLOW; BRAIN DYSFUNCTION; CANADA; CANINE TOOTH; CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSE; CAREGIVER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INFECTION; CHILD PSYCHIATRY; CLINICAL OBSERVATION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; DAY CARE; DAY HOSPITAL; DELAYED DIAGNOSIS; EAR INFECTION; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; FACE PAIN; FACES PAIN SCALE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GLABROUS SKIN; HEADACHE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HEART RATE; HUMAN; JAPANESE; LUMBAR PUNCTURE; MCGILL PAIN QUESTIONNAIRE; MEDICAL PROFESSION; MEDICAL RECORD; MEDLINE; MENTAL DEFICIENCY; NOCICEPTIVE STIMULATION; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PAIN THRESHOLD; PEER REVIEW; PERSONAL EXPERIENCE; PHYSIOTHERAPIST; PILOT STUDY; PRENATAL PERIOD; PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX; PRURITUS; PSYCHOSOCIAL WITHDRAWAL; PSYCINFO; QUESTIONNAIRE; REACTION TIME; RETT SYNDROME; REVIEW; SELF REPORT; SOCIAL INTERACTION; STEREOTYPY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TOOTH INFECTION; TOOTH PAIN; TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION; VEIN PUNCTURE; VENOUS BLOOD; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; VIDEOTAPE; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE; WITHDRAWAL REFLEX; CHILD; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; INFANT; MALE; META ANALYSIS; NEWBORN; NOCICEPTION; PAIN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; PAIN; PAIN PERCEPTION; PAIN THRESHOLD; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84880166892     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1537744X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/916178     Document Type: Review

References (101)

1. Johnson C. P., Myers S. M., Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2007 120 5 1183 1215 10.1542/peds.2007-2361
2. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 2000 4th Washington, DC, USA American Psychiatric Association
3. Baranek G. T., David F. J., Poe M. D., Stone W. L., Watson L. R., Sensory experiences questionnaire: Discriminating sensory features in young children with autism, developmental delays, and typical development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 2006 47 6 591 601 2-s2.0-33646740954 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01546.x
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders-autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 Sites, United States, 2008. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2012 61 SS03 1 19
5. Courchesne E., Pierce K., Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: Local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. Current Opinion in Neurobiology 2005 15 2 225 230 2-s2.0-20544457861 10.1016/j.conb.2005.03.001
6. Grandin T., Thinking in Pictures 1995 New York, NY, USA Doubleday
7. Simons D. J., Land P. W., Early experience of tactile stimulation influences organization of somatic sensory cortex. Nature 1987 326 6114 694 697 2-s2.0-0023259753
8. Dunn W., Myles B. S., Orr S., Sensory processing issues associated with Asperger syndrome: A preliminary investigation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2002 56 1 97 102 2-s2.0-0036368635
9. Iarocci G., McDonald J., Sensory integration and the perceptual experience of persons with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2006 36 1 77 90 2-s2.0-33645999658 10.1007/s10803-005-0044-3
10. Rogers S. J., Ozonoff S., Annotation: What do we know about sensory dysfunction in autism? A critical review of the empirical evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines 2005 46 12 1255 1268 2-s2.0-33644874016
11. Baghdadli A., Pascal C., Grisi S., Aussilloux C., Risk factors for self-injurious behaviours among 222 young children with autistic disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2003 47 8 622 627 2-s2.0-0242610015 10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00507.x
12. Matson J. L., Rivet T. T., The effects of severity of autism and PDD-NOS symptoms on challenging behaviors in adults with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 2008 20 1 41 51 2-s2.0-38149050541 10.1007/s10882-007-9078-0
13. Matson J. L., Rivet T. T., Characteristics of challenging behaviours in adults with autistic disorder, PDD-NOS, and intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability 2008 33 4 323 329 2-s2.0-57049132974 10.1080/13668250802492600
14. Rojahn J., Wilkins J., Matson J. L., Boisjoli J., A comparison of adults with intellectual disabilities with and without ASD on parallel measures of challenging behaviour: The behavior problems inventory-01 (BPI-01) and autism spectrum disorders-behavior problems for intellectually disabled adults (ASD-BPA). Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities 2010 23 2 179 185 2-s2.0-77953900357 10.1111/j.1468-3148.2009.00519.x
15. Smith K. R. M., Matson J. L., Behavior problems: Differences among intellectually disabled adults with co-morbid autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2010 31 5 1062 1069 2-s2.0-77953359090 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.04.003
16. Furniss F., Biswas A. B., Recent research on aetiology, development and phenomenology of self-injurious behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review and implications for treatment. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 2012 56 5 453 475 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2012. 01534.x
17. Ross-Russell M., Sloan P., Autoextraction in a child with autistic spectrum disorder. British Dental Journal 2005 198 8 473 474 2-s2.0-18244397936 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812250
18. Barrera F. J., Teodoro J. M., Selmeci T., Madappuli A., Self-injur, pain, and the endorphin theory. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 1994 6 2 169 192 2-s2.0-51249161744 10.1007/BF02579358
19. Sandman C. A., B-endorphin disregulation in autistic and self-injurious behavior: A neurodevelopmental hypothesis. Synapse 1988 2 3 193 199 2-s2.0-0023824262
20. Sandman C. A., Spence M. A., Smith M., Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) disregulation and response to opiate blockers. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews 1999 5 4 314 321
21. Symons F. J., Schroeder S., Thompson T., Oster-Granite M. L., Pain and self-injury: Mechanisms and models. Self-Injurious Behavior: Genes, Brain, and Behavior 2002 American Psychological Association
22. MacLean W. E., Tervo R. C., Hoch J., Tervo M., Symons F. J., Self-Injury among a community cohort of young children at risk for intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Pediatrics 2010 157 6 979 983 2-s2.0-78449275121 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.05.052
23. Nutrition Health Review, Autism linked to increased pain. Nutrition Health Review: The Consumer's Medical Journal 2006 95 5
24. Panksepp J., A neurochemical theory of autism. Trends in Neurosciences 1979 2 7 174 177 2-s2.0-0018614713 10.1016/0166-2236(79)90071-7
25. Panksepp J., Sahley T. L., Schopler E., Mesibov G. B., Possible brain opioid involvement in disrupted social intent and language development of autism. Neurobiological Issues in Autism 1987 New York, NY, USA Plenum Press 357 372
26. Frescka E., Davis K. L., Nemeroff C. B., The opioid model in psychiatric research. Neuropeptides and Psychiatric Disorders 1991 Washington, DC, USA American Psychiatric Press 169 191
27. Gillberg C., Wing L., The role of endogenous opioids in autism and possible relationships to clinical features. Aspects of Autism: Biological Research 1988 London, UK Gaskell/The National Autistic Society 31 37
28. Sher L., Autistic disorder and the endogenous opioid system. Medical Hypotheses 1997 48 5 413 414 2-s2.0-0030917970 10.1016/S0306-9877(97)90039-6
29. Kalat J. W., Speculations on similarities between autism and opiate addiction. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia 1978 8 4 477 479 2-s2.0-0018162009 10.1007/BF01538051
30. Gillberg C., Endogenous opioids and opiate antagonists in autism: Brief review of empirical findings and implications for clinicians. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1995 37 3 239 245 2-s2.0-0028905353
31. Seid M., Sherman M., Seid A. B., Perioperative psychosocial interventions for autistic children undergoing ENT surgery. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 1997 40 2-3 107 113 2-s2.0-0030854983 10.1016/S0165-5876(97)01507-3
32. Mieres A. C., Smallwood V., Nicholson S. K., Retrospective case report: Evaluation of pain in a child with pervasive developmental disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy 2011 23 2 194 200 2-s2.0-79955835479 10.1097/PEP. 0b013e318218f35f
33. Bursch B., Ingman K., Vitti L., Hyman P., Zeltzer L. K., Chronic pain in individuals with previously undiagnosed autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Pain 2004 5 5 290 295 2-s2.0-3042747752 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.04.004
34. Hadden K. L., von Baeyer C., Craig K. D., Pain in children with severe cognitive and communication impairment: Commentary. Pediatric Pain Letter 2000 4 4 6
35. Stallard P., Williams L., Lenton S., Velleman R., Pain in cognitively impaired, non-communicating children. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2001 85 6 460 462 2-s2.0-0035203788 10.1136/adc.85.6.460
36. Gillberg C., Terenius L., Lonnerholm G., Endorphin activity in childhood psychosis. Spinal fluid levels in 24 cases. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985 42 8 780 783 2-s2.0-0021970857
37. Mauk J. E., Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. Pediatric Clinics of North America 1993 40 3 567 578 2-s2.0-0027176033
38. Baranek G. T., Berkson G., Tactile defensiveness in children with developmental disabilities: Responsiveness and habituation. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1994 24 4 457 471 2-s2.0-0028049461 10.1007/BF02172128
39. O'Neill M., Jones R. S. P., Sensory-perceptual abnormalities in autism: A case for more research? Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1997 27 3 283 294 2-s2.0-0030948835 10.1023/A:1025850431170
40. Peeters T., Gillberg C., Autism: Medical and Educational Aspects 1999 2nd London, UK Whurr
41. Tordjman S., Anderson G. M., Botbol M., Brailly-Tabard S., Perez-Diaz F., Graignic R., Carlier M., Schmit G., Rolland A. C., Bonnot O., Trabado S., Roubertoux P., Bronsard G., Pain reactivity and plasma β -endorphin in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. PLoS One 2009 4 8 2-s2.0-69849114546 10.1371/journal.pone.0005289 e5289
42. Kaplan H. I., Sadock B. J., Grebb J. A., Kaplan and Sadock's Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences, Clinical Psychiatry 1994 7th Baltimore, Md, USA Williams and Wilkins
43. Prior M., Werry J. S., Quay H. C., Werry J. S., Autism, schizophrenia, and allied disorders. Psychopathological Disorders of Childhood 1986 New York John Wiley 156 210
44. Wing L., The Autistic Spectrum 1996 London, UK Constable
45. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 1994 4th Washington, DC, USA American Psychiatric Association
46. Messmer R. L., Nader R., Craig K. D., Brief report: Judging pain intensity in children with autism undergoing venepuncture: The influence of facial activity. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2008 38 7 1391 1394 2-s2.0-48149083989 10.1007/s10803-007-0511-0
47. Biersdorff K. K., Incidence of significantly altered pain experience among individuals with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation 1994 98 5 619 631 2-s2.0-0028215693
48. Mercer K. A., Expression of emotion by infants with and without disabilities [Ph.D. thesis] 2000 UK University of Central Lancashire
49. Breau L. M., Camfield C. S., Pain disrupts sleep in children and youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2011 32 6 2829 2840 10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.023
50. Temple B., Dubé C., McMillan D., Secco L., Kepron E., Dittberner K., Ediger J., Vipond G., Pain in people with developmental disabilities: A scoping review. Journal on Developmental Disabilities 2012 18 1 73 86
51. Breau L. M., Camfield C. S., McGrath P. J., Finley G. A., The incidence of pain in children with severe cognitive impairments. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2003 157 12 1219 1226 2-s2.0-0345098591 10.1001/archpedi.157.12.1219
52. van Dijk M., Valkenburg A., Boerlage A. A., Tibboel D., Veerkamp J. S., Children with intellectual disabilities and pain perception: A review and suggestions for future assessment protocols. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry 2009 10 2 57 60 2-s2.0-70350038193
53. Liberati A., Altman D. G., Tetzlaff J., Mulrow C., Gøtzsche P. C., Ioannidis J. P., Clarke M., Devereaux P. J., Kleijnen J., Moher D., The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration. British Medical Journal 2009 339 b2700 2-s2.0-68549101842 10.1136/bmj.b2700
54. Courchesne E., Lincoln A. J., Yeung-Courchesne R., Elmasian R., Grillon C., Pathophysiologic findings in nonretarded autism and receptive developmental language disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1989 19 1 1 17 2-s2.0-0024519274
55. Hutt S. J., Hutt C., Lee D., Ounsted C., A behavioural and electroencephalographic study of autistic children. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1965 3 3 181 197 2-s2.0-0008405977
56. Elwin M., Ek L., Schröder A., Kjellin L., Autobiographical accounts of sensing in Asperger syndrome and high-functioning autism. Archives in Psychiatric Nursing 2012 26 5 420 429 10.1016/j.apnu.2011.10.003
57. Gerland G., A Real Person: Life on the Outside 1997 London, UK Souvenir Press
58. Rutherford M. D., A retrospective journal-based case study of an infant with autism and his twin. Neurocase 2005 11 2 129 137 2-s2.0-18144386246 10.1080/13554790590925529
59. Hadjistavropoulos H. D., Craig K. D., Grunau R. V. E., Johnston C. C., Judging pain in newborns: Facial and cry determinants. Journal of Pediatric Psychology 1994 19 4 485 491 2-s2.0-0027978397
60. Breau L. M., McGrath P. J., Craig K. D., Santor D., Cassidy K. L., Reid G. J., Facial expression of children receiving immunizations: A principal components analysis of the child facial coding system. Clinical Journal of Pain 2001 17 2 178 186 2-s2.0-0034966978 10.1097/00002508-200106000-00011
61. LaChapelle D. L., Hadjistavropoulos T., Kenneth D. C., Pain measurement in persons with intellectual disabilities. Clinical Journal of Pain 1999 15 1 13 23 2-s2.0-0033039854 10.1097/00002508-199903000-00004
62. Nader R., Oberlander T. F., Chambers C. T., Craig K. D., Expression of pain in children with autism. Clinical Journal of Pain 2004 20 2 88 97 2-s2.0-1342267114 10.1097/00002508-200403000-00005
63. Powers M. D., Children with Autism: A Parent's Guide 1989 Rockville, Md, USA Woodbine House
64. Chambers C. T., Cassidy K. L., McGrath P. J., Gilbert C. A., Craig K. D., Child Facial Coding System Revised Manual 1996 Halifax, Canada, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada Dalhousie University
65. Jensen M. P., Karoly P., Turk D. C., Melzack R., Self-report scales and procedures for assessing pain in adults. Handbook of Pain Assessment 2001 2nd New York, NY, USA Guildford 15 34
66. Jay S. M., Elliott C., Observation Scale of Behavioral Distress-Revised Manual 1986 Los Angeles, Calif, USA Children's Hospital of Los Angeles
67. McGrath P. J., Rosmus C., Canfield C., Campbell M. A., Hennigar A., Behaviours caregivers use to determine pain in non-verbal, cognitively impaired individuals. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1998 40 5 340 343 2-s2.0-0031955201
68. Bieri D., Reeve R. A., Champion G. D., Addicoat L., Ziegler J. B., The faces pain scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain experienced by children: Development, initial validation, and preliminary investigation for ratio scale properties. Pain 1990 41 2 139 150 10.1016/0304-3959(90)90018-9
69. Tordjman S., Antoine C., Cohen D. J., Gauvain-Piquard A., Carlier M., Roubertoux P., Ferrari P., Study of the relationships between self-injurious behavior and pain reactivity in infantile autism. Encéphale 1999 25 2 122 134 2-s2.0-0032967186
70. Klintwall L., Holm A., Eriksson M., Carlsson L. H., Olsson M. B., Hedvall Å.., Gillberg C., Fernell E., Sensory abnormalities in autism: A brief report. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2011 32 2 795 800 2-s2.0-79851513707 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.10.021
71. Fernell E., Hedvall Å., Norrelgen F., Eriksson M., Höglund-Carlsson L., Barnevik-Olsson M., Svensson L., Holm A., Westerlund J., Gillberg C., Developmental profiles in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders referred for intervention. Research in Developmental Disabilities 2010 31 3 790 799 2-s2.0-77950691297 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.02.003
72. Cascio C., McGlone F., Folger S., Tannan V., Baranek G., Pelphrey K. A., Essick G., Tactile perception in adults with autism: A multidimensional psychophysical study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2008 38 1 127 137 2-s2.0-37849014082 10.1007/s10803-007-0370-8
73. Dunn W., The sensations of everyday life: Empirical, theoretical, and pragmatic considerations. American Journal of Occupational Therapy 2001 55 6 608 620 2-s2.0-0040289932
74. Bandstra N. F., Johnson S. A., Filliter J. H., Chambers C. T., Self-reported and parent-reported pain for common painful events in high-functioning children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Journal of Pain 2012 28 8 715 721 10.1097/AJP.0b013e318243ecf6
75. Belter R. W., McIntosh J. A., Finch Jr A. J., Saylor C. F., Preschoolers' ability to differentiate levels of pain: Relative efficacy of three self-report measures. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 1988 17 4 329 335 10.1207/s15374424jccp1704-6
76. Hicks C. L., Von Baeyer C. L., Spafford P. A., Van Korlaar I., Goodenough B., The faces pain scale-revised: Toward a common metric in pediatric pain measurement. Pain 2001 93 2 173 183 2-s2.0-0034968031 10.1016/S0304-3959(01) 00314-1
77. Beyer J. E., McGrath P. J., Berde C. B., Discordance between self-report and behavioral pain measures in children aged 3-7 years after surgery. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 1990 5 6 350 356 2-s2.0-0025607993 10.1016/0885-3924(90)90029-J
78. Goodenough B., Kampel L., Champion G. D., Laubreaux L., Nicholas M. K., Ziegler J. B., McInerney M., An investigation of the placebo effect and age-related factors in the report of needle pain from venipuncture in children. Pain 1997 72 3 383 391 2-s2.0-0030865096 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00062-6
79. Daughters H., Palermo T., Koh J., Procedural pain and distress in children with autism-a pilot study. Journal of Pain 2007 8 4, Supplement 1 S31
80. Leiberg S., Anders S., The multiple facets of empathy: A survey of theory and evidence. Progress in Brain Research 2006 156 419 440 2-s2.0-33749070109 10.1016/S0079-6123(06)56023-6
81. Preston S. D., de Waal F. B. M., Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2002 25 1 1 20 2-s2.0-0036488272 10.1017/S0140525X02000018
82. Decety J., Jackson P. L., The functional architecture of human empathy. Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Reviews 2004 3 2 71 100 2-s2.0-11844281417
83. Allely C. S., I feel your pain!'Neurological and anecdotal evidence to suggest we really can feel others'pain. The Psychologist 2012 25 2 160 161
84. Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., The empathy quotient: An investigation of adults with asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2004 34 2 163 175 2-s2.0-3543119581 10.1023/B:JADD.0000022607.19833.00
85. Minio-Paluello I., Baron-Cohen S., Avenanti A., Walsh V., Aglioti S. M., Absence of embodied empathy during pain observation in Asperger syndrome. Biological Psychiatry 2009 65 1 55 62 2-s2.0-57049156586 10.1016/j.biopsych. 2008.08.006
86. Melzack R., The McGill pain questionnaire: Major properties and scoring methods. Pain 1975 1 3 277 299 2-s2.0-0016725211 10.1016/0304-3959(75)90044-5
87. Avenanti A., Paluello I. M., Bufalari I., Aglioti S. M., Stimulus-driven modulation of motor-evoked potentials during observation of others' pain. NeuroImage 2006 32 1 316 324 2-s2.0-33748647988 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.03.010
88. Nagamitsu S., Matsuishi T., Kisa T., Komori H., Miyazaki M., Hashimoto T., Yamashita Y., Ohtaki E., Kato H., CSF β -endorphin levels in patients with infantile autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1997 27 2 155 163 2-s2.0-0030965856 10.1023/A:1025839807431
89. Mandell D. S., Novak M. M., Zubritsky C. D., Factors associated with age of diagnosis among children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics 2005 116 6 1480 1486 2-s2.0-33644700178 10.1542/peds.2005-0185
90. Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Skinner R., Martin J., Clubley E., The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2001 31 1 5 17 2-s2.0-0035261154 10.1023/A:1005653411471
91. Lord C., Rutter M., Couteur A. L., Autism diagnostic interview-revised: A revised version of a diagnostic interview for caregivers of individuals with possible pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 1994 24 5 659 685 2-s2.0-0027997172 10.1007/BF02172145
92. Schopler E., Reichler R. J., Renner B. R., The Childhood Autism Rating Scale 1998 7th Los Angeles, Calif, USA Western Psychological Services
93. Zeltzer L. K., Schlank C. B., Conquering your Child's Chronic Pain: A Pediatrician's Guide for Reclaiming a Normal Childhood 2005 New York, NY, USA HarperCollins
94. Inglese M. D., Pain expression in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), A foundation for instrument development [Ph.D. thesis] 2008 The Graduate School of the University of Florida
95. Derbyshire S. W. G., Bennett P., Fetal stress responses. Lancet 1994 344 8922 615 2-s2.0-0028111404 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92001-X
96. Palermo M. T., Pasqualetti P., Barbati G., Intelligente F., Rossini M. P., Recognition of schematic facial displays of emotion in parents of children with autism. Autism 2006 10 4 353 364 2-s2.0-33747007232 10.1177/ 1362361306064431
97. Smith M. J., Montagne B., Perrett D. I., Gill M., Gallagher L., Detecting subtle facial emotion recognition deficits in high-functioning Autism using dynamic stimuli of varying intensities. Neuropsychologia 2010 48 9 2777 2781 2-s2.0-77954457778 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.008
98. Dawson G., Toth K., Abbott R., Osterling J., Munson J., Estes A., Liaw J., Early social attention impairments in autism: Social orienting, joint attention, and attention to distress. Developmental Psychology 2004 40 2 271 283 2-s2.0-1442280723 10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.271
99. Dawson G., Webb S. J., McPartland J., Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology 2005 27 3 403 424 2-s2.0-19044383121 10.1207/s15326942dn2703-6
100. Wager T. D., Atlas L. T., Lindquist M. A., Roy M., Choong-Wan W., Kross E., An fMRI-based neurologic signature of physical pain. The New England Journal of Medicine 2013 368 15 1388 1397 10.1056/NEJMoa1204471
101. Melzack R., Burns S. K., Neurophysiological effects of early sensory restriction. Experimental Neurology 1965 13 2 163 175 2-s2.0-0013806030