Measles vaccination: Before the measles-mumps-rubella vaccine

American Journal of Public Health

Volumn 103, Issue 8, 2013, Pages 1393-1401

  Hendriks, Jan ^a   Blume, Stuart ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MEASLES MUMPS RUBELLA VACCINE; MEASLES VACCINE;

ARTICLE; HEALTH; HISTORY; HUMAN; MEASLES;

HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MEASLES; MEASLES VACCINE; MEASLES-MUMPS-RUBELLA VACCINE; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 84880143281     PISSN: 00900036     EISSN: 15410048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301075     Document Type: Article

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20. For fiscal years 1969 and 1970, Congress authorized no federal funding for community immunization programs. The number of doses distributed fell to 9.4 million, and the estimated cases of measles rose to 533 000 in 1970 and to 847 000 in 1971. Thereafter, federal funding was restored, and measles cases fell to 400 000 in 1972. The Office of Technology Assessment suggests a direct connection (A Review of Selected Federal Vaccine and Immunization Policies, 182-183).
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36. Vaccines for these children were offered after nine months and, if accepted, the children were then excluded from the remainder of the trial.
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49. It has not been possible to establish how far the needs of developing countries, where an inactivated vaccine could have certain advantages, also influenced the decision to work on an inactivated measles vaccine. Hans Cohen, head of the RIV's vaccine division and later its director general, was an active member of the World Health Organization's Expert Committee for Biological Standardization, which established vaccine requirements. In the 1980s, new attempts to develop a (subunit) inactivated measles vaccine began at the RIV.
50. Beale had previously worked on inactivated polio vaccine as well at Connaught in Canada. At Glaxo, he tested a measles vaccine inactivated using Norrby's process in a small trial in Ireland. The conclusion, that a single dose of inactivated vaccine given one month before live vaccine does not interfere with antibody response and may even enhance it, was different from what MRC found. They attributed the difference to the different inactivated vaccines used.
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55. H. Cohen, Letter dated August 7, 1970 (U234/70 Dir Co/ms) to the head of the National Control Laboratory H. P. Lansberg (in Dutch; The Hague, the Netherlands: Dutch National Archives, 1970). Box No. 3937.
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57. Subsequent support for this decision came from Norrby's discovery that inactivated vaccine fails to generate antibodies against the fusion protein, which later turned out to be critical for protection. The special feature of this deficiency is that it can provide a basis for immune pathological effects that may aggravate the situation of vaccinated individuals.
58. See H. J. Larson, L. Z. Cooper, J. Eskola, S. L. Katz, and S. Ratzan, "Addressing the Vaccine Confidence Gap," The Lancet 378, no. 9790 (2011): 526-535.
59. e.g., S. Jadhav, M. Datla, H. Kreeftenberg, and J. Hendriks, "The Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers' Network (DCVMN) Is a Critical Constituency to Ensure Access to Vaccines in Developing Countries," Vaccine 26, no. 13 (2008): 1611-1615.
60. H. Thorsteinsdottir, "The Role of the Health System in Health Biotechnology in Developing Countries," Technology Analysis & Strategic Management 19, no. 5 (2007): 659-675
61. A. Lage, "Connecting Immunology to Public Health: Cuban Biotechnology," Nature Immunology 9, no. 2 (2008): 109-112.