Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils: Sources, behavior, and indication significance (a review)

Eurasian Soil Science

Volumn 46, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 728-741

  Tsibart, A S ^a   Gennadiev, A N ^a  

^a MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

diagnostics of natural and technogenic processes; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; soil contamination

Indexed keywords

DEGRADATION; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; PAH; POLLUTANT SOURCE; SOIL POLLUTION; SORPTION; TRANSLOCATION;

EID: 84880091436     PISSN: 10642293     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1134/S1064229313070090     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. T. A. Alekseeva and T. A. Teplitskaya, Spectrofluorimetric Methods for Analyzing Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Natural and Anthropogenic Environments (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1981) [in Rusian].
2. L. I. Belykh, V. A. Seryshev, E. E. Penzina, G. A. Belogolova, V. A. Khutoryanskii, "Benzo[a]pyrene content in some soils of Irkutsk oblast," Eur. Soil Sci. 31(3), 305-313 (1998).
3. E. S. Vasil'konov, Yu. A. Zavgorodnyaya, V. V. Demin, and S. Ya. Trofimov, "Interaction of naphthalene and naphthol with organic matrix of soils," Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 17: Pochvoved. No. 1, 19-24 (2008).
4. D. N. Gabov, V. A. Beznosikov, B. M. Kondratenok, and E. V. Yakovleva, "Formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in northern and middle taiga soils," Eur. Soil Sci. 41(11), 1180-1188 (2008).
5. A. N. Gennadiev, I. S. Del'vig, N. S. Kasimov, and T. A. Teplitskaya, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of background territories and natural pedogenesis," in Monitoring of the Background Contamination of the Environment (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1989), No. 5, pp. 149-161 [in Russian].
6. A. N. Gennadiev and Yu. I. Pikovskii, "The maps of soil tolerance toward pollution with oil products and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: methodological aspects," Eur. Soil Sci. 40(1), 70-81 (2007).
7. A. N. Gennadiev, S. S. Chernyanskii, Yu. I. Pikovskii, and T. A. Alekseeva, "Geochemistry of PAHs in relation to the humus and aggregate state of soils," in Geography and the Environment (Nauka, St. Petersburg, 2003), pp. 124-131 [in Russian].
8. Geochemistry of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Rocks and Soils, Ed. by A. N. Gennadiev and Yu. I. Pikovskii (Izd. Mosk Gos. Univ., Moscow, 1996) [in Russian].
9. S. V. Kakareka, T. I. Kukharchik, L. A. Zanevskaya, P. V. Kurman, V. N. Chuduk, V. S. Khomich, "Modeling and assessment of the Emission of PAHs upon Peat Fires," Prirodopol'zovanie (Inst. Probl. Ispol'zovan. Prir. Resursov i Ekol., Nats. Akad. Sci., Belarus), No. 10, 58-62 (2004).
10. E. Clar, Polycyclic Hydrocarbons, Vol. 1 (Academic Press, London, 1964).
11. N. E. Kosheleva and E. M. Nikiforova, "Long-term dynamics and factors of accumulation of benzo(a)pyrene in urban soils," Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 17: Pochvoved., No. 2, 25-34 ().
12. A. A. Krasnopeeva, Extended Abstract of Candidate's Dissertation in Geography (Moscow, 2009).
13. E. D. Lodygin, S. N. Chukov, V. A. Beznosikov, and D. A. Gabov, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of Vasilievsky Island (St. Petersburg)," Eur. Soil Sci. 41(12), 1321-1326 (2008).
14. E. M. Nikiforova and T. A. Alekseeva, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soils of roadside ecosystems of Moscow," Eur. Soil Sci. 35(1), 42-52 (2002).
15. E. M. Nikiforova, I. S. Kozin, T. A. Teplitskaya, and K. Tsird, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in leached chernozems and gray forest soils of natural and technogenic landscapes," Pochvovedenie, No. 2, 70-78 (1989).
16. E. M. Nikiforova, I. S. Kozin, and K. Tsird, "Specific features of the contamination of urban soils with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to the impact of heat supply systems," Pochvovedenie, No. 1, 91-102 (1993).
17. A. I. Ogloblina, Yu. I. Pikovskii, L. A. Dobryanskii, and M. V. Kurilo, "Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coal-bearing deposits of the Donetsk Basin," Geol. Zh., No. 1, 107-115 (1992).
18. Yu. I. Pikovskii, A. N. Gennadiev, A. A. Krasnopeeva, and T. A. Puzanova, "Natural and technogenic geochemical hydrocarbon fields in soils: concept, typology, and indicative significance," in Geochemistry of Landscapes and Geography of Soils. Centennial Anniversary of the Birth of M. A. Glazovskaya (APR, Moscow, 2012), pp. 236-258 [in Russian].
19. F. Ya. Rovinskii, T. A. Teplitskaya, and T. A. Alekseeva, Background Monitoring of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1988) [in Russian].
20. V. N. Florovskaya, Yu. I. Pikovskii, and M. E. Ramenskaya, Prebiological Evolution of Carbonic Substances on the Early Earth: Geological Aspect (Knizhn. dom "Librokom", Moscow, 2012) [in Russian].
21. A. S. Tsibart, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pyrogenic soils of reserved territory (the Khakass Reserve)," Geogr. Prir. Resur., No. 2, 50-55 (2012).
22. A. S. Tsibart and A. N. Gennadiev, "Associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fire-affected soils," Vestn. Mosk. Univ., Ser. 5: Geogr., No. 3, 13-20 (2011).
23. A. S. Tsibart and A. N. Gennadiev, "Pyrogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils of natural reserves and anthropogenically transformed territories," in Geochemistry of Landscapes and Geography of Soils. Centennial Anniversary of the Birth of M. A. Glazovskaya (APR, Moscow, 2012), pp. 483-505 [in Russian].
24. S. S. Chernyanskii, A. N. Gennadiev, T. A. Alekseeva, and Yu. I. Pikovskii, "Organic profile of soddy-gley soil strongly polluted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons," Eur. Soil Sci. 34(11), 1170-1179 (2001).
25. Yu. G. Shkuratov, "Modeling of spectral characteristics of Phobos and Deimos," Astron. Zh., No. 6, 1183-1188 (1986).
26. E. I. Shurubor, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil-plant system of an oil field (Kama River region of Perm oblast)," Eur. Soil Sci. 33(12), 1329-1333 (2000).
27. E. I. Shurubor and A. N. Gennadiev, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in irrigated soils of the Chernye Zemli area, Kalmykia," Pochvovedenie, No. 2, 97-111 (1992).
28. E. V. Yakovleva, V. A. Beznosikov, B. M. Kondratenok, and D. N. Gabov, "Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil-plant systems of the northern-taiga biocenoses," Eur. Soil Sci. 45(3), 309-320 (2012).
29. N. Amellal, J. Portal, T. Vogel, and J. Berthelin, "Distribution and location of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and PAH-degrading bacteria within polluted soil aggregates," Biodegradation, No. 12, 49-57 (2001).
30. C. An, G. Huang, H. Yu, J. Wei, W. Chen, G. Li, "Effect of short-chain organic acids and pH on the behaviors of pyrene in soil-water system," Chemosphere 81, 1423-1429 (2010).
31. A. Arias, A. Vazquez-Botello, N. Tombesi, G. Ponce- Velez, H. Freije, J. Marcovecchio, "Presence, distribution, and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from Bahia Blanca Estuary, Argentina," Environ. Monit. Assess. 160(1-4), 301-314 (2010).
32. I. Atanassova and G. W. Brummer, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of anthropogenic and biopedogenic origin in a colluviated hydromorphic soil of Western Europe," Geoderma 120, 27-34.
33. S. Baek, R. Field, M. Goldstone, P. Kirk, J. Lester, R. Perry, "A Review of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, fate and behavior," Water Air Soil Pollut. 60, 279-300 (1991).
34. B. A. M. Bandowe, D. Ruckamp, M. A. L. Braganca, V. Laabs, W. Amelung, C. Martius, W. Wilcke, "Naphthalene production by microorganisms associated with termites: evidence from a microcosm experiment," Soil Biol. Biochem. 41, 630-639 (2009).
35. B. A. M. Bandowe, J. Sobocka, and W. Wilcke, "Oxygen-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OPAHs) in urban soils of Bratislava, Slovakia: patterns, relation to pahs and vertical distribution," Environ. Pollut. 159, 539-549 (2011).
36. R. Barra, C. Castillo, and J. Torres, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the South American environment," Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 191, 1-22 (2007).
37. B. P. Basile, B. S. Middleditch, and J. Oro, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Murchison meteorite," Org. Geochem. 5, 211-216 (1984).
38. C. M. Belcher, "Impacts and wildfires - an Analysis of the K-T event," in Biological Processes Associated with Impact Events, (Springer, 2006), pp. 221-243.
39. C. A. Belis, I. Offenthaler, and P. Weiss, "Semivolatiles in the forest environment: the case of PAHs," Plant Ecophysiol. (2001), pp. 47-73.
40. L. I. Belykh, "Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil-plant system," Eur. Soil Sci. 42(9), 1005-1011 (2009).
41. P. Blomqvist, B. Persson, and M. Simonson, "Fire emissions of organics into the atmosphere," Fire Technol. 43, 213-231 (2007).
42. M. Callen, M. de la Cruz, J. Lopez, R. Murillo, M. Navarro, A. Mastral, "Long-range atmospheric transport and local pollution sources on PAH concentrations in a south European urban area. Fulfilling of the European directive," Water Air Soil Pollut. 190, 271-285 (2008).
43. C. Collins, M. Fryer, and A. Grosso, "Plant uptake of non-ionic organic chemicals," Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 45-52 (2006).
44. J. C. Colombo, E. Pelletier, C. Brochu, and M. Khallt, "Determination of hydrocarbon sources using N-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Rio De La Plata Estuary, Argentina," Environ. Sci. Technol. 23, 888-894 (1989).
45. G. L. Daly, Y. D. Lei, L. E. Castillo, D. C. G. Muir, F. Wania, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Costa Rican air and soil: a tropical/temperate comparison," Atmos. Environ. 41, 7339-7350 (2007).
46. W. De-Gao, Y. Meng, J. Hong-Liang, Zh. Lei, L. Yi-Fan, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban street dust and surface soil: comparisons of concentration, profile, and source," Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56, 173-180 (2009).
47. A. Dreyer, M. Radke, J. Turunen, and C. Blodau, "Long-term change of aromatic hydrocarbon deposition to peatlands of eastern Canada," Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 3918-3924 (2005).
48. A. Dvorska, G. Lammel, and J. Klanova, "Use of diagnostic ratios for studying source apportionment and reactivity of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Central Europe," Atmos. Environ. 45, 420-427 (2011).
49. H. Eijsackers, C. A. M. van Gestel, S. De Jonge, B. Muijs, D. Slijkerman, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-polluted dredged peat sediments and earth-worms: a mutual interference," Ecotoxicology 10(1), 35-50 (2001).
50. R. El-Motaium, M. El-Sayed Hashim, and G. Caria, "Fate and behavior of toxic organic pollutants in plant, soil and irradiated sewage sludge," NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security, The Role of Ecological Chemistry in Pollution Research and Sustainable Development, IV, pp. 209-219 (2009).
51. M. Eriksson, G. Dalhammar, and A.-K. Borg-Karlson, "Biological degradation of selected hydrocarbons in an old PAH/creosote contaminated soil from a gas work site," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53, 619-626 (2000).
52. E. M. Fitzpatrick, J. M. Jones, M. Pourkashanian, A. B. Ross, A. Williams, and K. D. Bartle, "Mechanistic aspects of soot formation from the combustion of pine wood," Energy and Fuels 22, 3771-3778 (2008).
53. M. S. Garcia-Falcoan, B. Soto-Gonzaalez, and J. Simal-Gaandara, "Evolution of the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in burnt woodland soils," Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 759-763 (2006).
54. A. R. Geptner, B. Richter, Yu. I. Pikovskii, S. S. Chernyansky, T. A. Alekseeva, "Hydrothermal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine and lagoon sediments at the intersection between Tjornes fracture zone and recent rift zone (Skjálfandi and Öxarfjör∂ur Bays, Iceland)," Mar. Chem. 101, 153-165 (2006).
55. B. Glaser, A. Dreyer, M. Bock, S. Fielder, M. Mehring, T. Heitmann, "Source apportionment of organic pollutants of a highway-traffic-influenced urban area in Bayreuth (Germany) using biomarker and stable carbon isotope signatures," Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 3911-1917 (2005).
56. T. Gocht, J. Barth, M. Epp, M. Jochmann, M. Bless- ing, T. Schmidt, and P. Grathwohl, "Indications for pedogenic formation of perylene in a terrestrial soil profile: depth distribution and first results from stable carbon isotope ratios," Appl. Geochem. 22, 2652-2663 (2007).
57. F. Gonzalez-Vila, J. Lopez, F. Martin, and J. del Rio, "Determination in soils of PAH produced by combustion of biomass under different conditions," Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 339, 750-753 (1991).
58. G. Gramss, K. Voigt, and B. Kirsche, "Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with three to seven aromatic rings by higher fungi in sterile and unsterile soils," Biodegradation 10, 51-62 (1999).
59. S. Gregory, D. Shea, and E. Guthrie-Nichols, "Impact of vegetation on sedimentary organic matter composition and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon attenuation," Environ. Sci. Technol. 39(14), 5285-5292 (2005).
60. R. G. Harvey, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Wiley, New York, 1997).
61. M. Howsam, K. Jones, and P. Ineson, "PAHs in the soils of a mature, mixed-deciduous (Quercus-Fraxinus) woodland and the surrounding pasture," Water Air Soil Pollut. 121, 379-398 (2000).
62. D. M. Hudgins, "From Interstellar polycyclic aromatic compounds and ices to astrobiology," Abstracts 23rd Int. Symp. on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (ISPAC 23), Munster, Germany (2011), p. 88.
63. S. Hwang, N. Ramirez, T. J. Cutright, and L.-K. Ju, "The role of soil properties in pyrene sorption and desorption," Water Air Soil Pollut. 143, 65-80 (2003).
64. J. Iqbal, C. Metosh-Dickey, and R. Portier, "Temperature effects on bioremediation of PAHs and PCP contaminated South Louisiana Soils: a laboratory mesocosm study," J. Soils Sediments 7(3), 153-158 (2007).
65. B. Jenkins, A. D. Jones, S. Q. Turn, and R. B. Williams, "Emission factors for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biomass burning," Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2462-2469 (1996).
66. Y.-F. Jiang, X.-T. Wang, F. Wanga, Y. Jia, M.-H. Wu, G.-Y. Sheng, J.-M. Fu, "Levels, composition profiles and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban soil of Shanghai, China," Chemosphere, 75, 1112-1118 (2009).
67. A. Johnsen and U. Karlson, "Diffuse PAH contamination of surface soils: environmental occurrence, bioavailability, and microbial degradation," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 76, 533-543 (2007).
68. L. Ke, T. W. Y. Wong, Y. S. Wong, and N. F. Y. Tam, "Fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in a mangrove swamp in Hong Kong following an oil spill," Marine Pollut. Bull., 45, 339-347 (2002).
69. S. D. Killops and M. S. Massourd, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of pyrolytic origin in ancient sediments: evidence for Jurassic vegetation fires," Org. Geochem. 1, 1-7 (1992).
70. M. Kohler and T. Künniger, "Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) from creosoted railroad ties and their relevance for life cycle assessment (LCA)," Eur. J. Wood Wood Products 61, 117-124 (2003).
71. A. Krauss, W. Wilcke, C. Martius, A. G. Bandeira, M. V. B. Garcia, W. Amelung, "Atmospheric versus biological sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a tropical rain forest environment," Environ. Pollut. 135, 143-154 (2005).
72. M. Krauss, W. Wilcke, and W. Zech, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in forest soils: depth distribution as indicator of different fate," Environ. Pollut. 110, 79-88 (2000).
73. L. Kurteeva, S. Morozov, and A. Anshits, "The sources of carcinogenic PAH emission in aluminium production using Soderberg cells," NATO Science Series IV: Earth and Environmental Sciences, vol. 65 Advances in the Geological Storage of Carbon Dioxide. Part I, pp. 57-65 (2006).
74. S. Labana, M. Kapur, D. Malik, D. Prakash, and R. Jain, "Diversity, biodegradation and bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons," in Environmental Bioremediation Technologies, pp. 409-443 (2007).
75. P. Lagustafson, C. Östman, and G. Sallsten, "Indoor levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in homes with or without wood burning for heating," Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 5074-5080 (2008).
76. A. Li, "PAHs in Comets: An Overview," ESO Astrophysics Symposia Deep Impact as a World Observatory Event: Synergies in Space, Time, and Wavelength, 161-175 (2009).
77. H. Li, Y. M. Luo, J. Song, L. H. Wu, P. Christie, "Degradation of benzo(a)pyrene in An experimentally contaminated paddy soil by vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides)," Environ. Geochem. Health 28, 183-188 (2006).
78. D. Lin, L. Zhu, W. He, and Y. Tu, "Tea plant uptake and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water and around air," J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 3658-3662 (2006).
79. G. Liu, Z. Niu, D. Niekerk, J. Xue, L. Zheng, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from coal combustion: emissions, analysis and toxicology," Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol 192, 1-28 (2008).
80. O. L. Maioli, B. A. Knoppers, and D. A. Azevedo, "Sources, distribution and variability of hydrocarbons in total atmospheric suspended particulates of two Brazilian areas influenced by sugarcane burning," J. Atmos. Chem. 64, 159-178 (2009).
81. B. Maliszewska-Kordybach, "Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in freshly contaminated soils - the effect of soil physicochemical properties and aging," Water Air Soil Pollut. 168, 113-128 (2005).
82. B. Maliszewska-Kordybach, A. Klimkowicz-Pawlas, B. Smreczak, and T. Stuczynski, "Relationship between soil concentrations of pahs and their regional emission indices, Water Air Soil Pollut. 213, 319-330 (2010).
83. M. Mandalakis, O. Gustafsson, T. Alsberg, A. Ege- back, C. Reddy, L. Xu, J. Klanova, I. Holubek, E. Stephanou, "Contribution of biomass burning to atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at three European background sites," Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2976-2982 (2005).
84. L. Marynowski, A. C. Scott, M. Zaton, H. Parent, A. C. Garrido, "First multi-proxy record of Jurassic wildfires from Gondwana: evidence from the Middle Jurassic of the Neuquen Basin, Argentina," Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 299, 129-136 (2011).
85. P. Masclet, H. Cachier, C. Liousse, and H. Wortham, "Emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by savanna fires," J. Atmospher. Chemi. 22, 41-54 (1995).
86. A. Mastral, M. Callean, and T. Garcia, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organic matter associated to particulate matter emitted from atmospheric fluidized bed coal combustion," Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3177-3184 (1999).
87. E. Matzner, "Annual rates of deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different forest ecosystems," Water Air Soil Pollut. 21, 425-434 (1984).
88. C. McRae, C. G. Sun, C. McMillan, C. E. Snape, A. E. Fallick, "Sourcing of fossil fuel-derived PAH in the environment," Polycycl. Aromat. Compounds 20, 97-109 (2000).
89. P. Medeiros and B. Simoneit, "Source profiles of organic compounds emitted upon combustion of green vegetation from temperate climate forests," Environ. Sci. Technol. 42, 8310-8316 (2008).
90. R. Mohanraj and P. Azeez, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and their toxic potency in air," Resonance 8, 20-27 (2003).
91. J. Molto, R. Font, A. Galvez, M. Munoz, A. Pequenin, "Emissions of polychlorodibenzodioxin/furans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile compounds produced in the combustion of pine needles and cones," Energy Fuels 24, 1030-1036 (2010).
92. M. Nadal, J. Wargent, K. Jones, N. Paul, M. Schuh- macher, J. Domingo, "Influence of UV-B radiation and temperature on photodegradation of PAHs: preliminary results," J. Atmos. Chem. 55, 241-252 (2006).
93. D. Nakajima, S. Nagame, H. Kuramochi, K. Sugita, S. Kageyama, T. Shiozaki, T. Takemura, F. Shiraishi, S. Goto, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon generation behavior in the process of carbonization of wood," Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 79, 221-225 (2007).
94. A. Nemr, A. Khaled, A. El-Sikaily, T. Said, A. Abd-Allah, "Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in surface sediments of the Suez Gulf," Environ. Monitor. Assessment 118, 89-112 (2006).
95. T. Nussbaumer, "Combustion and co-combustion of biomass: fundamentals, technologies, and primary measures for emission reduction," Energy Fuels 17, 1510-1521 (2003).
96. N. Oahn, L. Reutergardh, and N. Dung, "Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and particulate matter from domestic combustion of selected fuels," Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 2703-2709 (1999).
97. S. Ouvrard, D. Lapole, and J. Morel, "Root exudates impact on phenanthrene availability," Water Air Soil Pollut. 6, 343-352 (2006).
98. C. Pies, Th. Ternes, and Th. Hofmann, "Identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils: distinguishing point and non-point sources using an extended PAH spectrum and N-alkanes," J. Soils Sediments 8, 312-322 (2008).
99. M. Radojevic, "Chemistry of forest fires and regional haze with emphasis on Southeast Asia," Pure Appl. Geophys 160, 157-187 (2003).
100. T. Ramdahl and G. Bechler, "Characterization of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives in emissions from wood and cereal straw combustion," Anal. Chim. Acta 144, 83-91 (1982).
101. N. Ratola, A. Alves, and E. Psillakis, "Biomonitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contamination in the island of Crete using pine needles," Water Air Soil Pollut. 215, 189-203 (2011).
102. L. Renzi and W. Peirong, "PAH in Fossil fuels and their geochemical significance," J. Southeast Asian Earth Sci. 5, 257-262 (1991).
103. B. P. Ressler, H. Kneifel, and J. Winter, "Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and formation of humic acid-like residues during bacterial PAH degradation," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 53, 85-91 (1999).
104. K. Sato, H. Li, Y. Tanaka, S. Ogawa, Y. Iwasaki, A. Takami, S. Hatakeyama, "Long-range transport of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at Cape Hedo remote island site in the East China Sea between 2005 and 2008," J. Atmos. Chem. 61, 243-257 (2008).
105. R. Scelza, M. Rao, and L. Gianfreda, "Properties of an aged phenanthrene-contaminated soil and its response to bioremediation processes," J. Soils Sediments 10, 545-555 (2010).
106. J. Schauer, M. Kleeman, G. Cass, and B. Simoneit, "Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources. 3. C1-C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood," Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 1716-1728 (2001).
107. G. S. Serkovskaya, "Carcinogenic properties of products from the processing of coal, wood and peat," Chem. Technol. Fuels Oils 35, 113-122 (1999).
108. M. Shimmo, K. Saarnio, P. Aalto, K. Hartonen, T. Hyotylainen, M. Kulmala, M. Riekkola, "Particle size distribution and gas-particle partition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Helsinki urban area," J. Atmos. Chem. 47, 223-241 (2004).
109. M. Simcik and J. Offenberg, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Great lakes," Hdb. Environ. Chem. 5, 307-353 (2006).
110. B. Simoneit, "A review of biomarker compounds as source indicators and tracers for air pollution," Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 6(3), 159-169 (1999).
111. S. Simonich and R. Hites, "Organic pollutant accumulation in vegetation," Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2905-2914 (1995).
112. S. Simonich and R. Hites, "Vegetation-atmosphere partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons," Environ. Sci. Technol. 28, 939-943 (1994).
113. A. Šisovic, A. Škrbec, V. Vadjic, N. Kalini, J. Hrsak, "PAH levels and profiles in the suspended particulate matter in Zagreb through four seasons," Environ. Monitor. Assessment, 74, 217-224 (2002).
114. K. Smith, G. Thomas, and K. Jones, "Seasonal and species differences in the air-pasture transfer of PAHs," Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2156-2165 (2001).
115. K. Srogi, "Monitoring of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review," Environ. Chem. Lett. 5, 169-195 (2007).
116. E. Teinemaa and U. Kirso, "Photochemical transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on solid particles," Polycycl. Aromat. Compounds 148, 275-284 (1999).
117. S. Thiele and G. W. Brummer, "Bioformation of polycyclic aromatic hydracarbons in soil under oxygen deficient conditions," Soil Biol. Biochem. 34, 733-735 (2002).
118. M. Trapido, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in estonian soil: contamination and profiles," Environ. Pollut. 105, 67-74 (1999).
119. A. Uhler and S. Emsbo-Mattingly, "Environmental stability of PAH source indices in pyrogenic tars," Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 76, 689-696 (2006).
120. A. Vergnoux, L. Malleret, L. Asia, P. Doumenq, F. Theraulaz, "Impact of forest fires on PAH level and distribution in soils," Environ. Res. 111, 193-198 (2011).
121. K. Wammer and C. Peters, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation rates: a structure-based study," Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2571-2578 (2005).
122. Z. Wang, M. Fingas, Y. Y. Shu, L. Sigouin, M. Laudri- ault, P. Lambert, R. Turpin, P. Campagna, J. Mullin, "Quantitative characterization of PAHs in burn residue and soot samples and differentiation of pyrogenic PAHs from petrogenic PAHs-the 1994 mobile burn study," Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3100-3109 (1999).
123. A. Watts, T. Ballestero, and K. Gardner, "Soil and atmospheric inputs to PAH concentrations in salt marsh plants," Water Air Soil Pollut. 189, 253-263 (2008).
124. W. Wilcke, "Polycyclic aromatic hydracarbons (PAHs) in soil-a review," J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci. 163, 229-248 (2000).
125. W. Wilcke, "Review. Global patterns of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil," Geoderma 141, 157-166 (2007).
126. W. Wilcke, W. Amelung, M. Krauss, C. Martius, A. Bandeira, M. Garcia, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) patterns in climatically different ecological zones of Brazil," Organ. Geochem. 34, 1405-1417 (2003).
127. W. Wilcke, S. Muller, N. Kanchanakool, C. Niamskul, W. Zech, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in hydromorphic soils of the tropical metropolis Bangkok," Geoderma, 297-309 (1999).
128. A. Yamazoe, O. Yagi, and H. Oyaizu, "Biotransformation of fluorene, diphenyl ether, dibenzo-p-dioxin and carbazole by Janibacter sp.," Biotechnol. Lett. 26, 479-486 (2004).
129. J. Yan, X. You, X. Li, M. Ni, X. Yin, K. Cen, "Performance of PAHs emission from bituminous coal combustion," J. Zhejiang Univ. 5, 1554-1564 (2004).
130. W. W. Youngblood and M. Blumer, "Soils and recent marine sediments contain a complex polycyclic aromatic," Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 39, 1303-1314 (1975).
131. H. B. Zhang, Y. M. Luo, M. H. Wong, Q. G. Zhao, G. L. Zhang, "Distributions and concentrations of PAHs in Hong Kong soils," Environ. Pollut. 141, 107-114 (2006).
132. X. L. Zhang, S. Tao, W. X. Liu, Y. Yang, Q. Zuo, S. Z. Liu, "Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on species ratios: a multimedia approach," Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 9109-9114 (2005).
133. Y. Zhang and S. Tao, "Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004," Atmos. Environ. 43, 812-819 (2009).
134. Y. Zhang, S. Tao, J. Cao, and R. Coveney, "Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in china by county," Environ. Sci. Technol. 41, 683-687 (2007).
135. Y. Zhang, Sh. Zhu, R. Xiao, J. Wang, F. Li, "Vertical transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in different particle-size fractions of sandy soils," Environ. Geol. 53, 1165-1172 (2008).
136. V. S. Zubkov, "Tendencies in the distribution and hypotheses of the genesis of condensed naphthides in magmatic rocks from various geodynamic environments," Geochem. Intern. 8, 741-757 (2009).