Environmental Influences on Human Migration in Rural Ecuador

Demography

Volumn 50, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 1217-1241

  Gray, Clark ^a   Bilsborrow, Richard ^b  

^a University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill   (United States)

^b IL   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate; Environment; Event history; Internal migration; International migration

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880086778     PISSN: 00703370     EISSN: 15337790     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13524-012-0192-y     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Allison, P. (1984). Event history analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
2. Angeles, G., Guilkey, D., & Mroz, T. (2005). The impact of community-level variables on individual-level outcomes: Theoretical results and applications. Sociological Methods and Research, 34, 76-121.
3. Barrett, C. (2008). Poverty traps and resource dynamics in smallholder agrarian systems. In R. Dellink & A. Ruijs (Eds.), Economics of poverty, environment and natural-resource use (pp. 17-40). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer.
4. Bates, D. (2002). Environmental refugees? Classifying human migrations caused by environmental change. Population and Environment, 23, 465-477.
5. Barbieri, A., Carr, D., & Bilsborrow, R. (2008). Migration within the frontier: The second generation colonization in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Population Research and Policy Review, 28, 291-320.
6. Biermann, F., & Boas, I. (2010). Preparing for a warmer world: Towards a global governance system to protect climate refugees. Global Environmental Politics, 10, 60-88.
7. Bilsborrow, R., Hugo, G., Oberai, A., & Zlotnik, H. (1997). International migration statistics: Guidelines for improving data collection systems. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.
8. Bilsborrow, R., McDevitt, T., Kossoudji, S., & Fuller, R. (1987). The impact of origin community characteristics on rural-urban out-migration in a developing country. Demography, 24, 191-210.
9. Bilsborrow, A., Oberai, S., & Standing, G. (1984). Migration surveys in low income countries: Guidelines for survey and questionnaire design. London, UK: Croom Helm.
10. Black, R., Bennett, S., Thomas, S., & Beddington, J. (2011). Climate change: Migration as adaptation. Nature, 478, 447-449.
11. Brown, M. (2008). Famine early warning systems and remote sensing data. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.
12. Dercon, S. (2002). Income risk, coping strategies, and safety nets. World Bank Research Observer, 17, 141-166.
13. Dillon, A., Mueller, V., & Salau, S. (2011). Migratory responses to agricultural risk in northern Nigeria. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 93, 1048-1061.
14. Ellis, F. (2000). Rural livelihoods and diversity in developing countries. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
15. Findley, S. (1994). Does drought increase migration? A study of migration from rural Mali during the 1983-1985 drought. International Migration Review, 28, 539-553.
16. François, G. (2011). Why the numbers don't add up: A review of estimates and predictions of people displaced by environmental changes. Global Environmental Change, 21, S41-S49.
17. Fussell, E., Sastry, N., & VanLandingham, M. (2010). Race, socioeconomic status, and return migration to New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. Population and Environment, 31(1-3), 20-42.
18. Glasner, T., & van der Vaart, W. (2009). Applications of calendar instruments in social surveys: A review. Quality and Quantity, 43, 333-349.
19. Gray, C. (2009a). Environment, land and rural out-migration in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. World Development, 37, 457-468.
20. Gray, C. (2009b). Rural out-migration and smallholder agriculture in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Population and Environment, 30, 193-217.
21. Gray, C. (2010). Gender, natural capital and migration in the southern Ecuadorian Andes. Environment and Planning A, 42, 678-696.
22. Gray, C. (2011). Soil quality and human migration in Kenya and Uganda. Global Environmental Change, 21, 421-430.
23. Gray, C., & Mueller, V. (2012a). Drought and population mobility in rural Ethiopia. World Development, 40, 134-145.
24. Gray, C., & Mueller, V. (2012b). Natural disasters and population mobility in Bangladesh. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109, 6000-6005.
25. Groen, J., & Polivka, A. (2010). Going home after Hurricane Katrina: Determinants of return migration and changes in affected areas. Demography, 47, 821-844.
26. Gutmann, M., Deane, G., Lauster, N., & Peri, A. (2005). Two population-environment regimes in the Great Plains of the United States, 1930-1990. Population and Environment, 27, 191-225.
27. Halliday, T. (2006). Migration, risk, and liquidity constraints in El Salvador. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 54, 893-925.
28. Henry, S., Schoumaker, B., & Beauchemin, C. (2004). The impact of rainfall on the first out-migration: A multi-level event-history analysis in Burkina Faso. Population and Environment, 25, 423-460.
29. Hijmans, R., Cameron, S., Parra, J., Jones, P., & Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25, 1965-1978.
30. Hugo, G. (1996). Environmental concerns and international migration. International Migration Review, 30, 105-131.
31. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report (Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Geneva, Switzerland: IPCC. Retrieved from http://www. ipcc. ch.
32. Johnson, R., & DaVanzo, J. (1998). Economic and cultural influences on the decision to leave home in Peninsular Malaysia. Demography, 35, 97-114.
33. Jokisch, B. (2007, February). Ecuador: Diversity in migration. Migration Information Source. Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www. migrationinformation. org/Profiles/display. cfm?ID=575.
34. Jokisch, B., & Pribilsky, J. (2002). The panic to leave: Economic crisis and the "new emigration" from Ecuador. International Migration Review, 40, 75-101.
35. Kazianga, H., & Udry, C. (2006). Consumption smoothing? Livestock, insurance, and drought in rural Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Economics, 79, 413-446.
36. Kniveton, D., Schmidt-Verkerk, K., Smith, C., & Black, R. (2008). Climate change and migration: Improving methodologies to estimate flows. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration.
37. Kolenikov, S., & Angeles, G. (2009). Socioeconomic status measurement with discrete proxy variables: Is principal component analysis a reliable answer? Review of Income and Wealth, 55, 128-165.
38. Laczko, F., & Aghazarm, C. (2009). Migration, environment and climate change: Assessing the evidence. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration.
39. Leyk, S., Maclaurin, G., Hunter, L., Nawrotzki, R., Twine, W., Collinson, M., & Erasmus, B. (2012). Spatially and temporally varying associations between temporary outmigration and natural resource availability in resource-dependent rural communities in South Africa: A modeling framework. Applied Geography, 34, 559-568.
40. Liu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S., Alberti, M., Folke, C., Moran, E., Taylor, W. (2007). Complexity of coupled human and natural systems. Science, 317, 1513-1516.
41. Massey, D., Axinn, W., & Ghimire, D. (2010). Environmental change and out-migration: Evidence from Nepal. Population and Environment, 32(2-3), 109-136.
42. Massey, D., & Espinosa, K. (1997). What's driving Mexico-U. S. migration? A theoretical, empirical, and policy review. American Journal of Sociology, 102, 939-999.
43. Massey, D., & Zenteno, R. (2000). A validation of the ethnosurvey: The case of Mexico-U. S. migration. International Migration Review, 34, 766-793.
44. Munshi, K. (2003). Networks in the modern economy: Mexican migrants in the U. S. labor market. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, 549-599.
45. Myers, N. (1997). Environmental refugees. Population and Environment, 19, 167-182.
46. Rosenzweig, M., & Stark, O. (1989). Consumption smoothing, migration, and marriage: Evidence from rural India. Journal of Political Economy, 97, 905-926.
47. Sanchez, P. (2002). Soil fertility and hunger in Africa. Science, 295, 2019-2020.
48. Smith, J., & Thomas, D. (2003). Remembrances of things past: Test-retest reliability of retrospective migration histories. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, 166, 23-49.
49. Smith, S., & McCarty, C. (1996). Demographic effects of natural disasters: A case study of Hurricane Andrew. Demography, 33, 265-275.
50. Smith, S., & McCarty, C. (2009). Fleeing the storm(s): An examination of evacuation behavior during Florida's 2004 hurricane season. Demography, 46, 127-145.
51. Souris, M. (2006). Ecuador 30m DEM. Marseille, France: L'Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. Retrieved from http://www. rsgis. ait. ac. th/~souris/ecuador. htm.
52. Stark, O., & Bloom, D. (1985). The new economics of labor migration. American Economic Review, 75, 173-178.
53. Stern, N. (2007). The economics of climate change: The Stern review. New York: Cambridge University Press.
54. Warner, K., Ehrhart, C., de Sherbinin, A., Adamo, S., & Chai-Onn, T. (2009). In search of shelter: Mapping the effects of climate change on human migration and displacement (Report). Retrieved from http://www. ciesin. columbia. edu/documents/clim-migr-report-june09_final. pdf.
55. World Bank. (2004). Ecuador poverty assessment (Report No. 27061-EC). Retrieved from http://documents. worldbank. org/curated/en/2004/04/4261530/ecuador-poverty-assessment.