Musculoskeletal system

Clinical Nuclear Medicine

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 241-262

  Gnanasegaran, G ^a   Cook, G ^b   Fogelman, I ^a  

^a GUY'S AND ST THOMAS' NHS FOUNDATION TRUST   (United Kingdom)

^b ROYAL MARSDEN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84880063954     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-28026-2_10     Document Type: Chapter

References (128)

1. Aburano T, Yokoyama K, Taki J, Nakajima K, Tonami N,Hisada K (1990) Tc-99m MDP bone imaging in inflammatory enthesopathy. Clin Nucl Med 15:105-106
2. Aliabadi P, Tumeh SS,Weissman BN,McNeil BJ (1989) Cemented total hip prosthesis: Radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation. Radiology 173:203-206
3. Batson O (1942) The role of the vertebral veins in metastastic processes. Ann Intern Med 16:38-45
4. Baxter AD, Coakley FV, Finlay DB,West C (1995) The aetiology of solitary hot spots in the ribs on planar bone scans. Nucl Med Commun 16:834-837
5. Bellah RD, Summerville DA, Treves ST, et al. (1991) Low back pain in adolescent athletes: Detection of stress injury to the pars interarticularis with SPECT. Radiology 180:509-512
6. Bitran JD, Bekerman C, Desser RK (1980) The predictive value of serial bone scans in assessing response to chemotherapy in advanced breast cancer. Cancer 45:1562-1568
7. Bitran JD, Beckerman C, Pinsky S (1981) Sequential scintigraphic staging of small cell carcinoma. Cancer 47:1971-1975
8. Blau M, Nagler W, Bender MA (1962) Fluorine-18: A new isotope for bone scanning. J Nucl Med 3:332-4
9. Blau M, Ganatra R, Bender MA (1972) 18F-fluoride for bone imaging. Semin Nucl Med 2:31-7
10. Boden BP, Osbahr DC (2000) High-risk stress fractures: Evaluation and treatment. J AmAcad Orthop Surg 8:344-353
11. Bodner RJ, Heyman S, Drummond DS, Gregg JR (1988) The use of SPECT in the diagnosis of low back pain in young patients. Spine 13:1155-1160
12. Bredella MA, Steinbach L, Caputo G, Segall G, Hawkins R (2005) Value of FDG PET in the assessment of patients with multiple myeloma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184:1199-204
13. Bury T, Barreto A, Daenen F, Barthelemy N, Ghaye B, Rigo P (1998) Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 25:1244-1247
14. Bushnell DL, Kahn D, Huston B, Bevering CG (1995) Utility of SPECT imaging for determination of vertebral metastases in patients with known primary tumors. Skeletal Radiol 24: 13-16
15. Caner B, Kitapcl M, Unlu M, Erbengi G, Calikoglu T, Gogus T, Bekdik C (1992) Technetium-99m-MIBI uptake in benign andmalignant bone lesions: A comparative study with technetium-99m-MDP. J Nucl Med 33:319-324
16. Chiewitz P, Hevesy G (1935) Radioactive indicators in the study of phosphorus metabolism in rats. Nature 136:754-5
17. Coakley FV, Jones AR, Finlay DB, Belton IP (1995) The aetiology and distinguishing features of solitary spinal hot spots on planar bone scans. Clin Radiol 50:327-330
18. Coleman RE, Rubens RD (1987) The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer 55:61-66
19. Coleman RE, Rubens RD, Fogelman I (1988a) A reappraisal of the baseline bone scan in breast cancer. J Nucl Med 29: 1045-1049
20. Coleman RE,Mashiter G, Whitaker KB,Moss DW, Rubens RD, Fogelman I (1988b). Bone scan flare predicts successful systemic therapy for bone metastases. J Nucl Med 29:1354-1359
21. Collier BD, Carerra GF, Johnson RP, Isitman AT, Hellman RS, Knobel J, FingerWA, Gonyo JE,Malloy PJ (1985a) Detection of femoral head avascular necrosis in adults by SPECT. J Nucl Med 26:979-987
22. Collier BD, Johnson RP, Carrera GF, Isitman AT, Veluvolu P, Knobel J, Hellman RS, Barthelemy CR (1985b) Chronic knee pain assessed by SPECT: Comparison with other modalities. Radiology 157:795-802
23. Collier BD, Johnson RP, Carrera GF,Meyer GA, Schwab JP, Flatley TJ, Isitman AT, Hellman RS, Zielonka JS, Knobel J (1985) Painful spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis studies by radiography and SPECT. Radiology 154:207-211
24. Cook GJR, Fogelman I (1996) Lateral collateral ligament tear of the knee: Appearances on bone scintigraphy with SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med 23:720-722
25. Cook GJR, Fogelman I (2000) The role of positron emission tomography in the management of bone metastases. Cancer 88:2927-2933
26. Cook GJR, Fogelman I (2001) The role of positron emission tomography in skeletal disease. Semin Nucl Med 31:50-61
27. Cook GJR, Ryan PJ, Clarke SEM, Fogelman I (1996) Anterior cruciate ligament tear: Findings on SPECT bone scintigraphy of the knee. J Nucl Med 37:1353-1356
28. Cook GJ, Houston S, Rubens R,Maisey MN, Fogelman I (1998) Detection of bone metastases in breast cancer by 18FDG PET: Differing metabolic activity in osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions. J Clin Oncol 16:3375-3379
29. Cook GJR, Hannaford E, Lee M, Clarke SEM, Fogelman I (2002) The value of bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of osteoporotic patients with back pain. Scand J Rheumatol 31:245-248
30. Davis MA, Jones AL (1976) Comparison of 99mTc-labeled phosphate and phosphonate agents for skeletal imaging. Semin Nucl Med 6:19-31
31. Dearnaley DP (1994) Cancer of the prostate. Br Med J 308: 780-4
32. Desmet AA, Dalinka MK, Alazraki N, Berquist TH, Daffner RH, el-Khoury GY, Goergen TG, Keats TE, Manaster BJ, NewbergA, PavlovH, HaralsonRH3rd,McCabe JB, Sartoris D (2000) Diagnostic imaging of avascular necrosis of the hip. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Radiology 215:247-254
33. Dolan AL, Ryan PJ, Arden NK, Stratton R,Wedley JR, Hamann W, Fogelman I, Gibson T (1996) The value of SPECT scans in identifying back pain likely to benefit from facet joint injection. Br J Rheumatol 35:1269-1273
34. Drubach LA, Connolly LP, D'Hemecourt PA, Treves ST (2001) Assessment of the clinical significance of asymptomatic lower extremity uptake abnormality in young athletes. J Nucl Med 42:209-12
35. Durie BG, Waxman AD, D'Agnolo A, Williams CM (2002) Whole-body (18)F-FDG PET identifies high-risk myeloma. J Nucl Med 43:1457-1463
36. Dutton JA,Hughes SP, PetersAM(2000) SPECT in themanagement of patients with back pain and spondylolysis. Clin Nucl Med 25:93-96
37. Elgazzar AH,Malki AA, Abdel-Dayem HM, Sahweil A, Razzak S, Jahan S, El-Sayed M,Omar YT (1989) Role of thallium-201 in the diagnosis of solitary bone lesions. NuclMed Commun 10:477-485
38. Even-Sapir E,Metser U, Flusser G (2004) Assessment ofmalignant skeletal disease: Initial experience with 18F-fluoride PET/CT and comparison between 18F-fluoride PET and 18F-fluoride PET/CT. J Nucl Med 45:272-8
39. Fawcett HD, McDougall IR (1980) Bone scan in extraskeletal neuroblastoma with hot primary and cold skeletal metastases. Clin Nucl Med 5:49-50
40. Fleming WH, McIraith JD, King ER (1961) Photoscanning of bone lesions utilising strontium-85. Radiology 77:635-636
41. Fogelman I (1982) Diphosphonate bone scanning agents-current concepts. Eur J Nucl Med 7:506-509
42. Fogelman I, Carr D (1980a) A comparison of bone scanning and radiology in the evaluation of patients with metabolic bone disease. Clin Radiol 31:321-326
43. Fogelman I, Carr D (1980b) A comparison of bone scanning and radiology in the assessment of patients with symptomatic Paget's disease. Eur J Nucl Med 5:417-421
44. Fogelman I, McKillop JH (1991) The bone scan in metastatic disease. In: Rubens RD, Fogelman I (eds) Bone metastases: Diagnosis and treatment. Springer-Verlag, London, pp 31-35
45. Fogelman I, McKillop JH, Bessent RG, Boyle IT, Turner JG, GreigWR (1978) The role of bone scanning in osteomalacia. J Nucl Med 19:245-248
46. Fogelman I, Cook G, Israel O, Van der Wall H (2005) Positron emission tomography and bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med 35:135-42
47. Galasko CSB (1986) Incidence and distribution of skeletal metastases. In: Galasko CSB (ed) Skeletal metastases. Butterworth, London, pp 14-21
48. Galasko CSB,Weber DA (1984) Avascular necrosis. In: Galasko CSB, Weber DA (eds) Radionuclide scintigraphy in orthopaedics. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 200-209
49. Gates GF, McDonald RJ (1999) Bone SPECT of the back after lumbar surgery. Clin Nucl Med 24:395-403
50. Gayed I, Vu T, Johnson M, Macapinlac H, Podoloff D (2003) Comparison of bone and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of bony metastases in lung cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 5:26-31
51. Goldsmith DP, Vivino FB, Eichenfield AH, Athreya BH, Heyman S (1989) Nuclear imaging and clinical features of childhood reflex neurovascular dystrophy: Comparison with adults. Arthritis Rheum 32(4):480-5
52. Gordon I, Peters AM, Gutman A, Morony S, Dicks-Mireaux C, Pritchard J (1990) Skeletal assessment in neuroblastoma-the pitfalls of iodine-123-MIBG scans. J Nucl Med 31:129-134
53. Gravenstein S, Peltz MA, Poreis W (1979) How ominous is an abnormal scan in bronchogenic carcinoma. JAMA 241: 2523-2524
54. Han LJ, Au-Yong TK, Tong WC, Chu KS, Szeto LT, Wong CP (1998) Comparison of bone SPECT and planar imaging in the detection of vertebral metastases in patients with back pain. Eur J Nucl Med 25:635-638
55. Hanly JG, Mitchell MJ, Barnes DC, MacMillan L (1994) Early recognition of sacroiliitis by MRI and SPECT. J Rheumatol 21:2088-2095
56. Hardoff R, Gips S, Uri N, Front A, Tamir A (1994) Semiquantitative skull planar and SPECT bone scintigraphy in diabetic patients: Differentiation of necrotizing (malignant) external otitis from severe external otitis. J Nucl Med 35:411-415
57. Hofmann AA,Wyatt RWB, Daniels AU, Armstrong L, Alazraki N, Taylor A Jr (1990) Bone scan after total knee arthroplasty in asymptomatic patients. Clin Orthop 251:183-188
58. Holder LE, Michael RH (1984) The specific scintigraphic pattern of 'shin splints in the lower leg': Concise communication. J Nucl Med 25:865-869
59. Holder LE, Machin JL, Asdourian PL, et al. (1995) Planar and high resolution SPECT bone imaging in the diagnosis of facet syndrome. J Nucl Med 36:37-44
60. Howman-Giles R, GildayDL, Ash JM(1979) Radionuclide skeletal survey in neuroblastoma. Radiology 131:497-502
61. Intenzo CM, Wapner KL, Park CH, Kim SM (1991) Evaluation of plantar fasciitis by three-phase bone scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 16:325-328
62. Kim EE, Bledin AG, Gutierrez C, Haynie TP (1983) Comparison of radionuclide images and radiographs for skeletal metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Oncology 40:284-286
63. Kim KY, Lee SH,Moon DH, Nah HY (1993) The diagnostic value of triple head SPECT in avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Int Orthop 17:132-138
64. Kosuda S, Kaji T, Yokoyama H, Yokokawa T, KatayamaM, Iriye T, Uematsu M, Kusano S (1996) Does bone SPECT actually have lower sensitivity for detecting vertebral metastases than MRI? J Nucl Med 37:975-978
65. Kraznow AZ, Collier BD, Kneeland JB, Carrera GF, Ryan DE, GingrassD, Sewall S,HellmanRS, IsitmanAT, FronciszW, et al. (1987) Comparison of high resolution MRI and SPECT bone scintigraphy for non-invasive imaging of the temporomandibular joint. J Nucl Med 28:1268-1274
66. Lam AS, Kettle AG, O'Doherty MJ, Coakley AJ, Barrington SF, Blower PJ (1997) Pentavalent 99Tcm-DMSA imaging in patientswith bone metastases. NuclMedCommun 18:907-914
67. LeeN, Fawaaz R, Olsson CA, BensonMC, BensonMC, Petrylak DP, Schiff PB, Bagiella E, Singh A, Ennis RD (2000) Which patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer need a radionuclide bone scan? An analysis based on 631 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:1443-6
68. LevensonRM, Sauerbrunn FJL, IhdeDC,BunnPA, CohenMH, Minna JD (1981) Small cell lung cancer: Radionuclide bone scans for assessment of tumour extent and response. AJR 137:31-35
69. LevitskyKA, HozackWJ, BalderstonRA, Rothman RH,Gluckman SJ, Maslack MM, Booth RE, Jr (1991) Evaluation of the painful prosthetic joint: Relative value of bone scan, sedimentation rate, and joint aspiration. J Arthroplasty 6:237-244
70. Lewis P, Griffin S, Marsden P, Gee T,Nunan T,MalseyM,Dussek J (1994) Whole body 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in preoperative evaluation of lung cancer. Lancet I:1265-1266
71. Lonneux M, Borbath II, Berliere M, Kirkove C, Pauwels S (2000) The place of whole-body PET FDG for the diagnosis of distant recurrence of breast cancer. Clin Positron Imaging 3:45-49
72. Love C, Tomas MB,Marwin SE, Pugliese PV, Palestro CJ (2001) Role of nuclear medicine in diagnosis of the infected joint replacement. Radiographics 21:1229-1238
73. Love C, Din AS, Tomas MB, Kalapparambath TP, Palestro CJ (2003) Radionuclide bone imaging: An illustrative review. Radiographics 23:341-358
74. Lusins JO, Danielski EF, Goldsmith SJ (1989) Bone SPECT in patients with persistent back pain after lumbar spine surgery. J Nucl Med 30:490-496
75. Mari C, Catafau A, Carrio I (1999) Bone scintigraphy and metabolic bone disease. Semin Nucl Med 27:291-305
76. McBryde AM, Jr (1985) Stress fractures in athletes. Clin Sports Med 4:737-752
77. McKillop JH (1987) Bone scanning in metastatic disease. In: Fogelman I (ed) Bone scanning in clinical practice. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 41-60
78. McKillop JH, Blumgart LH, Wood CB, Fogelman I, Furnival CM, Greig WR, Citrin DL (1978) The prognostic and therapeutic implications of the positive radionuclide bone scan in clinically early breast cancer. Br J Surg 65:649-652
79. Moog F, Kotzerke J, Reske SN (1999) FDG PET can replace bone scintigraphy in primary staging of malignant lymphoma. J Nucl Med 40:1407-1413
80. MorrisMJ, Akhurst T,Osman I, Nunez R,MacapinlacH, Siedlecki K, Verbel D, Schwartz L, Larson SM, Scher HI (2002) Fluorinated deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in progressive metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 59:913-918
81. Mountford PJ, Coakley AJ (1989) Role of technetium-99m phosphonate bone and indium-111 leukocyte scanning for detecting the infected hip prosthesis. J Nucl Med 30:562-563
82. Murray IPC (1998a) Bone scintigraphy in trauma. In: Murray IPC, Ell PJ (eds) Nuclear medicine in clinical diagnosis and treatment, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 1241-1267
83. Murray IPC (1998b) Vascular manifestations. In: Murray IPC, Ell PJ (eds) Nuclear medicine in clinical diagnosis and treatment, 2nd edn. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 1223-1240
84. Murray IPC, Dixon J, Kohan L (1990) SPECT for acute knee pain. Clin Nucl Med 15:828-840
85. Narayan P (1995) Neoplasms of the prostate gland. In: Tanagho EA,McAninch JW(eds) Smith's general urology, 14 edn. Appleton and Lange, Norwalk, p 392
86. OhtaM, Tokuda Y, Suzuki Y, Kubota M,Makuuchi H, Tajima T, Nasu S, Suzuki Y, Yasuda S, Shohtsu A (2001) Whole body PET for the evaluation of bony metastases in patients with breast cancer: Comparison with 99Tcm-MDP bone scintigraphy. Nucl Med Commun 22:875-879
87. O'Sullivan JM, Cook GJ (2002) A review of the efficacy of bone scanning in prostate and breast cancer. Q J Nucl Med 46:152-9
88. Oswald SG, Van Nostrand D, Savory CG, Anderson JH, Callaghan JJ (1989) Three-phase bone scan and indium white cell scintigraphy following porous coated hip arthroplasty: A prospective study of the prosthetic tip. J Nucl Med 30: 1321-1331
89. Oswald SG, Van Nostrand D, Savory CG, Anderson JH, Callaghan JJ (1990) The acetabulum: A prospective study of threephase bone and indium white blood cell scintigraphy following porous-coated hip arthroplasty. J Nucl Med 31: 274-280
90. Palestro CJ (1994) Musculoskeletal infection. In: Freeman LM (ed) Nuclear medicine annual. Raven Press, New York, pp 91-119
91. Palestro CJ, Torres MA (1997) Radionuclide imaging in orthopedic infections. Semin Nucl Med 27:334-345
92. PalestroCJ, KimCK, SwyerAJ, Capozzi JD, SolomonRW, Goldsmith SJ (1990) Total-hip arthroplasty: Periprosthetic indium-111-labelled leukocyte activity and complementary technetium-99-m sulfur colloid imaging in suspected infection. J Nucl Med 31:1950-1955
93. Palestro CJ, Swyer AJ, Kim CK, Goldsmith SJ (1991) Infected knee prostheses: Diagnosis with In-111 leukocyte, Tc-99m sulfur colloid, and Tc-99m MDP imaging. Radiology 179:645-648
94. Peters AM (1994) The utility of 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocytes for imaging infection. Semin Nucl Med 2:110-127
95. Podrasky AER, Stark DD, Hattner RS, Gooding GA, Moss AA (1983) Radionuclide bone scanning in neuroblastoma: Skeletal metastases and primary tumour localisation of 99m-Tc MDP. AJR 141:469-472
96. Read MT (1994) SPECT scanning for adolescent back pain. A sine qua non? Br J Sports Med 28:56-57
97. Roland J, van denWeygaert D, Krug B, Brans B, Scalliet P, Vandevivere J (1995)Metastases seen on SPECT imaging despite a normal planar bone scan. Clin Nucl Med 20:1052-1054
98. Rosenthal L, Lepanto L, Raymond F (1987) Radiophosphate uptake in asymptomatic knee arthroplasty. J Nucl Med 28: 1546-1549
99. Rupani HD, Holder LE, Espinola DA, Engin SI (1985) Threephase radionuclide bone imaging in sports medicine. Radiology 156:187-196
100. Ryan PJ, Fogelman I (1997) Bone scintigraphy in metabolic bone disease. Semin Nucl Med 27:291-305
101. Ryan PJ, Evans P, Gibson T, Fogelman I (1992a) Osteoporosis and chronic back pain: A study with SPECT bone scintigraphy. J Bone Miner Res 7:1455-1460
102. Ryan PJ, Evans PA, Gibson T, Fogelman I (1992b) Chronic low back pain: Comparison of bone SPECT with radiography and CT. Radiology 182:849-854
103. Ryan PJ, Gibson T, Fogelman I (1992c) The identification of spinal pathology in chronic low back pain using SPECT. Nucl Med Commun 13:497-502
104. Ryan PJ, Taylor M, Grevitt M, et al. (1993) Bone single-photon emission tomography in recent meniscal tears: An assessment of diagnostic criteria. Eur J Nucl Med 20:703-707
105. Schirrmeister H, Guhlmann A, Elsner K, Kotzerke J, Glatting G, Rentschler M, Neumaier B, Trager H, Nussle K, Reske SN (1999a) Sensitivity in detecting osseous lesions depends on anatomic localization: Planar bone scintigraphy versus 18F PET. J Nucl Med 40:1623-1629
106. Schirrmeister H, Guhlnamm A, Kotzerke J, Santjohanser C, Kuhn T, Kreienberg R,Messer P, Nussle K, Elsner K, Glatting G, Trager H, Neumaier B, Diederichs C, Reske SN (1999b) Early detection and accurate description of extent of metastatic bone disease in breast cancer with fluoride ion and positron emission tomography. J Clin Oncol 17:2381-2389
107. SchirrmeisterH, GlattingG, Hetzel J,Nussle K, Arslandemir C, Buck AK, Dziuk K, Gabelmann A, Reske SN,HetzelM(2001) Prospective evaluation of clinical value of planar bone scan, SPECT and 18F-labeled NaF PET in newly diagnosed lung cancer. J Nucl Med 42:1800-1804
108. Schirrmeister H, Bommer M, Buck AK, Muller S, Messer P, Bunjes D, Dohner H, Bergmann L, Reske SN (2002) Initial results in the assessment of multiple myeloma using 18FFDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29:361-366
109. Seabold JE, Nepola JV (1999) Imaging techniques for evaluation of postoperative orthopedic infections. Q J Nucl Med 43(1):21-8
110. Sedonja I, Budihna NV (1999) The benefit of SPECT when added to planar scintigraphy in patients with bone metastases in the spine. Clin Nucl Med 24:407-413
111. Shreve PD, Grossman HB, GrossMD,Wahl RL (1996)Metastatic prostate cancer: Initial findings of PET with 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose. Radiology 199:751-756
112. Siddiqui AR, Kopecky KK,Wellman HN, Park HM, Braunstein EM, Brandt KD, Klatte EC, Capello WN, Leapman SB, Filo RS (1993) Prospective study of MRI and SPECT bone scans in renal allograft recipients: Evidence for self-limited subclinical abnormality of the hips. J Nucl Med 34:381-386
113. Slizofski WJ, Collier BD, Flately TJ, Carrera GF, Hellman RS, Isitman AT (1987) Painful pseudoarthrosis following lumbar spine fusion: Detection by combined SPECT and planar bone scintigraphy. Skel Radiol 16:136-141
114. Strashun AM, Nejatheim M, Goldsmith SJ (1984) Malignant otitis externa; early scintigraphic detection. Radiology 150: 541-545
115. Stulberg BN, Levine M, Bauer TW, et al. (1989) Multimodality approach to osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Rel Res 240:181-193
116. Stumpe KDM, N özli HP, Zanetti M, Kamel EM, Hany TF, Gorres GW, von Schulthess GK, Hodler J (2004) FDG PET for differentiation of infection and aseptic loosening in total hip replacements: Comparison with conventional radiography and three-phase bone scintigraphy. Radiology 231:333-341
117. Subramanian G, McAfee JG (1971) A new complex of Tc-99m for skeletal imaging. Radiology 99:192-196
118. Subramanian G,McAfee JG, Bell EG, Belhobek GH, PflanzeW, Feiglin DH, Roth AI (1972) 99m Tc-labeled polyphosphate as a skeletal imaging agent. Radiology 102:701-4
119. Tofe AJ, Francis MD, Harvey WJ (1975) Correlation of neoplasms with incidence and localisation of skeletal metastases. An analysis of 1355 diphosphonate bone scans. J Nucl Med 16:986-989
120. Toni MG, Calderazzi A, Battolia L, De Gaudio C, Mita A (1992) SPECT in the study of pathology of the temporomandibular joint.The authors personal experience.RadiolMed 84:549-552
121. Tumeh SS, Beadle G, KaplanWD(1985) Clinical significance of solitary rib lesions in patients with extraskeletal malignancy. J Nucl Med 26:1140-1143
122. Turpin S, Taillefer R, Lambert R, Leveille J (1996) Cold' reflex sympathetic dystrophy in an adult. Clin Nucl Med 21:94-7
123. Utz JA, Lull RJ, Galvin EG (1986) Asymptomatic total hip prosthesis: Natural history determined using Tc-MDP bone scans. Radiology 161:509-512
124. Warburg O (1954) On the origin of cancer cells. Science 123: 306-314
125. Wilder RP, Sethi S (2004) Overuse injuries: Tendinopathies, stress fractures, compartment syndrome, and shin splints. Clin Sports Med 23:55-81
126. Williamson BR, McLaughlin RE, Wang GW, Miller CW, Teates CD, Bray ST (1979) Radionuclide bone imaging as a means of differentiating loosening and infection in patients with a painful total hip prosthesis. Radiology 133:723-725
127. Yamamoto T, Seino Y, Fukumoto H, Koh G, Yano H, Inagaki N, Yamada Y, Inoue K,Manabe T, Imura H (1990) Over-expression of facilitative glucose transporter genes in human cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 170:223-230
128. Zelefsky MJ, Leibel SA, Kutcher GJ, Kelson S, Ling CC, Fuks Z (1995) The feasibility of dose escalation with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with prostatic carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1:142