Confinement effects on polymer crystallization: From droplets to alumina nanopores

Polymer

Volumn 54, Issue 16, 2013, Pages 4059-4077

  Michell, Rose Mary ^a   Blaszczyk Lezak, Iwona ^b   Mijangos, Carmen ^b   Müller, Alejandro J ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD SIMÓN BOLÍVAR   (Venezuela)

^b INSTITUTO DE CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA DE POLÍMEROS   (Spain)

Author keywords

Confinement; First order crystallization kinetics; Surface nucleation

Indexed keywords

ALUMINA; ALUMINUM OXIDE; BLOCK COPOLYMERS; DROPS; KINETICS; NANOPORES; NUCLEATION; PLASMA CONFINEMENT; POLYMER BLENDS;

CONFINED CRYSTALLIZATION; FIRST ORDER; FRACTIONATED CRYSTALLIZATION; HETEROGENEOUS NUCLEATION; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; HOMOGENOUS NUCLEATION; POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION; SURFACE NUCLEATION;

CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS;

EID: 84880036621     PISSN: 00323861     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.05.029     Document Type: Review

References (188)

1. B. Wunderlich Macromolecular physics Crystal structure, morphology and defects vol. 1 1973 Academic Press New York
2. B. Wunderlich Macromolecular physics Crystal nucleation, growth, annealing vol. 2 1976 Academic Press New York
3. B. Wunderlich Macromolecular physics Crystal melting vol. 3 1980 Academic Press New York
4. L. Mandelkern Crystallization of polymers 2nd ed. Equilibrium concepts vol. 1 2002 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
5. L. Mandelkern Crystallization of polymers 2nd ed. Kinetics and mechanisms vol. 2 2004 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
6. J. Schultz Polymer crystallization: the development of crystalline order in thermoplastic polymers 2001 Oxford University Press and American Chemical Society New York
7. G.R. Strobl The physics of polymers: concepts for understanding their structures and behavior 3rd ed. 2007 Springer Berlin
8. G. Reiter, and G.R. Strobl Lecture notes in physics: progress in understanding of polymer crystallization vol. 714 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin
9. E. Piorkowska, and G.C. Rutledge Handbook of polymer crystallization 2013 Wiley New Jersey
10. H. Frensch, P. Harnischfeger, and B.J. Jungnickel Fractionated crystallization in incompatible polymer blends L.A. Utracky, R.A. Weiss, Multiphase polymers: blends and ionomers ACS Symposium Series 395 1989 American Chemical Society Washington 101 125
11. A.J. Müller, V. Balsamo, and M.L. Arnal Nucleation and crystallization in diblock and triblock copolymers Adv Polym Sci 190 2005 1 63
12. I.W. Hamley Crystallization in block copolymers Adv Polym Sci 148 1999 113 137
13. Y. Loo, and A. Register Crystallization within block copolymer Mesophases I.W. Hamley, Developments in block copolymer science and technology 2004 Wiley New York
14. R.V. Castillo, and A.J. Müller Crystallization and morphology of biodegradable or biostable single and double crystalline block copolymers Prog Polym Sci 34 2009 519 560
15. A.J. Müller, V. Balsamo, and M.L. Arnal Crystallization in block copolymers with more than one crystallizable block G. Reiter, G. Strobl, Lecture notes in physics: progress in understanding of polymer crystallization vol. 714 2007 Springer Berlin 229 259
16. A.J. Müller, M. Arnal, and A.T. Lorenzo Crystallization in nano-confined polymeric systems E. Piorkowska, G. Rutledge, Handbook of polymer crystallization 2013 Wiley New York
17. B. Nadan, J. Hsy, and H. Chen Crystallization behavior of crystalline-amorphous diblock copolymers consisting of a rubbery amorphous block Polym Rev 46 2 2006 143 172 (Pubitemid 44835491)
18. A. Van Riemsdyk Ann Chim Phys 20 5 1880 66
19. F. Price Nucleation in polymer crystallization A. Zettlemoyer, Nucleation 1969 Marcel Dekker New York
20. B. Vonnegut Variation with temperature of the nucleation rate of supercooled liquid tin and water drops J Colloid Sci 3 6 1948 563 569
21. D. Turnbull, and R. Cech Microscopic observation of the solidification of small metal droplets J Appl Phys 21 8 1950 804 810
22. G. Pound, and V. La Mer Kinetics of crystalline nucleus formation in supercooled liquid tin J Am Chem Soc 74 9 1952 2323 2332
23. D. Turnbull Kinetics of solidification of supercooled liquid mercury droplets J Chem Phys 20 3 1952 411 424
24. D. Turnbull, and R. Cormia Kinetics of crystal nucleation in some normal alkane liquids J Chem Phys 34 3 1961 820 831
25. R. Cormia, F. Price, and D. Turnbull Kinetics of crystal nucleation in polyethylene J Chem Phys 37 6 1962 1333 1340
26. J. Burns, and D. Turnbull Kinetics of crystal nucleation in molten isotactic polypropylene J Appl Phys 37 11 1966 4021 4026
27. J. Koutsky, A. Walton, and E. Baer Nucleation of polymer droplets J Appl Phys 38 4 1967 1832 1839
28. F. Gornick, G. Ross, and L. Frolen Crystal nucleation in polyethylene: the droplet experiment J Polym Sci Pol Sym 18 1 1967 79 91
29. M.V. Massa, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Homogeneous crystallization of Poly(Ethylene oxide) confined to droplets: the dependence of the crystal nucleation rate on length scale and temperature Phys Rev Lett 92 25 2004 255509
30. M.V. Massa, M.S.M. Lee, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Crystal nucleation of polymers confined to droplets: Memory effects J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 43 23 2005 3438 3443 (Pubitemid 43080540)
31. M.V. Massa, J.L. Carvalho, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Confinement effects in polymer crystal nucleation from the bulk to few-chain systems Phys Rev Lett 97 24 2006 247802
32. J.L. Carvalho, M.V. Massa, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Ellipsometry as a probe of crystallization kinetics in thin diblock copolymer films J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 44 24 2006 3448 3452 (Pubitemid 46052414)
33. J.L. Carvalho, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Homogeneous bulk, surface, and edge nucleation in crystalline nanodroplets Phys Rev Lett 105 2010 237801
34. J.L. Carvalho, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Surface nucleation in the crystallisation of polyethylene droplets Eur Phys J E 34 6 2011 1 6
35. M.V. Massa, J.L. Carvalho, and K. Dalnoki-Veress Direct visualisation of homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallisation in an ensemble of confined domains of poly(ethylene oxide) Eur Phys J 12 1 2003 111 117
36. M.L. Arnal, M.E. Matos, R.A. Morales, O.O. Santana, and A.J. Müller Evaluation of the fractionated crystallization of dispersed polyolefins in a polystyrene matrix Macromol Chem Phys 199 10 1998 2275 2288 (Pubitemid 128476466)
37. R.M. Michell, A.T. Lorenzo, A.J. Müller, M.C. Lin, I. Blaszczyk-Lezak, and J. Martín The crystallization of confined polymers and block copolymers infiltrated within alumina nanotube templates Macromolecules 45 3 2012 1517 1528
38. L. Kailas, C. Vasilev, J. Audinot, H. Migeon, and J. Hobbs A real-time study of homogeneous nucleation, growth, and phase transformations in nanodroplets of low molecular weight isotactic polypropylene using AFM Macromolecules 40 20 2007 7223 7230 (Pubitemid 47583069)
39. R. Montenegro, and K. Landfester Metastable and stable morphologies during crystallization of alkanes in miniemulsion droplets Langmuir 19 15 2003 5996 6003
40. O. Tongcher, R. Sigel, and K. Landfester Liquid crystal nanoparticles prepared as miniemulsions Langmuir 22 10 2006 4504 4511 (Pubitemid 43829124)
41. A. Taden, and K. Landfester Crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) confined in miniemulsion droplets Macromolecules 36 11 2003 4037 4041
42. J. Ibarretxe Uriguen, L. Bremer, V. Mathot, and G. Groeninckx Preparation of water-borne dispersions of polyolefins: new systems for the study of homogeneous nucleation of polymers Polymer 45 17 2004 5961 5968 (Pubitemid 38993469)
43. J. Ibarretxe Uriguen, L. Bremer, V. Mathot, and G. Groeninckx Preparation of water-borne dispersions of polyolefins: new systems for the study of homogeneous nucleation of polymers Polymer 45 17 2004 5961 5968 (Pubitemid 38993469)
44. C. Weber, A. Chiche, G. Krausch, S. Rosenfeldt, M. Ballauf, and L. Harnau Single lamella nanoparticles of polyethylene Nano Lett 7 7 2007 2024 2029 (Pubitemid 47197586)
45. Y. Jin, M. Rogunova, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, R. Nowacki, and A. Galeski Structure of polypropylene crystallized in confined nanolayers J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 42 18 2004 3380 3396
46. T. Bernal-Lara, R. Liu, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer Structure and thermal stability of polyethylene nanolayers Polymer 46 9 2005 3043 3055 (Pubitemid 40417867)
47. Y. Jin, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, R. Masirek, E. Piorkowska, and A. Galeski Formation and transformation of smectic polypropylene nanodroplets J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 44 13 2006 1795 1803 (Pubitemid 44531344)
48. Y. Jin, A. Hiltnet, and E. Baer Fractionated crystallization of polypropylene droplets produced by nanolayer breakup J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 45 10 2007 1138 1151 (Pubitemid 46826139)
49. Y. Jin, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer Effect of a sorbitol nucleating agent on fractionated crystallization of polypropylene droplets J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 45 14 2007 1788 1797 (Pubitemid 47169814)
50. Y. Jin, A. Hiltner, and E. Baer Effect of an organic dicarboxylic acid salt on fractionated crystallization of polypropylene droplets J Appl Polym Sci 105 6 2007 3260 3273 (Pubitemid 47229037)
51. T. Bernal-Lara, R. Masirek, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, E. Piorkowska, and A. Galeski Morphology studies of multilayered HDPE/PS systems J Appl Polym Sci 99 2 2006 597 612 (Pubitemid 43266649)
52. I. Puente Orench, N. Stribeck, F. Ania, E. Baer, A. Hiltner, and F. Baltá Calleja SAXS study on the crystallization of PET under physical confinement in PET/PC multilayered films Polymer 50 12 2009 2680 2687
53. H. Wang, J. Keum, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, B. Freeman, and A. Rozanski Confined crystallization of polyethylene oxide in nanolayer assemblies Science 323 5915 2009 757 760
54. V. Pethe, H. Wang, A. Hiltner, E. Baer, and B. Freeman Oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability of EAA/PEO blends and microlayers J Appl Polym Sci 110 3 2008 1411 1419
55. Y. Ma, W. Hu, and G. Reiter Lamellar crystal orientations biased by crystallization kinetics in polymer thin films Macromolecules 39 15 2006 5159 5164 (Pubitemid 44186668)
56. F.J. Padden, and H.D. Keith Crystallization in thin films of isotactic polypropylene J Appl Phys 37 1966 4013 4021
57. K. Cho, D. Kim, and S. Yoon Effect of substrate surface energy on transcrystalline growth and its effect on interfacial adhesion of semicrystalline polymers Macromolecules 36 20 2003 7652 7660
58. O.K. Muratoglu, A.S. Argon, and R.E. Cohen Crystalline morphology of polyamide-6 near planar surfaces Polymer 36 11 1995 2143 2152
59. R. Pearce, and G.J. Vancso Imaging of melting and crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) in real-time by hot-stage atomic force microscopy Macromolecules 30 19 1997 5843 5848 (Pubitemid 127592229)
60. M. Tsuji, L.F.A. Novillo, M. Fujita, S. Murakami, and S. Kohjiya Morphology of melt-crystallized poly(ethylene 2,6-naphthalate) thin films studied by transmission electron microscopy J Mater Res 14 1 1999 251 258
61. M. Durell, J.E. Macdonald, D. Trolley, A. Wehrum, P.C. Jukes, and R.A.L. Jones The role of surface-induced ordering in the crystallisation of PET films Europhys Lett 58 2002 844 850
62. C. Basire, and D.A. Ivanov Evolution of the lamellar structure during crystallization of a semicrystalline-amorphous polymer blend: time-resolved hot-stage SPM study Phys Rev Lett 85 26 2000 5587 5590 (Pubitemid 32090271)
63. A.J. Lovinger, and H.D. Keith Electron diffraction investigation of a high-temperature form of poly(vinylidene fluoride) Macromolecules 12 5 1979 919 924
64. A.J. Kovacs, and C. Straupe Isothermal growth, thickening and melting of poly(ethylene oxide) single crystals in the bulk. Part 4. Dependence of pathological crystal habits on temperature and thermal history Faraday Discuss 68 0 1979 225 238
65. H. Schonherr, and C.W. Frank Ultrathin films of poly(ethylene oxides) on oxidized silicon. 1. Spectroscopic characterization of film structure and crystallization kinetics Macromolecules 36 4 2003 1188 1198
66. H. Abe, Y. Kikkawa, T. Iwata, H. Aoki, T. Akehata, and Y. Doi Microscopic visualization on crystalline morphologies of thin films for poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyric acid] and its copolymer Polymer 41 3 2000 867 874
67. G. Reiter, and J. Sommer Crystallization of adsorbed polymer monolayers Phys Rev Lett 80 17 1998 3771 3774 (Pubitemid 128629841)
68. G. Reiter, and J. Sommer Polymer crystallization in quasi-two dimensions. I. Experimental results J Chem Phys 112 9 2000 4376 4384
69. J. Sommer, and G. Reiter Polymer crystallization in quasi-two dimensions. Ii. Kinetic models and computer simulations J Chem Phys 112 9 2000 4384 4394
70. F. Zhang, J. Liu, H. Huang, B. Du, and T. He Branched crystal morphology of linear polyethylene crystallized in a two-dimensional diffusion-controlled growth field Eur Phys J E 8 3 2002 289 297 (Pubitemid 36185007)
71. Y. Sakai, M. Imai, K. Kaji, and M. Tsuji Tip-splitting crystal growth observed in crystallization from thin films of poly(ethylene terephthalate) J Cryst Growth 203 1-2 1999 244 254
72. D.R. Paul, and C. Bucknall Polymer blends, formulation and performance vol. 1 and 2 2000 John Wiley and Sons New York
73. O. Santana, and A. Müller Homogeneous nucleation of the dispersed crystallisable component of immiscible polymer blends Polym Bull 32 4 1994 471 477
74. R.A. Morales, M.L. Arnal, and A.J. Müller The evaluation of the state of dispersion in immiscible blends where the minor phase exhibits fractionated crystallization Polym Bull 35 3 1995 379 386
75. A.C. Manaure, R.A. Morales, J.J. Sánchez, and A.J. Müller Rheological and calorimetric evidences of the fractionated crystallization of iPP dispersed in ethylene/α-olefin copolymers J App Polym Sci 66 13 1997 2481 2493 (Pubitemid 127603224)
76. M.L. Arnal, A.J. Müller, P. Maiti, and M. Hikosaka Nucleation and crystallization of isotactic poly(propylene) droplets in an immiscible polystyrene matrix Macromol Chem Phys 201 17 2000 2493 2504
77. R. Tol, V. Mathot, and G. Groeninckx Confined crystallization phenomena in immiscible polymer blends with dispersed micro-and nanometer sized PA6 droplets Part 4: polymorphous structure and (meta)-stability of PA6 crystals formed in different temperature regions Polymer 46 9 2005 2966 2977 (Pubitemid 40417860)
78. R. Tol, V. Mathot, and G. Groeninckx Confined crystallization phenomena in immiscible polymer blends with dispersed micro- and nanometer sized PA6 droplets, Part 3: crystallization kinetics and crystallinity of micro- and nanometer sized PA6 droplets crystallizing at high supercoolings Polymer 46 9 2005 2955 2965 (Pubitemid 40417859)
79. C. Yordanov, and L. Minkova Fractionated crystallization of compatibilized LDPE/PA6 blends Eur Polym J 41 3 2005 527 534 (Pubitemid 40114560)
80. B. Fillon, J.C. Wittman, B. Lotz, and A. Thierry Self-nucleation and recrystallization of isotactic polypropylene (α phase) investigated by differential scanning calorimetry J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 31 10 1993 1383 1393 (Pubitemid 23708034)
81. A.J. Müller, and M.L. Arnal Thermal fractionation of polymers Prog Polym Sci 30 5 2005 559 603 (Pubitemid 40643779)
82. R. Tol, V. Mathot, and G. Groeninckx Confined crystallization phenomena in immiscible polymer blends with dispersed micro - and nanometer sized PA6 droplets, part 1: uncompatibilized PS/PA6, (PPE/PS)/PA6 and PPE/PA6 blends Polymer 46 2 2005 369 382 (Pubitemid 40022503)
83. R. Tol, V. Mathot, and G. Groeninckx Confined crystallization phenomena in immiscible polymer blends with dispersed micro- and nanometer sized PA6 droplets, Part 2: reactively compatibilized PS/PA6 and (PPE/PS)/PA6 blends Polymer 46 2 2005 383 396 (Pubitemid 40022504)
84. M.L. Arnal, and A.J. Müller Fractionated crystallisation of polyethylene and ethylene/α-olefin copolymers dispersed in immiscible polystyrene matrices Macrom Chem Phys 200 11 1999 2559 2576 (Pubitemid 129696384)
85. A. Manaure, and A.J. Müller Nucleation and crystallization of blends of poly(propylene) and ethylene/α-olefin copolymers Macrom Chem Phys 201 9 2000 958 972
86. Y. He, Z. Weihua, and Y. Inoue Nanoscale-confined and fractional crystallization of poly(ethylene oxide) in the interlamellar region of poly(butylene succinate) Macromolecules 37 9 2004 3337 3345
87. M.E. Córdova, A.T. Lorenzo, A.J. Müller, L. Gani, S. Tencé-Girault, and L. Leibler The influence of blend morphology (co-continuous or sub-micrometer droplets dispersions) on the nucleation and crystallization kinetics of double crystalline polyethylene/polyamide blends prepared by reactive extrusion Macromol Chem Phys 212 13 2011 1335 1350
88. H.L. Chen, J.C. Wu, T.L. Lin, and J.S. Lin Crystallization kinetics in microphase-separated poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(1,4-butadiene) Macromolecules 34 20 2001 6936 6944 (Pubitemid 34217037)
89. A. Boschetti-de-Fierro, A.T. Lorenzo, A.J. Müller, H. Schmalz, and V. Abetz Crystallization kinetics of PEO and PE in different triblock terpolymers: effect of microdomain geometry and confinement Macromol Chem Physic 209 5 2008 476 487
90. Y.L. Loo, R.A. Register, and A.J. Ryan Polymer crystallization in 25-nm spheres Phys Rev Lett 84 18 2000 4120 4123
91. V. Abetz Block copolymers Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering 2001 John Wiley & Sons New York
92. V. Abetz Assemblies in complex block copolymer systems Supramolecular polymers 2000 Marcel Dekker Inc New York
93. I. Hamley The physics of block copolymers 1998 Oxford University Press London
94. A.J. Müller, M.L. Arnal, M. Trujillo, and A.T. Lorenzo Super-nucleation in nanocomposites and confinement effects on the crystallizable components within block copolymers, Miktoarm star copolymers and nanocomposites Eur Polym J 47 4 2011 614 629
95. S. Nojima, Y. Ohguma, S. Namiki, T. Ishizone, and K. Yamaguchi Crystallization of homopolymers confined in spherical or cylindrical nanodomains Macromolecules 41 6 2008 1915 1918 (Pubitemid 351489798)
96. R.V. Castillo, M.L. Arnal, A.J. Müller, I.W. Hamley, V. Castelletto, and H. Schmalz Fractionated crystallization and fractionated melting of confined PEO microdomains in PB-b-PEO and PE-b-PEO diblock copolymers Macromolecules 41 3 2008 879 889 (Pubitemid 351294502)
97. A. Röttele, T. Thurn-Albrecht, J.U. Sommer, and G. Reiter Thermodynamics of formation, reorganization, and melting of confined nanometer-sized polymer crystals Macromolecules 36 4 2003 1257 1260
98. Y.Y. Huang, H.L. Chen, H.C. Li, T.L. Lin, and J.S. Lin Coalescence of crystalline microdomains driven by postannealing in a block copolymer blend Macromolecules 36 2 2003 282 285
99. Y. Huang, C. Yang, H. Chen, F. Chiu, T. Lin, and W. Liou Crystallization-induced microdomain coalescence in sphere-forming crystalline-amorphous diblock copolymer systems: neat diblock versus the corresponding blends Macromolecules 37 2 2004 486 493
100. A.J. Müller, V. Balsamo, M.L. Arnal, T. Jakob, H. Schmalz, and V. Abetz Homogeneous nucleation and fractionated crystallization in block copolymers Macromolecules 35 8 2002 3048 3058 (Pubitemid 34586532)
101. C.H. Molinuevo, G.A. Mendez, and A.J. Müller Nucleation and crystallization of PET droplets dispersed in an amorphous PC matrix J Appl Polym Sci 70 9 1998 1725 1735 (Pubitemid 128590001)
102. M.L. Arnal, V. Balsamo, F. López-Carrasquero, J. Contreras, M. Carrillo, and H. Schmalz Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene-b- poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) block copolymers Macromolecules 34 23 2001 7973 7982 (Pubitemid 33080531)
103. R.M. Michell, A.J. Müller, G. Deshayes, and P. Dubois Effect of sequence distribution on the isothermal crystallization kinetics and successive self-nucleation and annealing (SSA) behavior of poly(ε-caprolactone-co- ε-caprolactam) copolymers Eur Polym J 46 6 2010 1334 1344
104. Z. Li, R. Liu, B. Mai, W. Wang, Q. Wu, and G. Liang Temperature-induced and crystallization-driven self-assembly of polyethylene-b-poly(ethylene oxide) in solution Polymer 54 6 2013 1663 1670
105. L. Yin, and M. Hillmyer Disklike Micelles in water from polyethylene-containing diblock copolymers Macromolecules 44 8 2011 3021 3028
106. F. Qi, G. Guerin, G. Cambridge, W. Xu, I. Manners, and M. Winnik Influence of solvent polarity on the self-assembly of the crystalline-coil diblock copolymer polyferrocenylsilane-b-polyisoprene Macromolecules 44 15 2011 6136 6144
107. J. Gilroy, T. Gadt, G. Whittell, L. Chabanne, J. Mitchels, and R. Richardson Monodisperse cylindrical micelles by crystallization-driven living self-assembly Nat Chem 2 7 2010 566 570
108. M. Lazzari, and M. Lopez-Quintela Micellization Phenomena in semicrystalline block copolymers: reflexive and critical views on the formation of cylindrical micelles Macromol Rapid Commun 30 21 2009 1785 1791
109. L. Gao, K. Zhang, and Y.M. Chen Functionalization of shaped polymeric nanoobjects via bulk co-self-assembling gelable block copolymers with silane coupling agents Polymer 52 17 2011 3681 3686
110. Z. Shi, H. Lu, Z. Chen, R. Cheng, and D. Chen Rational design, syntheses, characterization and solution behavior of amphiphilic azobenzene-containing linear-dendritic block copolymers Polymer 53 2 2012 359 369
111. M. She, and R. Ho Formation of conductive polyaniline nanoarrays from block copolymer template via electroplating Polymer 53 13 2012 2628 2632
112. N. Petzetakis, D. Walker, A. Dove, and R. O'Reilly Crystallization-driven sphere-to-rod transition of poly(lactide)-b-poly(acrylic acid) diblock copolymers: mechanism and kinetics Soft Matter 8 28 2012 7408 7414
113. Z. Li, R. Ono, Z. Wu, and C. Bielawski Synthesis and self-assembly of poly(hexylthiophene)-block-poly(acrylic acid) Chem Commun 47 1 2011 197 199
114. S. Qin, H. Li, W. Yuan, and Y. Zhang Hierarchical self-assembly of fluorine-containing diblock copolymer: from onion-like nanospheres to superstructured microspheres Polymer 52 4 2011 1191 1196
115. Q. Bian, Y. Xiao, and M. Lang Thermoresponsive biotinylated star amphiphilic block copolymer: synthesis, self-assembly, and specific target recognition Polymer 53 8 2012 1684 1693
116. 2 treatment Polymer 51 16 2010 3808 3813
117. J. Fu, B. Luan, X. Yu, Y. Cong, J. Li, and C. Pan Self-assembly of crystalline-coil diblock copolymer in solvents with varying selectivity: from spinodal-like aggregates to spheres, cylinders, and lamellae Macromolecules 37 3 2004 976 986
118. Y. Chen, F. Zhang, X. Xie, and J. Yuan Effects of micelle structures formed in selective solvents on crystallization behaviors of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(styrene) copolymers Polymer 48 8 2007 2755 2761 (Pubitemid 46560772)
119. C. Yu, Y. Chuang, and S. Tung Self-assembly of polystyrene-b-poly(4- vinylpyridine) in deoxycholic acid melt Polymer 52 18 2011 3994 4000
120. F. Yi, R. Yu, S. Zheng, and X. Li Nanostructured thermosets from epoxy and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl acrylate)-block-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer: demixing of reactive blocks and thermomechanical properties Polymer 52 24 2011 5669 5680
121. A. Mihut, A. Chiche, M. Drechsler, H. Schmalz, E. Di Cola, and G. Krausch Crystallization-induced switching of the morphology of poly(ethylene oxide)-block-polybutadiene micelles Soft Matter 5 1 2009 208 213
122. A. Mihut, M. Drechsler, M. Moller, and M. Ballauff Sphere-to-rod transition of micelles formed by the semicrystalline polybutadiene-block- poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer in a selective solvent Macromol Rapid Commun 31 5 2010 449 453
123. Z. Du, J. Xu, and Z. Fan Regulation of micellar morphology of PCL-b-PEO block copolymers by crystallization temperature Macromol Rapid Commun 29 6 2008 467 471
124. J. Zheng, H. Xiong, W. Chen, K. Lee, R. Horn, and R. Quirk Onsets of tethered chain overcrowding and highly stretched brush regime via crystalline-amorphous diblock copolymers Macromolecules 39 2 2006 641 650 (Pubitemid 43168249)
125. N. Petzetakis, A. Dove, and R. Reilly Cylindrical micelles from the living crystallization-driven self-assembly of poly(lactide)-containing block copolymers Chem Sci 2 5 2011 955 960
126. Y. Zhao, X. Shi, H. Gao, L. Zhang, F. Zhu, and Q. Wu Thermo- and pH-sensitive polyethylene-based diblock and triblock copolymers: synthesis and self-assembly in aqueous solution J Mater Chem 22 12 2012 5737 5745
127. H. Schmalz, J. Schmelz, M. Drechsler, J. Yuan, A. Walther, and K. Schweimer Thermo-reversible formation of wormlike micelles with a microphase-separated corona from a semicrystalline triblock terpolymer Macromolecules 41 9 2008 3235 3242 (Pubitemid 351757683)
128. J. Schmelz, M. Karg, T. Hellweg, and H. Schmalz General pathway toward crystalline-core micelles with tunable morphology and corona segregation ACS Nano 5 12 2012 9523 9534
129. J. Massey, K. Temple, L. Cao, Y. Rharbi, J. Raez, and M. Winnik Self-assembly of organometallic block copolymers: the role of crystallinity of the core-forming polyferrocene block in the micellar morphologies formed by poly(ferrocenylsilane-b-dimethylsiloxane) in n-alkane solvents J Am Chem Soc 122 47 2000 11577 11584
130. J. Raez, I. Manners, and M. Winnik Fiberlike structures from the self-assembly of a highly asymmetric poly(ferrocenyldimethylsilane-b- dimethylsiloxane) in dilute solution Langmuir 18 19 2002 7229 7239 (Pubitemid 35383222)
131. G. Guerin, J. Raez, I. Manners, and M. Winnik Light scattering study of rigid, rodlike organometallic block copolymer micelles in dilute solution Macromolecules 38 18 2005 7819 7827 (Pubitemid 41335708)
132. J. Raez, I. Manners, and M. Winnik Nanotubes from the self-assembly of asymmetric crystalline-coil poly(ferrocenylsilane-siloxane) block copolymers J Am Chem Soc 124 35 2002 10381 10395 (Pubitemid 34977392)
133. A.M. Mihut, J.J. Crassous, H. Schmalz, and M. Ballauff Crystallization-induced aggregation of block copolymer micelles: influence of crystallization kinetics on morphology Colloid Polym Sci 288 5 2010 573 578
134. A. Mihut, J. Crassous, H. Schmalz, M. Drechsler, and M. Ballauff Self-assembly of crystalline-coil diblock copolymers in solution: experimental phase map Soft Matter 8 11 2012 3163 3173
135. X. Wang, H. Wang, D. Frankowski, P. Lam, P. Welch, and M. Winnik Growth and crystallization of metal-containing block copolymer nanotubes in a selective solvent Adv Mater 19 17 2007 2279 2285 (Pubitemid 47409292)
136. J. Wang, J. Horton, G. Liu, S. Lee, and K. Shea Polymethylene-block- poly(dimethyl siloxane)-block-polymethylene nanoaggregates in toluene at room temperature Polymer 48 14 2007 4123 4129 (Pubitemid 46935235)
137. E. Lin, and A. Gast Semicrystalline diblock copolymer platelets in dilute solution Macromolecules 29 12 1996 4432 4441
138. D. Richter, D. Schneiders, M. Monkenbusch, L. Willner, L. Fetters, and J. Huang Polymer aggregates with crystalline cores: the system polyethylene-poly(ethylenepropylene) Macromolecules 30 4 1997 1053 1068 (Pubitemid 127567713)
139. A. Ramzi, M. Prager, D. Richter, V. Efstratiadis, N. Hadjichristidis, and R. Young Influence of polymer architecture on the formation of micelles of miktoarm star copolymers polyethylene/poly(ethylenepropylene) in the selective solvent decane Macromolecules 30 23 1997 7171 7182 (Pubitemid 127567592)
140. A. Radulescu, R. Mathers, G. Coates, D. Richter, and L. Fetters A SANS study of the self-assembly in solution of syndiotactic polypropylene homopolymers, syndiotactic polypropylene-block-poly(ethylene-co-propylene) diblock copolymers, and an alternating atactic-isotactic multisegment polypropylene Macromolecules 37 18 2004 6962 6971
141. Z. Li, R. Liu, B. Mai, S. Feng, Q. Wu, and G. Liang Synthesis and self-assembly of isotactic polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene glycol) Polym Chem 4 4 2013 954 960
142. C.N. Rochette, S. Rosenfeldt, K. Henzler, F. Polzer, M. Ballauff, and Q. Tong Annealing of single lamella nanoparticles of polyethylene Macromolecules 44 12 2011 4845 4851
143. G. Reiter, G. Castelein, J.U. Somm, A. Röttele, and T. Thurn-Albrecht Direct visualization of random crystallization and melting in arrays of nanometer-size polymer crystals Phys Rev Lett 87 22 2001 226101
144. R. Tol, A. Minakov, S. Adamovsky, V. Mathot, and C. Schick Metastability of polymer crystallites formed at low temperature studied by ultra fast calorimetry: polyamide 6 confined in sub-micrometer droplets vs. bulk PA6 Polymer 47 6 2006 2172 2178 (Pubitemid 43344394)
145. J. Martín, J. Maiz, J. Sacristan, and C. Mijangos Tailored polymer-based nanorods and nanotubes by "template synthesis": from preparation to applications Polymer 53 6 2012 1149 1166
146. A.T. Lorenzo, M.L. Arnal, J. Albuerne, and A.J. Müller DSC isothermal polymer crystallization kinetics measurements and the use of the avrami equation to fit the data: guidelines to avoid common problems Polym Test 26 2 2007 222 231 (Pubitemid 46198918)
147. V. Balsamo, N. Urdaneta, L. Pérez, P. Carrizales, V. Abetz, and A.J. Müller Effect of the polyethylene confinement and topology on its crystallization within semicrystalline ABC triblock copolymers Eur Polym J 40 6 2004 1033
148. M. Galante, L. Mandelkern, R. Alamo, A. Lehtinen, and R. Paukkeri Crystallization kinetics of metallocene type polypropylenes J Therm Anal 47 4 1996 913 929
149. H. Masuda, and K. Fukuda Ordered metal nanohole arrays made by a two-step replication of honeycomb structures of anodic alumina Science 268 5216 1995 1466 1468
150. M. Steinhart Supramolecular organization of polymeric materials in nanoporous hard templates Adv Polym Sci 220 2008 123 187
151. C.R. Martin Nanomaterials - a membrane-based synthetic approach Science 266 5193 1994 1961 1966
152. C.R. Martin Template synthesis of electronically conductive polymer nanostructures Acc Chem Res 28 2 1995 61 68
153. J. Martín, and C. Mijangos Tailored polymer-based nanofibers and nanotubes by means of different infiltration methods into alumina nanopores Langmuir 25 2 2009 1181 1187
154. M. Steinhart, J. Wendorff, A. Greiner, R. Wherspohn, K. Nielsch, and J. Schilling Polymer nanotubes by wetting of ordered porous templates Science 296 2002 1997 (Pubitemid 34627515)
155. M. Zhang, P. Dobriyal, J.-T. Chen, T. Russell, J. Olmo, and A. Merry Wetting transition in cylindrical alumina nanopores with polymer melts Nano Lett 6 5 2006 1075 1079 (Pubitemid 43836631)
156. H. Duran, M. Steinhart, B. Hans-Jürgen, and G. Floudas From heterogeneous to homogeneous nucleation of isotactic Poly(propylene) confined to nanopotous alumina Nano Lett 11 4 2011 1671 1675
157. K. Shin, E. Woo, Y.G. Jeong, C. Kim, J. Huh, and K.-W. Kim Crystalline structures, melting, and crystallization of linear polyethylene in cylindrical nanopores Macromolecules 40 18 2007 6617 6623 (Pubitemid 47474018)
158. M.-C. Garcia-Gutiérrez, A. Linares, J.J. Hernández, D.R. Rueda, T.A. Ezquerra, and P. Poza Confinement-induced one-dimensional ferroelectric polymer arrays Nano Lett 10 4 2010 1472 1476
159. W. Hui, W. Wei, Y. Huang, C. Wang, and Z. Su Polymorphic behavior of syndiotactic polystyrene crystallized in cylindrical nanopores Macromolecules 41 20 2008 7755 7758
160. J.L. Lutkenhaus, K. McEnnis, A. Serghei, and T.P. Russell Confinement effects on crystallization and curie transitions of poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) Macromolecules 43 8 2010 3844 3850
161. M. Steinhart, P.G. Haissam, M. Prabhukaran, and U. Gösele Coherent kinetic control over crystal orientation in macroscopic ensembles of polymer nanorods an nanotubes Phys Rev Lett 97 2006 027801
162. M. Steinhart, S. Senz, R.B. Wehrspohn, U. Gösele, and J.H. Wendorff Curvature-directed crystallization of poly(vinylidene difluoride) in nanotube walls Macromolecules 36 10 2003 3646 3651
163. E. Woo, J. Huh, Y.G. Jeong, and K. Shin From homogeneous to heterogeneous nucleation of chain molecules under nanoscopic cylindrical confinement Phys Res Lett 98 13 2007 136103
164. H. Wu, W. Wang, Y. Huang, and Z. Su Orientation of syndiotactic polystyrene crystallized in cylindrical nanopores Macromol Rapid Commun 30 3 2009 194 198
165. H. Wu, W. Wang, H. Yang, and Z. Su Crystallization and orientation of syndiotactic polystyrene in nanorods Macromolecules 40 12 2007 4244 4249 (Pubitemid 47012580)
166. H. Wu, Z. Su, and A. Takahara Isotactic polystyrene nanorods with gradient crystallite states Soft Matter 8 11 2012 3180 3184
167. Y. Suzuki, H. Duran, M. Steinhart, H.J. Butt, and G. Floudas Homogeneous crystallization and local dynamics of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) confined to nanoporous alumina Soft Matter 9 9 2013 2621 2628
168. J. Maiz, H. Schäfer, G.T. Rengarajan, B. Hartmann-Azanza, H. Eickmeier, and M. Haase How gold nanoparticles influence crystallization of polyethylene in rigid cylindrical nanopores Macromolecules 46 2 2013 403 412
169. K. Shin, H. Xiang, S.I. Moon, T. Kim, T.J. McCarthy, and T.P. Russell Curving and frustrating Flatland Science 306 2004 76 (Pubitemid 39451939)
170. J. Maiz, J. Martin, and C. Mijangos Confinement effects on the
171. D.J. Quiram, R.A. Register, and G.R. Marchand Crystallization of asymmetric diblock copolymers from microphase-separated melts Macromolecules 30 16 1997 4551 4558 (Pubitemid 127569579)
172. D.J. Quiram, R.A. Register, G.R. Marchand, and D.H. Adamson Chain orientation in block copolymers exhibiting cylindrically confined crystallization Macromolecules 31 15 1998 4891 4898 (Pubitemid 128565505)
173. P. Huang, Y. Guo, R.P. Quirk, J. Ruan, B. Lotz, and E.L. Thomas Comparison of poly(ethylene oxide) crystal orientations and crystallization behaviors in nano-confined cylinders constructed by a poly (ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene diblock copolymer and a blend of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene and polystyrene Polymer 47 15 2006 5457 5466 (Pubitemid 44041545)
174. Y.L. Loo, R.A. Register, and D.H. Adamson Polyethylene crystal orientation induced by block copolymer cylinders Macromolecules 33 22 2000 8361 8366 (Pubitemid 32031183)
175. P. Huang, L. Zhu, S.Z.D. Cheng, Q. Ge, R.P. Quirk, and E.L. Thomas Crystal orientation changes in two-dimensionally confined nanocylinders in a poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene/polystyrene blend Macromolecules 34 19 2001 6649 6657 (Pubitemid 34217096)
176. S. Nojima, Y. Ohguma, K. Kadena, T. Ishizone, Y. Iwasaki, and K. Yamaguchi Crystal orientation of poly(ε-caprolactone) homopolymers confined in cylindrical nanodomains Macromolecules 43 8 2010 3916 3923
177. Y. Guan, G. Liu, P. Gao, L. Li, G. Ding, and D. Wang Manipulating crystal orientation of poly(ethylene oxide) by nanopores ACS Macro Lett 2 3 2013 181 184
178. S. Xiong, Q. Wang, and H. Xia Preparation of polyaniline nanotubes array based on anodic aluminum oxide template Mater Res Bull 39 10 2004 1569 1580
179. M.C. Lin, B. Nandan, and H.L. Chen Mediating polymer crystal orientation using nanotemplates from block copolymer microdomains and anodic aluminium oxide nanochannels Soft Matter 8 28 2012 7306 7322
180. H. Wu, Z. Su, and A. Takahara Characterization of an isotactic polystyrene/poly(2,6-dimethylphenylene oxide) nanorod blend with gradient composition and crystallinity RSC Adv 2 23 2012 8707 8712
181. M. Li, H. Wu, Y. Huang, and Z. Su Effects of temperature and template surface on crystallization of syndiotactic polystyrene in cylindrical nanopores Macromolecules 45 12 2012 5196 5200
182. S. Oh, Y. Kim, Y.-Y. Choi, D. Kim, H. Choi, and K. No Fabrication of vertically well-aligned P(VDF-TrFE) nanorod arrays Adv Mater 24 42 2012 5708 5712
183. H. Xiang, K. Shin, T. Kim, S.I. Moon, T.J. McCarthy, and T.P. Russell From cylinders to helices upon confinement Macromolecules 38 4 2005 1055 1056 (Pubitemid 40308157)
184. P. Dobriyal, H. Xiang, M. Kazuy, and T.P. Russell Cylindrically confined diblock copolymers Macromolecules 42 22 2009 9082 9088
185. G.J.A. Sevink, A.V. Zvelindovsky, J.G.E. Fraaije, and H.P. Huinink Morphology of symmetric block copolymer in a cylindrical pore J Chem Phys 115 17 2001 8226 8230 (Pubitemid 33073726)
186. M. Avrami Granulation, phase change and microstructure kinetics of phase change III J Chem Phys 9 2 1941 177 184
187. N. McCrum, B. Read, and G. Williams Anelastic and dielectric effects in polymeric solids 1967 Dover Publications Inc New York
188. K. Yamamoto, K. Kato, Y. Sugino, S. Hara, Y. Miwa, and M. Sakaguchi Esr study on segmental motion of polyethylene in amorphous region, dependent on crystallinity, molecular weight, and labeled site Macromolecules 38 11 2005 4737 4743 (Pubitemid 40802770)