Body regard in nonsuicidal self-injury: Theoretical explanations and treatment directions

Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy

Volumn 26, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 331-347

  Muehlenkamp, Jennifer J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN EAU CLAIRE   (United States)

Author keywords

Body image; Body regard; Nonsuicidal self injury; Self harm; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; AUTOMUTILATION; AUTOREGULATION; AWARENESS; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BODY DISREGARD; BODY IMAGE; CHILD ABUSE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; COPING BEHAVIOR; DESENSITIZATION; EMOTIONAL STRESS; EMOTIONALITY; HUMAN; LIFE SATISFACTION; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL INSTABILITY; NONSUICIDAL SELF INJURY; ONSET AGE; PAIN THRESHOLD; PARENTAL BEHAVIOR; PHYSICAL ABUSE; PROBLEM SOLVING; SELF CONCEPT; SELF ESTEEM; SEXUAL ABUSE; SOCIAL LEARNING; SOCIAL PROBLEM; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

EID: 84879997896     PISSN: 08898391     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/0889-8391.26.4.331     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Andover, M. S., Pepper, C. M., & Gibb, B. E. (2007). Self-mutilation and coping strategies in a college sample. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 238-243.
2. Armey, M. F., Crowther, J. H., & Miller, I. W. (2011). Changes in ecological momentary assessment reported affect associated with episodes of nonsuicidal self-injury. Behavior Therapy, 42(4), 579-588.
3. Avalos, L., Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. (2005). The body appreciation scale: Development and psychometric evaluation. Body Image, 2, 285-297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim. 2005.06.002
4. Baetens, I., Claes, L., Muehlenkamp, J., Grietens, H., & Onghena, P. (2011). Non-suicidal and suicidal selfinjurious behavior among Flemish Adolescents: A web-survey. Archives of Suicide Research, 15, 56-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2011.540467
5. Baumeister, R. (1990). Suicide as escape from self. Psychological Review, 97(1), 90-113.
6. Bearman, S. K., Presnell, K., Martinez, E., & Stice, E. (2006). The skinny on body dissatisfaction: A longitudinal study of adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 229-241.
7. Blinde, E. M., Taub, D. E., & Han, L. (2001). Sport participation and women's personal empowerment: Experiences of collegiate athletes. In A. Yiannakis & M. J. Melnick (Eds.), Contemporary issues in sociology of sport (pp. 159-168). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
8. Brausch, A. M., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Body image and suicidal ideation in adolescents. Body Image, 4, 207-212.
9. Bureau, J. F., Martin, J., Freynet, N., Poirier, A. A., Lafontaine, M. F., & Cloutier, P. (2010). Perceived dimensions of parenting and non-suicidal self-injury in young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 484-494.
10. Calogero, R. M., Tantleff-Dunn, S., & Thompson, J. K. (2011). Self-objectification in women: Causes, consequences, and counteractions. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
11. Cash, T. F., & Pruzinsky, T. (Eds.). (2002). Body image: A handbook of theory, research, and clinical practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
12. Chapman, A. L., Gratz, K. L., & Brown, M. (2006). Solving the puzzle of deliberate self harm: The experiential avoidance model. Behavior Research & Therapy, 44, 371-394.
13. Claes, L., Houben, A., Vandereycken, W., Bijttebier, P., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2010). Brief report: The association between non-suicidal self-injury, self-concept and acquaintance with self-injurious peers in a sample of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 775-778.
14. Claes, L., Klonsky, D., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Kuppens, P., & Vandereycken, W. (2010). The affect-regulation function of non-suicidal self-injury in eating disordered patients: Which affect-states are regulated?. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51, 386-392.
15. Claes, L., Vandereycken, W., & Vertommen, H. (2003). Eating-disordered patients with and without selfinjurious behaviours: A comparison of psychopathological features. European Eating Disorder Review, 11, 79-96.
16. Crow, S., Eisenberg, M., Story, M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2008). Suicidal behavior in adolescents: Relationship to weight status, weight control behaviors, and body dissatisfaction. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 41, 82-87.
17. Daubenmier, J. (2005). The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self- objectification and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 207-219. http://dx.doi .org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x
18. Dohnt, H. D., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body image concerns in young girls: The role of peers and media prior to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 141-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007 /s10964-005-9020-7
19. Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York, NY: Norton.
20. Favaro, A., Ferrara, S., & Santonastaso, P. (2007). Self-injurious behavior in a community sample of young women: Relationship with childhood abuse and other types of self-damaging behaviors. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 68, 122-131.
21. Feil, J., & Hasking, P. (2008). The relationship between personality, coping strategies, and alcohol use. Addiction Research & Theory, 16(5), 526-537.
22. Frost, J., & McKelvie, S. (2004). Self-esteem and body satisfaction in male and female elementary school, high school, and university students. Sex Roles, 51, 45-54.
23. Glassman, L. H., Weierich, M. R., Hooley, J. M., Deliberto, T. L., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Child maltreatment, non-suicidal self-injury, and the mediating role of self-criticism. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 2483-2490.
24. Glenn, C. R., & Klonsky, E. D. (2010). The role of seeing blood in non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66(4), 466-473.
25. Grabe, S., & Hyde, J. S. (2009). Body objectification, MTV, and psychological outcomes among female adolescents. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 39, 2840-2858.
26. Gratz, K. (2007). Targeting emotion dysregulation in the treatment of self-injury. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63(11), 1091-1103.
27. Gratz, K. L., & Gunderson, J. G. (2006). Preliminary data on an acceptance-based emotion regulation group intervention for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behavior Therapy, 37, 25-35.
28. Gratz, K. L., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2011). Emotion regulation and body regard as mediators for non-suicidal self-injury. Manuscript in preparation.
29. Gratz, K. L., & Tull, M. T. (2011). Extending research on the utility of an adjunctive emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality pathology. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 2(4), 316-326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0022144
30. Grilo, C. M., & Masheb, R. M. (2001). Childhood psychological, physical, and sexual maltreatment in outpatients with binge eating disorder: Frequency and associations with gender, obesity, and eating related psychopathology. Obesity Research, 9, 320-325.
31. Harter, S. (2003). The development of self-representations during childhood and adolescence. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tagney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (pp. 610-642). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
32. Hasking, P. (2006). Reinforcement sensitivity, coping, disordered eating and drinking behaviour in adolescents. Personality & Individual Differences, 40(4), 677-688.
33. Hausenblas, H., & Downs, D. (2001). Comparison of body image between athletes and nonathletes: A metaanalytic review. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 13, 323-339.
34. Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
35. Heath, N., Ross, S., Toste, J., Charlebois, A., & Nedecheva, T. (2009). Retrospective analysis of social factors and nonsuicidal self-injury among young adults. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 41(3), 180-186.
36. Heilbron, N., & Prinstein, M. J. (2008). Peer influence and adolescent nonsuicidal self-injury: A theoretical review of mechanisms and moderators. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 169-177.
37. Hilt, L. M, Nock, M. K., Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., & Prinstein, M. J. (2008). Longitudinal study of nonsuicidal self-injury among young adolescents: Rates, correlates, and preliminary test of an interpersonal model. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 28(3), 455-469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431608316604
38. Hodgson, S. (2004). Cutting through the silence: A sociological construction of self-injury. Sociological Inquiry, 74, 162-179.
39. Hooley, J. M., Ho, D. T., Slater, J., & Lockshin, A. (2010). Pain perception and nonsuicidal self-injury: A laboratory investigation. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 1, 170-179.
40. Impett, E. A., Daubenmier, J. J., & Hirschman, A. L. (2006). Minding the body: Yoga, embodiment, and wellbeing. Sexuality Research & Social Policy, 3, 39-48.
41. Joiner, T. E. (2005). Why people die by suicide. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
42. Kerr, P. L., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Turner, J. (2010). Non-suicidal self-injury: A review of current research for family medicine and primary care physicians. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 23, 240-259.
43. Kim, D. S., & Kim, H. S. (2009). Body-image dissatisfaction as predictor of suicidal ideation among Korean boys and girls in a different stages of adolescence: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 47-54.
44. Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 226-239.
45. Klonsky, E. D. (2009). The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: Clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry Research, 166, 260-268.
46. Klonsky, E. D., & Glenn, C. (2008). Resisting urges to self-injury. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36(2), 211-220.
47. Klonsky, E. D., & Moyer, A. (2008). Childhood sexual abuse and non-suicidal self-injury: Meta-analysis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 166-170.
48. Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Non-suicidal self-injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 1045-1056.
49. Klonsky, E. D., Muehlenkamp, J. J., Lewis, S., & Walsh, B. W. (2011). Advances in psychotherapy: Nonsuicidal self-injury. Cambridge, MA: Hogrefe Press.
50. Laye-Gindhu, A., & Schonert-Reichl, K. A. (2005). Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the "whats" and "whys" of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 447-457.
51. Levine, M. P., & Smolak, L. (2006). The prevention of eating problems and eating disorders: Theory, research, and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
52. Lewis, S. P., Heath, N. L., St. Denis, J. M., & Noble, R. (2011). The scope of nonsuicidal self-injury on YouTube. Pediatrics, 127, e552-e557.
53. Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
54. Lloyd-Richardson, E. E., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2009). Functions of adolescent nonsuicidal selfinjury. In M. K. Nixon & N. L. Heath (Eds.), Self-injury in youth: The essential guide to assessment and intervention. New York, NY: Routledge Press.
55. Lloyd-Richardson, E., Perrine, N., Dierker, L., & Kelley, M. (2007). Characteristics and functions of nonsuicidal self-injury in a community sample of adolescents. Psychological Medicine, 37(8), 1183-1192.
56. Low, G., Jones, D., MacLeod, A., Power, M., & Duggan, C. (2000). Childhood trauma, dissociation and selfharming behavior: A pilot study. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73, 269-278.
57. Markey, C. N. (2010). Invited commentary: Why body image is important to adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1387-1391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-010-9510-0
58. McCabe, M. P., & Ricciardelli, L. A. (2003). Sociocultural influences on body image and body changes among adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Social Psychology, 143(1), 5-26.
59. McGilley, B. H. (2004). Feminist perspectives on self-harm behaviors and eating disorders. In J. Levitt, R. Sansone, & L. Cohn (Eds.), Self-harm behavior and eating disorders: Dynamics, assessment and treatment (pp. 75-92). New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge.
60. Menzel, J., & Levine, M. P. (2007, August). Female athletes and embodiment: Development and validation of the Athlete Body Experiences Questionnaire. Poster presented at the 115th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, San Francisco, CA.
61. Miller, A. L., Rathus, J. H., & Linehan, M. M. (2007). Dialectical behavior therapy with suicidal adolescents. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
62. Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2006). Empirically supported treatments and general therapy guidelines for non- suicidal self-injury. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 28, 166-185.
63. Muehlenkamp, J. J. (in press). Differentiating non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury.
64. Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Brausch, A. M. (2011). Body image as a mediator of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 35(1), 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2011.06.010
65. Muehlenkamp, J. J., Claes, L., Smits, D., Peat, C. M., & Vandereycken, W. (2011). Non-suicidal self-injury in eating disordered patients: A test of a conceptual model. Psychiatry Research, 188(1), 102-108.
66. Muehlenkamp, J. J., Engel, S. G., Crosby, R. D., Wonderlich, S. A., Simonich, H., & Mitchell, J. E. (2009). Emotional states preceding and following acts of non-suicidal self-injury in bulimia nervosa patients. Behavior Research and Therapy, 47, 83-87.
67. Muehlenkamp, J. J., Hoff, E. R., Licht, J. G., Azure, J. A., & Hasenzahl, S. J. (2008). Rates of non-suicidal selfinjury: A cross-sectional analysis of exposure. Current Psychology, 4, 234-241.
68. Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Kerr, P. K. (2010). Untangling the self-harm web: How non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts differ. The Prevention Researcher, 17, 8-10.
69. Muehlenkamp, J. J., Kerr, P. L., Bradley, A., & Adams-Larson, M. (2010). Abuse subtypes and non-suicidal self-injury: Preliminary evidence of complex emotion regulation patterns. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 258-263.
70. Muehlenkamp, J. J., Swanson, J. D., & Brausch, A. M. (2005). Self-objectification, risk taking, and self-harm in college women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 24-32.
71. Murray, C. D., Macdonald, S., & Fox, J. (2008). Body satisfaction, eating disorders, and suicide in an internet sample of self-harmers reporting and not reporting childhood sexual abuse. Psychology, Health, and Medicine, 13, 29-42.
72. Nelson, A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2012). Body objectification and attitudes in non-suicidal self-injury among male and female undergraduates. Archives of Suicide Research, 16(1), 1-12. http://dx.doi .org/10.1080/13811118.2012.640578
73. Newman, C. F. (2009). Cognitive therapy for nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
74. Nixon, M. K., & Heath, N. L. (2009). Self-injury in youth: The essential guide to assessment and intervention. New York, NY: Routledge.
75. Nock, M. (2008). Actions speak louder than words: An elaborated theoretical model of the social functions of self-injury and other harmful behaviors. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 12(4), 159-168.
76. Nock, M. K. (2009). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of selfinjury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 78-83.
77. Nock, M. K. (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339-363.
78. Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2008). Physiological arousal, distress tolerance, and social problem-solving deficits among adolescent self-injurers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 28-38.
79. Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. (2004). A functional approach to the assessment of self-mutilative behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 885-890.
80. Orbach, I. (1996). The role of the body experience in self-destruction. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 607-619.
81. Orbach, I. (2003). Suicide and the suicidal body. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 33, 1-8.
82. Orbach, I., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Sheffer, A., Meged, S., Har-Even, D., & Stein, D. (2006). Negative bodily self in suicide attempters. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 36, 136-153.
83. Orbach, I., & Mikulincer, M. (1998). The body investment scale: Construction and validation of a body experience scale. Psychological Assessment, 4, 415-425.
84. Orbach, I., Palgi, Y., Stein, D., Har-Even, D., Lotem-Peleg, M., & Asherov, J. (1996). Pain tolerance in suicidal subjects. Death Studies, 20, 227-240.
85. Orbach, I., Stein, D., Shani-Sela, M., & Har-Even, D. (2001). Body attitudes and body experiences in suicidal adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 237-249.
86. Osman, A., Gutierrez, P. M., Schweers, R., Fang, Q., Hoguin-Mills, R. L., & Cashin, M. (2010). Psychometric evaluation of the body investment scale for use with adolescents. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 66, 259-276.
87. Paivio, S. C., & McCulloch, C. R. (2004). Alexithymia as a mediator between childhood trauma and selfinjurious behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 339-354.
88. Paxton, S. J., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2006). Body dissatisfaction prospectively predicts depressive mood and low self-esteem in adolescent girls and boys. Journal of Clinical and Child Adolescent Psychology, 35, 539-549.
89. Preti, A., Incani, E., Camboni, M. V., Petretto, D. R., & Masala, C. (2006). Sexual abuse and eating disorder symptoms: The mediator role of bodily dissatisfaction. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 47, 475-481.
90. Prinstein, M. J., Heilbron, N., Guerry, J. D., Franklin, J. C., Rancourt, D., Simon, V., & Spirito, A. (2010). Peer influence and nonsuicidal self-injury: Longitudinal results in community and clinically-referred adolescent samples. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 669-682.
91. Probst, M., Vandereycken, W., Van Coppenolle, H., & Vanderlinden, J. (1995). The body attitude test for patients with an eating disorder: Psychometric characteristics of a new questionnaire. Eating Disorders, 3, 133-144.
92. Rodham, K., & Hawton, K. (2009). Epidemiology and phenomenology of nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment (pp. 37-62). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
93. Rodriguez-Cano, T., Beato-Fernandez, L., & Llario, A. B. (2006). Body dissatisfaction as a predictor of self- reported suicidal attempts in adolescents: A Spanish community prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 684-688.
94. Ross, S., Heath, N. L., & Toste, J. R. (2009). Non-suicidal self-injury and eating pathology in high school students. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 83-92.
95. Russ, M. J., Clark, W. C., Cross, L. W., Kemperman, I., Kakuma, T., & Harrison, K. (1996). Pain and selfinjury in borderline patients: Sensory decision theory, coping strategies, and locus of control. Psychiatry Research, 63, 57-65.
96. Skegg, K. (2005). Self-harm. Lancet, 366, 1471-1483.
97. Stanley, B., Sher, L., Wilson, S., Ekman, R., Huang, Y. Y., & Mann, J. J. (2010). Non-suicidal self-injurious behavior, endogenous opioids and monoamine neurotransmitters. Journal of Affective Disorders, 124(1-2), 134-140.
98. Stice, E. (2002). Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 128, 825-848.
99. Svirko, E., & Hawton, K. (2007). Self-injurious behavior and eating disorders: The extent and nature of the association. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 37, 409-421.
100. Taiminen, T. J., Kallio-Soukainen, K., Nokso-Koivisto, H., Kaljonen, A., & Helenius, H. (1998). Contagion of deliberate self-harm among adolescent inpatients. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 211-217.
101. Vanderlinden, J., Van Dyck, R., Vandereycken, W., Vertommen, H., & Verkes, R. J. (1993). The Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q): Development and characteristics of a new self-report questionnaire. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 1, 21-27.
102. Wallenstein, M. B., & Nock, M. K. (2007). Physical exercise for the treatment of nonsuicidal self-injury: Evidence from a single-case study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 350-351.
103. Walsh, B. (2006). Treating self-injury: A practical guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
104. Webster, M. (2011). Introduction to acceptance and commitment therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 17(4), 309-316.
105. Weierich, M. R., & Nock, M. K. (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms mediate the relation between childhood sexual abuse and non-suicidal self-injury. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 39-44.
106. Whitlock, J., Muehlenkamp, J. J., & Eckenrode, J. (2008). Variation in non-suicidal self-injury: Identification and features of latent classes in a college population of emerging adults. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 37, 725-735.
107. Whitlock, J. L., Purington, A., & Gershkovich, M. (2009). Media and the internet and non-suicidal selfinjury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding non-suicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
108. Yates, T. M. (2009). Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to nonsuicidal self-injury. In M. K. Nock (Ed.), Understanding non-suicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
109. Yates, T. M., Carlson, E. A., & Egeland, B. (2008). A prospective study of child maltreatment and self- injurious behavior in a community sample. Development and psychopathology, 20, 651-671.