Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) in solid organ transplant patients

American Journal of Transplantation

Volumn 13, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2013, Pages 55-66

  Zuckerman, R A ^a,b   Limaye, Ajit P ^c  

^a DARTMOUTH HITCHCOCK MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Herpes simplex; Prevention; Transplantation; Treatment; Varicella

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

ADULT; ANTIVIRAL RESISTANCE; ARTICLE; CHICKENPOX; CHILD; GANGLION; HERPES SIMPLEX; HUMAN; METABOLISM; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; RISK FACTOR; SIMPLEXVIRUS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS;

ADULT; ANTIVIRAL AGENTS; CHICKENPOX; CHILD; DRUG RESISTANCE, VIRAL; GANGLIA; HERPES SIMPLEX; HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN; HUMANS; ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION; RISK FACTORS; SIMPLEXVIRUS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

MLCS; MLOWN;

EID: 84879917972     PISSN: 16006135     EISSN: 16006143     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12003     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Koelle DM, Bergemann TL. Doctor, why is my herpes so bad? The search continues. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 331-334.
2. Marin M, Guris D, Chaves SS, Schmid S, Seward JF. Prevention of varicella: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2007; 56: 1-40.
3. Gourishankar S, McDermid JC, Jhangri GS, Preiksaitis JK. Herpes zoster infection following solid organ transplantation: Incidence, risk factors and outcomes in the current immunosuppressive era. Am J Transplant 2004; 4: 108-115.
4. Pettersson E, Hovi T, Ahonen J, et al. Prophylactic oral acyclovir after renal transplantation. Transplantation 1985; 39: 279-281.
5. Seale L, Jones CJ, Kathpalia S, et al. Prevention of herpesvirus infections in renal allograft recipients by low-dose oral acyclovir. JAMA 1985; 254: 3435-3438.
6. Basse G, Mengelle C, Kamar N, et al. Disseminated herpes simplex type-2 (HSV-2) infection after solid-organ transplantation. Infection 2008; 36: 62-64.
7. Dummer JS, Armstrong J, Somers J, et al. Transmission of infection with herpes simplex virus by renal transplantation. J Infect Dis 1987; 155: 202-206.
8. Singh N, Dummer JS, Kusne S, et al. Infections with cytomegalovirus and other herpesviruses in 121 liver transplant recipients: Transmission by donated organ and the effect of OKT3 antibodies. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 124-131.
9. Goodman JL. Possible transmission of herpes simplex virus by organ transplantation. Transplantation 1989; 47: 609-613.
10. Schillinger JA, Xu F, Sternberg MR, et al. National seroprevalence and trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 in the United States, 1976-1994. Sex Transm Dis 2004; 31: 753-760.
11. Xu F, Sternberg MR, Kottiri BJ, et al. Trends in herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 seroprevalence in the United States. JAMA 2006; 296: 964-973.
12. Engelberg R, Carrell D, Krantz E, Corey L,Wald A. Natural history of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 174-177.
13. Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes infection in college students. Sex Transm Dis 2003; 30: 797-800.
14. Gnann JW, Jr., Whitley RJ. Clinical practice. Herpes zoster. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 340-346.
15. Pergam SA, Forsberg CW, Boeckh MJ, et al. Herpes zoster incidence in a multicenter cohort of solid organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2011; 13: 15-23.
16. Manuel O, Kumar D, Singer LG, Cobos I, Humar A. Incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2008; 27: 11-16.
17. Yawn BP, Saddier P, Wollan PC, St Sauver JL, Kurland MJ, Sy LS. A population-based study of the incidence and complication rates of herpes zoster before zoster vaccine introduction. Mayo Clin Proc 2007; 82: 1341-1349.
18. Jumaan AO, Yu O, Jackson LA, Bohlke K, Galil K, Seward JF. Incidence of herpes zoster, before and after varicella-vaccinationassociated decreases in the incidence of varicella, 1992-2002. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 2002-2007.
19. Oh KH, Ahn C, Kim YS, et al. Atypical generalized zoster with suspicious esophageal involvement and early relapse in an adult renal transplant recepient. Transplant Proc 2002; 34: 1174-1177.
20. Volpi A. Severe complications of herpes zoster. Herpes 2007; 14(Suppl 2): 35-39.
21. Gilden DH, Dueland AN, Devlin ME, Mahalingam R, Cohrs R. Varicella-zoster virus reactivation without rash. J Infect Dis 1992; 166(Suppl 1): S30-S34.
22. Papanicolaou GA, Meyers BR, Fuchs WS, et al. Infectious ocular complications in orthotopic liver transplant patients. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 1172-1177.
23. Ganatra JB, Chandler D, Santos C, Kuppermann B, Margolis TP. Viral causes of the acute retinal necrosis syndrome. Am J Ophthalmol 2000; 129: 166-172.
24. Wald A, Zeh JE, Selke SA, et al. Reactivation of genital herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in asymptomatic seropositive persons. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 844-850.
25. Greenberg MS, Friedman H, Cohen SG, Oh SH, Laster L, Starr S. A comparative study of herpes simplex infections in renal transplant and leukemic patients. J Infect Dis 1987; 156: 280-287.
26. Kusne S, Schwartz M, Breinig MK, et al. Herpes simplex virus hepatitis after solid organ transplantation in adults. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 1001-1007.
27. Smyth RL, HigenbottamTW, Scott JP, et al. Herpes simplex virus infection in heart-lung transplant recipients. Transplantation 1990; 49: 735-739.
28. Sawyer MH, Chamberlin CJ, Wu YN, Aintablian N, Wallace MR. Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in air samples from hospital rooms. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 91-94.
29. Suzuki K, Yoshikawa T, Tomitaka A, Suzuki K,Matsunaga K, Asano Y. Detection of varicella-zoster virus DNA in throat swabs of patients with herpes zoster and on air purifier filters. J Med Virol 2002; 66: 567-570.
30. Fall AJ, Aitchison JD, Krause A, Hasan A, Hamilton JR, Gould FK. Donor organ transmission of varicella zoster due to cardiac transplantation. Transplantation 2000; 70: 211-213.
31. Arvin AM. Humoral and cellular immunity to varicella-zoster virus: An overview. J Infect Dis 2008; 197(Suppl 2): S58- S60.
32. Gershon AA, Steinberg SP. Antibody responses to varicellazoster virus and the role of antibody in host defense. Am J Med Sci 1981; 282: 12-17.
33. Civen R, Chaves SS, Jumaan A, et al. The incidence and clinical characteristics of herpes zoster among children and adolescents after implementation of varicella vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2009; 28: 954-959.
34. Arness T, Pedersen R, Dierkhising R, Kremers W, Patel R. Varicella zoster virus-associated disease in adult kidney transplant recipients: Incidence and risk-factor analysis. Transpl Infect Dis 2008; 10: 260-268.
35. Lauzurica R, Bayes B, Frias C, et al. Disseminated varicella infection in adult renal allograft recipients: Role of mycophenolate mofetil. Transplant Proc 2003; 35: 1758-1759.
36. Satoh S, Tada H, Murakami M, et al. The influence of mycophenolate mofetil versus azathioprine and mycophenolic acid pharmacokinetics on the incidence of acute rejection and infectious complications after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2005; 37: 1751-1753.
37. Pliszczynski J, Kahan BD. Better actual 10-year renal transplant outcomes of 80% reduced cyclosporine exposure with sirolimus base therapy compared with full cyclosporine exposure without or with concomittant sirolimus treatment. Transplant Proc 2011; 43: 3657-3668.
38. Brennan DC, Legendre C, Patel D, et al. Cytomegalovirus incidence between everolimus versus mycophenolate in de novo renal transplants: Pooled analysis of three clinical trials. Am J Transplant 2011; 11: 2453-2462.
39. Gershon AA, Steinberg SP. Cellular and humoral immune responses to varicella-zoster virus in immunocompromised patients during and after varicella-zoster infections. Infect Immun 1979; 25: 170-174.
40. Redman RL, Nader S, Zerboni L, et al. Early reconstitution of immunity and decreased severity of herpes zoster in bone marrow transplant recipients immunized with inactivated varicella vaccine. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 578-585.
41. Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 11-20.
42. Corey L, Holmes KK. Genital herpes simplex virus infections: Current concepts in diagnosis, therapy, and prevention. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 973-983.
43. Nichols WG, Boeckh M, Carter RA, Wald A, Corey L. Transferred herpes simplex virus immunity after stem-cell transplantation: Clinical implications. J Infect Dis 2003; 187: 801-808.
44. Lowance D, Neumayer HH, Legendre CM, et al. Valacyclovir for the prevention of cytomegalovirus disease after renal transplantation. International Valacyclovir Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis Transplantation Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1462-1470.
45. Tang IY, Maddux MS, Veremis SA, Bauma WD, Pollak R, Mozes MF. Low-dose oral acy lovir for prevention of herpes simplex virus infection during OKT3 therapy. Transplant Proc 1989; 21(Pt 2): 1758-1760.
46. Buell C, Koo J. Long-term safety of mycophenolate mofetil and cyclosporine: A review. J Drugs Dermatol 2008; 7: 741-748.
47. Coffin SE, Hodinka RL. Utility of direct immunofluorescence and virus culture for detection of varicella-zoster virus in skin lesions. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2792-2795.
48. Weinmann S, Chun C, Mullooly JP, et al. Laboratory diagnosis and characteristics of breakthrough varicella in children. J Infect Dis 2008; 197(Suppl 2): S132-S138.
49. Taha YA, Quinlivan M, Scott FT, et al. Are false negative direct immnufluorescence assays caused by varicella zoster virus gE mutant strains? J Med Virol 2004; 73: 631-635.
50. Wald A, HuangML, Carrell D, Selke S, Corey L. Polymerase chain reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal surfaces: Comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. J Infect Dis 2003; 188: 1345-1351.
51. Weinberg A, Clark JC, Schneider SA, Forghani B, Levin MJ. Improved detection of varicella zoster infection with a spin amplification shell vial technique and blind passage. Clin Diagn Virol 1996; 5: 61-65.
52. Sawyer MH, Wu YN, Chamberlin CJ, et al. Detection of varicellazoster virus DNA in the oropharynx and blood of patients with varicella. J Infect Dis 1992; 166: 885-888.
53. Beards G, Graham C, Pillay D. Investigation of vesicular rashes for HSV and VZV by PCR. J Med Virol 1998; 54: 155-157.
54. Parnham AP, Flexman JP, Saker BM, Thatcher GN. Primary varicella in adult renal transplant recipients: A report of three cases plus a review of the literature. Clin Transplant 1995; 9: 115-118.
55. Fehr T, Bossart W, Wahl C, Binswanger U. Disseminated varicella infection in adult renal allograft recipients: Four cases and a review of the literature. Transplantation 2002; 73: 608-611.
56. Vales-Albertos LJ, Andrade-Sierra J, Gomez-Navarro B, et al. Nonspecific immunoglobulin and granulocyte-macrophage colonystimulating factor use in complicated varicella zoster: The first case report in a renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 2006; 81: 809-810.
57. Miller GG, Dummer JS. Herpes simplex and varicella zoster viruses: Forgotten but not gone. Am J Transplant 2007; 7: 741-747.
58. Mortada RA, El Fakih RO, Assi M. Unusual presentation of Ramsay Hunt syndrome in renal transplant patients: Case report and literature review. Transpl Infect Dis 2009; 11: 72-74.
59. Chou S, Gallagher JG, Merigan TC. Controlled clinical trial of intravenous acyclovir in heart-transplant patients with mucocutaneous herpes simplex infections. Lancet 1981; 1: 1392-1394.
60. Meyers JD,Wade JC, Mitchell CD, et al.Multicenter collaborative trial of intravenous acyclovir for treatment of mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus infection in the immunocompromised host. Am J Med 1982; 73: 229-235.
61. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep 2006; 55: 1-94.
62. Andrei G, Topalis D, Fiten P, et al. In vitro-selected drug-resistant varicella-zoster virus mutants in the thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase genes yield novel phenotype-genotype associations and highlight differences between antiherpesvirus drugs. J Virol 86: 2641-2652.
63. Hatchette T, Tipples GA, Peters G, Alsuwaidi A, Zhou J, Mailman TL. Foscarnet salvage therapy for acyclovir-resistant varicella zoster: Report of a novel thymidine kinase mutation and review of the literature. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27: 75-77.
64. Bryan CJ, Prichard MN, Daily S, et al. Acyclovir-resistant chronic verrucous vaccine strain varicella in a patient with neuroblastoma. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008; 27: 946-948.
65. Levin MJ, Bacon TH, Leary JJ. Resistance of herpes simplex virus infections to nucleoside analogues in HIV-infected patients. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39(Suppl 5): S248-S257.
66. Stranska R, van Loon AM, Polman M, et al. Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex viruses isolated from haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Antivir Ther 2004; 9: 565-575.
67. Bacon TH, Levin MJ, Leary JJ, Sarisky RT, Sutton D. Herpes simplex virus resistance to acyclovir and penciclovir after two decades of antiviral therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16: 114-128.
68. Danve-Szatanek C, Aymard M, Thouvenot D, et al. Surveillance network for herpes simplex virus resistance to antiviral drugs: 3-year follow-up. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 242-249.
69. Christophers J, Clayton J, Craske J, et al. Survey of resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir in northwest England. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 868-872.
70. Safrin S, Crumpacker C, Chatis P, et al. A controlled trial comparing foscarnet with vidarabine for acyclovir-resistant mucocutaneous herpes simplex in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 551-555.
71. Kopp T, Geusau A, Rieger A, Stingl G. Successful treatment of an aciclovir-resistant herpes simplex type 2 infection with cidofovir in an AIDS patient. Br J Dermatol 2002; 147: 134-138.
72. Tyring S, Wald A, Zadeikis N, Dhadda S, Takenouchi K, Rorig R. ASP2151 for the treatment of genital herpes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo- and valacyclovir-controlled, dose-finding study. J Infect Dis 2012; 205: 1100-1110.
73. Fiddian P, Sabin CA, Griffiths PD. Valacyclovir provides optimum acyclovir exposure for prevention of cytomegalovirus and related outcomes after organ transplantation. J Infect Dis 2002; 186(Suppl 1): S110-S115.
74. Boeckh M, Kim HW, Flowers ME,Meyers JD, Bowden RA. Longterm acyclovir for prevention of varicella zoster virus disease after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation - a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Blood 2006; 107: 1800-1805.
75. Erard V,Wald A, Corey L, LeisenringWM, Boeckh M. Use of longterm suppressive acyclovir after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: Impact on herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease and drug-resistant HSV disease. J Infect Dis 2007; 196: 266-270.
76. Conant MA, Schacker TW, Murphy RL, Gold J, Crutchfield LT, Crooks RJ. Valaciclovir versus aciclovir for herpes simplex virus infection in HIV-infected individuals: Two randomized trials. Int J STD AIDS 2002; 13: 12-21.
77. Fadrowski JJ, Furth SL. Varicella zoster virus: Vaccination and implications in children with renal failure. Expert Rev Vaccines 2004; 3: 291-298.
78. Furth SL, Fivush BA. Varicella vaccination in pediatric kidney transplant candidates. Pediatr Transplant 2002; 6: 97-100.
79. Kano H, Mizuta K, Sakakihara Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of immunization for pre- and post- liver transplant children. Transplantation 2002; 74: 543-550.
80. Broyer M, Tete MJ, Guest G, Gagnadoux MF, Rouzioux C. Varicella and zoster in children after kidney transplantation: Long-term results of vaccination. Pediatrics 1997; 99: 35-39.
81. Pergam SA, Limaye AP. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9(Suppl 4): S108- S115.
82. Weinberg A, Horslen SP, Kaufman SS, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of varicella-zoster virus vaccine in pediatric liver and intestine transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2006; 6: 565-568.
83. Avery RK, Michaels M. Update on immunizations in solid organ transplant recipients: What clinicians need to know. Am J Transplant 2008; 8: 9-14.
84. Oxman MN, Levin MJ, Johnson GR, et al. A vaccine to prevent herpes zoster and postherpetic neuralgia in older adults. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2271-2284.
85. Seward JF, Zhang JX, Maupin TJ, Mascola L, Jumaan AO. Contagiousness of varicella in vaccinated cases: A household contact study. JAMA 2004; 292: 704-708.
86. Red Book 2009: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 28th Ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatric; 2009.
87. Harpaz R, Ortega-Sanchez IR, Seward JF. Prevention of herpes zoster: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep 2008; 57: 1-30 quiz CE2-4.
88. Viner K, Perella D, Lopez A, et al. Transmission of varicella zoster virus from individuals with herpes zoster or varicella in school and day care settings. J Infect Dis 2012; 205: 1336-1341.
89. Suzuki K, Yoshikawa T, Tomitaka A, Matsunaga K, Asano Y. Detection of aerosolized varicella-zoster virus DNA in patients with localized herpes zoster. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1009-1012.
90. Josephson A, Gombert ME. Airborne transmission of nosocomial varicella from localized zoster. J Infect Dis 1988; 158: 238-241.
91. FDA approval of an extended period for administering VariZIG for postexposure prophylaxis of varicella. MMWRMorbMortalWkly Rep 2012; 61: 212.
92. Prelog M, Schonlaub J, Zimmerhackl LB. Aciclovir and varicellazoster- immunoglobulin in solid-organ transplant recipients. Pediatr Nephrol 26: 663-673.
93. Asano Y, Suga S, Yoshikawa T, Ozaki T. Prophylaxis or modification of varicella by oral acyclovir after household exposure. Arch Dis Child 1994; 70: 451-452.
94. Goldstein SL, Somers MJ, Lande MB, Brewer ED, Jabs KL. Acyclovir prophylaxis of varicella in children with renal disease receiving steroids. Pediatr Nephrol 2000; 14: 305-308.
95. Boeckh M. Prevention of VZV infection in immunosuppressed patients using antiviral agents. Herpes 2006; 13: 60-65.
96. Martin ET, Krantz E, Gottlieb SL, et al. A pooled analysis of the effect of condoms in preventing HSV-2 acquisition. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169: 1233-1240.
97. Berrington WR, Jerome KR, Cook L, Wald A, Corey L, Casper C. Clinical correlates of herpes simplex virus viremia among hospitalized adults. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 1295-1301.
98. Zuckerman RA. The clinical spectrum of herpes simplex viremia. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 1302-1304.
99. Johnston C, Koelle DM, Wald A. HSV-2: in pursuit of a vaccine. J Clin Invest 2011; 121: 4600-4609.
100. Zuckerman R, Wald A. Herpes simplex virus infections in solid organ transplant recipients. Am J Transplant 2009; 9(Suppl 4): S104-S107.