Nature vs. nurture: The making of the montado ecosystem

Ecology and Society

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2003, Pages

  Pereira, Paulo Miguel ^a   da Fonseca, Manuela Pires ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ÉVORA   (Portugal)

Author keywords

Biodiversity; Birds; Conservation; Ecological concordance; Human versus nature; Montados; Plants

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; AVES;

EID: 84879892309     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17083087     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5751/es-00562-070307     Document Type: Article

References (74)

1. Allen, A. P., and R. J. O'Connor. 2000. Interactive effects of land use and other factors on regional bird distributions. Journal of Biogeography 27:889-900.
2. Askins, R. A. 2000. Restoring North America's birds: lessons from landscape ecology. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
3. Araújo M. B., R. Borralho, and C. Soate. 1996. Can biodiversity be measured using composite indices? Pages 124-128 in J.C. Farinha, J. Almeida, and H. Costa, editors. Proceedings of the 1st Congress of Ornithology of the Portuguese Society for the Study of Birds, November 1-3, 1994, Vila Nova da Cerveira, Portugal.
4. Azcárate, F. M., A. M. Sánchez, L. Arqueros, and B. Peco. 2002. Abundance and habitat segregation in Mediterranean grassland species: the importance of seed weight. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:159-166.
5. Bannister, P., and A. Polwart. 2001. The frost resistance to ericoid plants in the British Isles in relation to their biogeography. Journal of Biogeography 28:589-596.
6. Barret, G. W. 1992. Landscape ecology: designing sustainable agricultural landscapes. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 2:83-104.
7. Blondel, J., and J. Aronson. 1999. Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
8. Bogya, S., V. Markó, and C. Szinetár. 1999. Comparison of some fruit orchard inhabiting spider assemblages at different geographical scales. Agricultural and Forest Entomology 1:261-269.
9. Borcard, D., P. Legendre, and P. Drapeau. 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73:1045-1055.
10. Borcard, D., and P. Legendre. 1994. Environmental control and spatial structure in ecological comunities: an example using oribatid mites (Acari, Oribatei). Environmental and Ecological Statistics 1:37-61.
11. Carrión, J. S., I. Parra, C. Navarro, and M. Munera. 2000. Past distribution and ecology of the cork oak (Quercus suber) in the Iberian Peninsula: a pollen-analytical approach. Diversity and Distributions 6:29-44.
12. Catterall, C. P., S. D. Piper, S. E. Bunn, and F. M. Arthur. 2001. Flora and fauna assemblages vary with local topography in a subtropical eucalypt forest. Austral Ecology 26:56-69.
13. Chamberlain, D. E., and R. J. Fuller. 2001. Contrasting patterns of change in the distribution and abundance of farmland birds in relation to farming system in lowland Britain. Global Ecology & Biogeography 10:399-409.
14. Clarke, R. M., and R. N. Gorley. 2001. Primer v 5: Users Manual/Tutorial. PRIMER-E. Plymouth, UK.
15. Coelho, I. S. 1996. O Montado, a Economia e o Desenvolvimento do Alentejo. Silva Lusitana 4:39-48.
16. Comissão Nacional do Ambiente. 1983. Atlas do Ambiente. Direcção-Geral do Ambiente. Ministry of the Environment and Natural Resources, Lisbon, Portugal.
17. Cotton, P. A. 1998. Coevolution in an Amazonian hummingbird-plant community. IBIS 140:639-646.
18. a Revisão. 1995-1998. Relatório Final. Direcção-Geral das Florestas, Lisbon, Portugal.
19. Di Castri, F. 1981. Mediterranean-type shrublands of the world. in F. di Castri, D. W. Goodall, and R. L. Specht, editors. Mediterranean-type shrublands. Ecosystems of the world series, vol. 11. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. pp. 1-52.
20. De Miguel, J. M. 1999. Naturaleza y configuración del paisaje agrosilvopastoral en la conservación de la diversidad biológica en España. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 72:547-557.
21. di Giulio, M. D., P. J. Edwards, and E. Meister. 2001. Enhancing insect diversity in agricultural grasslands: the roles of management and landscape structure. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:310-319.
22. Duelli, P., and M. K. Obrist. 1998. In search of the best correlates for local organismal biodiversity in cultivated areas. Biodiversity and Conservation 7:297-309.
23. Eastwood, R., and A. Fraser. 1999. Associations between butterflies and ants in Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 24:503-537.
24. Elkie, P. C., R. S. Rempel, and P. C. Angus. 1999. Patch analyst user's Manual. Ministry of Natural Resources, Northwest Science and Technology, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
25. Fernández, M. H. 2001. Bioclimatic discriminant capacity of terrestrial mammal faunas. Global Ecology & Biogeography 10:189-204.
26. Forbes, B. C., J. J. Ebersole, and B. Strandberg. 2001. Anthropogenic disturbance and patch dynamics in circumpolar arctic ecosystems. Conservation Biology 15:954-969.
27. Freemark, K. E., and D. A. Kirk. 2001. Birds on organic and conventional farms in Ontario: portioning effects of habitat and practices on species composition and abundance. Biological Conservation 101:337-350.
28. Gaston, K. 1996. Biodiversity-latitudinal gradients. Progress in Physical Geography 20:466-476.
29. Heino, J. 2001. Regional gradient analysis of freshwater biota: do similar biogeographic patterns exist among multiple taxonomic groups? Journal of Biogeography 28:69-76.
30. Herzog, F. 1998a. Streubost: a traditional agroforestry system as a model for agroforestry development in temperate Europe. Agroforestry Systems 42:61-80.
31. Herzog, F. 1998b. Agroforestry in temperate Europe: history, present importance and future development. in H. Van Keulen, E. A. Lantinga, and H. H. Van Laar, editors. Mixed farming systems in Europe. Workshop proceedings. APMindehoudhoeve-reeks nr.2. Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen. Dronten, The Netherlands.
32. Heywood, V. H. 1960. Problems of geographical distribution and taxonomy in the Iberian Peninsula. Feddes Repertorium 64:160-168.
33. Hill, M. O. 1979. DEcoRANA-A FORTRAN program for detrended correspondence analysis and reciprocal averaging. Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
34. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica. 1991. O clima de Portugal. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia e Geofísica, Lisbon, Portugal.
35. Jongman, R. H. G., C. J. F. ter Braak, and O. F. R. van Tongeren, editors. 1995. Data analysis in community and landscape ecology. Cambrige University Press, Cambridge, UK.
36. Jonsson, B. G., and M. Jonsell. 1999. Exploring potential biodiversity indicators in boreal forests. Biodiversity and Conservation 8:1417-1433.
37. Joffre, R., S. Rambal, and J. P. Ratte. 1999. The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic. Agroforestry Systems 45:57-79.
38. Kadmon, R., and A. Danin. 1999. Distribution of plant species in Israel in relation to spatial variation in rainfall. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:421-432.
39. Kessler, M., S. K. Herzog, J. Fjeldsa, and K. Bach. 2001. Species richness and endemism of plant and bird communities along two gradients of elevation, humidity and land use in the Bolivian Andes. Diversity and Distributions 7:61-77.
40. Lavorel, S., J. Canadell, S. Rambal, and J. Terradas. 1998. Mediterranean terrestrial ecosystems: research priorities on global change effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7:157-166.
41. Legendre, P., and L. Legendre. 1998. Numerical Ecology. Second English Edition. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
42. Leiva M. J., F. S. Chapin, and R. F. Ales. 1997. Differences in species composition and diversity among Mediterranean grasslands with different history-the case of California and Spain. Ecography 20:97-106.
43. Lennon, J. J., J. J. D. Greenwood, and J. R. G. Turner. 2000. Bird diversity and environment gradients in Britain: a test of the species-energy hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology 69:581-598.
44. Lobo, J. M., I. Castro, and J. C. Moreno. 2001. Spatial and environmental determinants of vascular plant species richness distribution in the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 73:233-253.
45. Lourenço, N., T. Pinto-Correia, M.R. Jorge, and C. R. Machado. 1998. Farming strategies and land use changes in southern Portugal: land abandonment or extensification of the traditional systems? Mediterrâneo 12/13:191-208.
46. Magnan P., M. A. Rodriguez, P. Legendre, and S. Lacasse. 1994. Dietary variation in a freshwater fish species-relative contributions of biotic interactions, abiotic factors, and spatial structure Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 51:2856-2865.
47. Marsden, S., and A. Fielding. 1999. Habitat associations of parrots on the Wallacean islands of Buru, Seram and Sumba. Journal of Biogeography 26:439-446.
48. McCullagh, P., and J. A. Nelder. 1989. Generalized linear models. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
49. McIntyre, S., and T. G. Martin. 2001. Biophysical and human influences on plant species richness in grasslands: comparing variegated landscapes in subtropical and temperate regions. Austral Ecology 26:233-245.
50. McIntyre, S., and T. G. Martin. 2002. Managing intensive and extensive land uses to conserve grassland plants in sub-tropical eucalypt woodlands. Biological Conservation 107:241-252.
51. Mitchell, M. S., R. A. Lancia, and J. A. Gerwin. 2001. Using landscape-level data to predict the distribution of birds on a managed forest: effects of scale. Ecological Applications 11:1692-1708.
52. Moreira, F. 1999. Relationships between vegetation structure and breeding birds densities in fallow cereal steppes in Castro Verde, Portugal. Bird Study 46:309-318.
53. Natividade, J.V. 1950. Subericultura. Direcção-Geral dos Serviços Florestais e Aquícolas, Lisbon, Portugal.
54. O'Hara, T. D., and G. C. B. Poore. 2000. Patterns of distribution of southern Australian marine echinoderms and decapods. Journal of Biogeography 27:321-1335.
55. Ojeda, F., J. Arroyo, and T. Marañón. 1995. Biodiversity components and conservation of Mediterranean heathlands in southern Spain. Biological Conservation 72:61-72.
56. Ojeda, F., J. Arroyo, and T. Marañón. 2000. Ecological distribution of four co-occurring Mediterranean heath species. Ecography 23:148-159.
57. Onipchenko, V. G., and G. V. Semenova. 1995. Comparative-analysis of the floristic richness of alpine communities in the caucasus and the central alps. Journal of Vegetation Science 6:299-304.
58. Paszkowski, C. A., and W. M. Tonn. 2000. Community concordance between the fish and aquatic birds of lakes in northern Alberta, Canada: the relative importance of environmental and biotic factors. Freshwater Biology 43:421-437.
59. Pérez-Latorre, A. V. 1996. Restauración del alcornocale en Andalucía. Elección y manejo de especies. Ecology 10:9-19.
60. Perkins, A. J., M. J. Wittingham, R. B. Bradbury, J. D. Wilson, A. J. Morris, and P. R. Barnett. 2000. Habitat characteristics affecting use of lowland agricultural grassland by birds in winter. Biological Conservation 95:279-294.
61. Pharo, E. J., A. J. Beattie and D. Binns. 1999. Vascular plant diversity as a surrogate for bryophyte and lichen diversity. Conservation Biology 13:282-292.
62. Pinto-Correia, T. 1993. Threatened landscape in Alentejo, Portugal: the montado and other agro-sylvo-pastoral systems. Landscape and Urban Planning 24:43-48.
63. Pinto-Correia, T. 2000. Future development in Portuguese rural areas: how to manage agricultural support for landscape conservation? Landscape and Urban Planning 50:95-106.
64. Pinto-Correia, T., and J. Mascarenhas 1999. Contribution to the extensification / intensification debate: new trends in the Portuguese montado. Landscape and Urban Planning 46:125-131.
65. Rey Benayas, J. M., and S. M. Sheiner. 2002. Plant diversity, biogeography and environment in Iberia: patterns and possible causal factors. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:245-258.
66. th Symposium of the British Ecological Society:175-204.
67. Santini, F., and A. Angulo. 2001. Assessing conservation priorities through the development of biodiversity indicators. Rivista di Biologia/Biology Forum 94:259-276.
68. Saetersdal, M., and H. J. B. Birks. 1993 Assessing the representativeness of nature-reserves using multivariate analysis-vascular plants and breeding birds in deciduous forests, western Norway. Biological Conservation 65:121-132.
69. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometrics. 3d ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, USA.
70. Sternberg, M., and M. Shoshany. 2001. Influence of slope aspect on Mediterranean woody formations: comparison of a semiarid and an arid site in Israel. Ecological Research 16:335-345.
71. ter Braak, C. J. F., and P. Šmilauer. 1998. CANOCO Reference Manual User's Guide to Canoco for Windows: software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4). Microcomputer Power. Ithaca, New York, USA.
72. Vesk, P. A., and Westoby, M. 2001. Predicting plant species' responses to grazing. Journal of Applied Ecology 38:897-909.
73. Woinarsky, J. C. Z., A. Fisher, K. Brennan, I. Morris, and R. Chatto. 2001. Patterns of birds species richness and composition on islands off Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia. Austral Ecology 26:1-13.
74. Yeo, M. J. M., and T. H. Blackstock. 2002. A vegetation analysis of the pastoral landscapes of upland Wales, UK. Journal of Vegetation Science 13:803-816.