Imaging of parasitic infections of the central nervous system

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

Volumn 114, Issue , 2013, Pages 37-64

  Jayakumar, Peruvumba Narayan ^a   Chandrashekar, Hoskote S ^b   Ellika, Shehanaz ^c  

^a KHOULA HOSPITAL   (Oman)

^b NATIONAL HOSPITAL FOR NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (United Kingdom)

^c BOSTON CHILDREN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

CNS; MR spectroscopy; MRI; Parasitic infections; Susceptibility imaging

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879847210     PISSN: 00729752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53490-3.00004-2     Document Type: Chapter

References (108)

1. Agarwal M., Chawla S., Husain N., et al. Higher succinate than acetate levels differentiate cerebral degenerating cysticerci from anaerobic abscesses on in-vivo proton MR spectroscopy. Neuroradiology 2004, 46:211-215.
2. Aksungur E.H., Oguz M., Bicakci K., et al. Cerebral hydatid lesion with daughter cysts: MR and CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1994, 163:1269-1270.
3. Al Zain T.J., Al-Witry S.H., Khalili H.M., et al. Multiple intracranial hydatidosis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2002, 144:1179-1185.
4. Barinagarrementeria F., Cantú C. Frequency of cerebral arteritis in subarachnoid cysticercosis: an angiographic study. Stroke 1998, 29:123-125.
5. Benifla M., Barrelly R., Shelef I., et al. Huge hemispheric intraparenchymal cyst caused by Taenia multiceps in a child. Case report. J Neurosurg 2007, 107:511-514.
6. Bensaid A.H., Dietemann J.L., de la Palavesa M.M., et al. Intracranial alveolar echinococcosis: CT and MRI. Neuroradiology 1994, 36:289-291.
7. Bo G., Xuejian W. Neuroimaging and pathological findings in a child with cerebral sparganosis. J Neurosurg 2006, 105:470-472.
8. Carpio A., Hauser W.A. Prognosis for seizure recurrence in patients with newly diagnosed neurocysticercosis. Neurology 2002, 59:1730-1734.
9. Castillo M., Quencer R.M., Post M.J.D. MR of intramedullary spinal cysticercosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1988, 9:393-395.
10. Chang K.H., Song I.C., Kim H.S. In vivo single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy in intracranial cystic masses. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998, 19:401-405.
11. Chang K.H., Lee J.H., Han M.H., et al. The role of contrast enhanced MR imaging in the diagnosis of neurocysticercosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1991, 12:501-513.
12. Chang K.H., Cho S.Y., Hesselink J.R., et al. Parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1991, 1:159-178.
13. Chang K.H., Chi J.G., Cho S.Y., et al. Cerebral sparganosis: analysis of 34 cases with emphasis on CT features. Neuroradiology 1992, 34:1-8.
14. Chinn R.J., Wilkinson I.D., Hall-Craggs M.A., et al. Toxoplasmosis and primary central nervous system lymphoma in HIV infection: diagnosis with MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1995, 197:649-654.
15. Chiu C.H., Chiou T.L., Hsu Y.H., et al. MR spectroscopy and MR perfusion character of cerebral sparganosis: a case report. Br J Radiol 2010, 83:e31-e34.
16. Chong-Han C.H., Cortez S.C., Tung G.A. Diffusion weighted MRI of cerebral toxoplasma abscess. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2003, 181:1711-1714.
17. Cordoliani Y.S., Sarrazin J.L., Felten D., et al. MR of cerebral malaria. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998, 19:871-874.
18. Cuetter A.C., Garcia-Bobadilla J., Guerra L.G., et al. Neurocysticercosis: focus on intraventricular disease. Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:157-164.
19. DeGiorgio C.M., Medina M.T. Neurocysticercosis. Epilepsy Curr 2004, 4:107-111.
20. Del Brutto O.H. Cysticercosis and cerebrovascular disease: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992, 55:252-254.
21. Del Brutto O.H. Single parenchymal brain cysticercus in the acute encephalitic phase: definition of a distinct form of neurocysticercosis with a benign prognosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995, 58:247-249.
22. Del Brutto O.H. Helminthic infections. Principles of Neurologic Infectious Diseases 2005, 241-261. McGraw Hill, USA, New York. K.L. Ross (Ed.).
23. Del Brutto O.R., Rajshekhar V., White A.C., et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. Neurology 2001, 57:177-183.
24. D'Ercole C., Girard N., Boubli L., et al. Prenatal diagnosis of fetal cerebral abnormalities by ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993, 50:177-184.
25. De Souza A., Nalini A., Kovoor J.M., et al. Natural history of solitary cerebral cysticercosis on serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the effect of albendazole therapy on its evolution. J Neurol Sci 2010, 288:135-141.
26. Dumas J.L., Visy J.M., Belin C., et al. Parenchymal neurocysticercosis: follow-up and staging by MRI. Neuroradiology 1997, 39:12-18.
27. El Koussa S., Chemaly R., Fabre-Bou Abboud V., et al. Trichinosis and cerebral sinocavernous thrombosis. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1994, 150:464-466.
28. Ellrodt A., Halfon P., LeBras P., et al. Multifocal central nervous system lesions in three patients with trichinosis. Arch Neurol 1987, 44:432-434.
29. Ernst T.M., Chang L., Witt M.D., et al. Cerebral toxoplasmosis and lymphoma in AIDS: perfusion MR imaging experience in 13 patients. Radiology 1998, 208:663-669.
30. Feydy A., Touze E., Miaux Y., et al. MRI in a case of neurotrichinosis. Neuroradiology 1996, 38:S80-S82.
31. Garcia H.H., Del Brutto O.H. Imaging findings in neurocysticercosis. Acta Trop 2003, 87:71-78.
32. Garcia H.H., Oscar H., Del Brutto O.H., et al. New concepts in the diagnosis and management of neurocysticercosis (Taenia solium). Am J Trop Med Hyg 2005, 72:3-9.
33. Garg M., Chawla S., Prasad K.N., et al. Differentiation of hydatid cyst from cysticercus cyst by proton MR spectroscopy. NMR Biomed 2002, 15:320-326.
34. Garg M., Gupta R.K. MR spectroscopy in intracranial infection. Clinical MR Neuroimaging 2005, 380-406. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. J. Gillard, A. Waldman, P. Barker (Eds.).
35. Gavin P.J., Kazacos K.R., Shulman S.T. Baylisascariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005, 18:703-718.
36. Gelal F., Kumral E., Dirim Vidinli B., et al. Diffusion-weighted and conventional MR imaging in neurotrichinosis. Acta Radiol 2005, 46:196-199.
37. Gill D.S., Chatha D.S., del Carpio-O'Donovan R., et al. MR imaging findings in African trypanosomiasis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003, 24:1383-1385.
38. Gu J., Fu S., Xu J. MRI diagnosis of the cerebral schistosomiasis. J Med Imaging 2004, 14:615-617.
39. Guerini H., Helie O., Leveque C., et al. Diagnosis of periventricular ependymal enhancement in MRI in adults. J Neuroradiol 2003, 30:46-56.
40. Gupta R.K., Chang K.H. Parasitic infections. MR Imaging and Spectroscopy of Central Nervous System Infection 2002, 205-240. Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow. K. Rakesh, R.K. Gupta, R.B. Lufkin (Eds.).
41. Gupta S., Patel K. Case series: MRI features in cerebral malaria. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2008, 18:224-226.
42. Gupta R.K., Prakasha M., Mishra A.M., et al. Role of diffusion weighted imaging in differentiation of intracranial tuberculoma and tuberculous abscess from cysticercus granulomas: a report of more than 100 lesions. Eur Radiol 2005, 55:384-392.
43. Gupta K., Rajeswaran R., Joseph S., et al. Diagnosis of intracranial hydatid cyst by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Pediatr Neurosci 2008, 3:174-176.
44. Haliloglu M., Saatci I., Akhan O., et al. Spectrum of imaging findings in pediatric hydatid disease. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997, 169:1627-1631.
45. Hantson P., Hernalsteen D., Cosnard G. Reversible splenial lesion syndrome in cerebral malaria. J Neuroradiol 2010, 37:243-246.
46. Healy J.F. Balamuthia amebic encephalitis: radiographic and pathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002, 23:486-489.
47. Hourani R.G., Tamraz J.C. Imaging of parasitic disease of the central nervous system. Imaging of Parasitic Diseases 2008, 7-31. Mohamed. E. Abd El Bagi ME, Tamraz JC (Co-eds), Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York. M.C. Haddad (Ed.).
48. Ing M.B., Schantz P.M., Turner J.A. Human coenurosis in North America: case reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 1998, 27:519-523.
49. Jabbour R., Atweh S., Kanj S., et al. MRI appearance of Toxocara canis myelopathy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004, 182:71.
50. Jayakumar P.N., Srikanth S.G., Chandrasekhar H.S., et al. Pyruvate: an in vivo marker of cestodal infection in human brain on Proton MR spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2003, 8:675-680.
51. Jayakumar P.N., Chandrashekar H.S., Srikanth S.G., et al. MRI and in vivo proton MR spectroscopy in a racemose cysticercal cyst of the brain. Neuroradiology 2004, 46:72-74.
52. Jena A., Sanchetee P., Tripathi R., et al. MR observations on the effects of praziquantel in neurocysticercosis. Magn Reson Imaging 1992, 10:77-80.
53. Jung-Gi I.M., Chang K.H. Paragonimiasis. Imaging of Tropical Diseases with Epidemiological, Pathological and Clinical Correlation 2001, 205-239. Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. P.E.S. Palmer, M.M. Reeder (Eds.).
54. Kager P.A., Schipper H.G., Stam J., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in human African trypanosomiasis: a four-year follow-up study in a patient and review of the literature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2009, 80:947-952.
55. Kovoor J.M.E., Thomas R.D., Chandrashekhar H.S., et al. Neurohydatidosis. Australas Radiol 2007, 51:406-411.
56. Kumar J., Kimm J. MR in Toxocara canis myelopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1994, 15:1918-1920.
57. Kumar N., Orenstein R., Uslan D.Z., et al. Melarsoprol-associated multifocal inflammatory CNS illness in African trypanosomiasis. Neurology 2006, 66:1120-1121.
58. Langner S., Kirsch M., Alexander V., et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging proves watershed infarction in neurotrichinosis. Eur J Radiol 2007, 64:45-48.
59. Lau K.Y., Roebuck D.J., Mok V., et al. MR imaging of chronic cerebral paragonimiasis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1989, 10:S21-S22.
60. Leite C., Jinkins A., Escobar T. MR imaging of intramedullary and intradural-extramedullary spinal cysticercosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997, 169:1713-1717.
61. Liu H., Lim C.C.T., Feng X., et al. MRI in cerebral schistosomiasis: characteristic nodular enhancement in 33 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2008, 191:582-588.
62. Looareesuwan S., Wilairatana P., Krisha S., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in patients with cerebral malaria. Clin Infect Dis 1995, 21:300-309.
63. Lucato T., Guedes M.S., Sato J.R., et al. The role of conventional MR imaging sequences in the evaluation of neurocysticercosis. l: Impact on characterization of the scolex and lesion burden. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:1501-1504.
64. Lury K.M., Castillo M. Chagas' disease involving the brain and spinal cord: MRI findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2005, 185:550-552.
65. Madrazo I., Garcia-Renteria J.A., Sandoval M., et al. Intraventricular cysticercosis. Neurosurgery 1983, 12:148-152.
66. Mahadevan A., Dwarakanath S., Pai S., et al. Cerebral coenurosis mimicking hydatid disease: report of two cases from South India. Clin Neuropathol 2011, 30:28-32.
67. Masamed R., Meleis A., Lee E.W., et al. Cerebral toxoplasmosis: case review and description of a new imaging sign. Clin Radiol 2009, 64:560-563.
68. McCormick G.F., Zee C.S., Heiden J. Cysticercosis cerebri review of 127 cases. Arch Neurol 1982, 39:534-539.
69. Mehta A., Teoh S.K., Schaefer P.W., et al. Cerebral schistosomiasis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1997, 168:1322.
70. Mehta P., Boyd Z., Cully B. Raccoon roundworm encephalitis. Pediatr Radiol 2010, 40:1834-1836.
71. Michelle L., Hansman W., Brian C., et al. Intracranial infection. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain and Spine 2002, 1099-1175. Lippincot Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia. S.W. Atlas (Ed.).
72. Mittal S., Wu Z., Neelavalli J., et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, Part 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009, 30:232-252.
73. Nomura M., Nitta H., Nakada M. MRI findings of cerebral paragonimiasis in chronic stage. Clin Radiol 1999, 54:622-624.
74. Ogut A.G., Kanberoglu K., Altug A., et al. CT and MRI in hydatid disease of cervical vertebrae. Neuroradiology 1992, 34:430-432.
75. Oliveira-Filho J. Stroke and brain atrophy in chronic Chagas disease patients A new theory proposition. Dement Neuropsychol 2009, 3:22-26.
76. Pagano M.A., Segura J.M., Guillermo A. Cerebral tumor-like American trypanosomiasis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Neurol 1999, 45:403-406.
77. Parmar H., Shah J., Patwardhan V., et al. MR imaging in intramedullary cysticercosis. Neuroradiology 2001, 43:961-967.
78. Patankar T.F., Karnad D.R., Shetty P.G., et al. Adult cerebral malaria: prognostic importance of imaging findings and correlation with postmortem findings. Radiology 2002, 224:811-816.
79. Pau A.S., Turtas S., Brambilla M., et al. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral coenurosis. Surg Neurol 1987, 27:548-552.
80. Pedrosa I., Saνz A., Arrazola J., et al. Hydatid disease: radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics 2000, 20:795-817.
81. Piotin M., Cattin F., Kantelip B., et al. Disseminated intracerebral alveolar echinococcosis: CT and MRI. Neuroradiology 1997, 39:431-433.
82. Preidler K.W., Riepl T., Szolar D., et al. Cerebral schistosomiasis: MR and CT appearance. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1996, 17:1598-1600.
83. Ramsey R.G., Gean A.D. Neuroimaging of AIDS. I. Central nervous system toxoplasmosis. Neuroimag Clin N Am 1997, 7:171-186.
84. Rangel-Guerra R.A., Herrera J., Elizondo G., et al. Neurocysticercosis. Arch Neurol 1988, 45:492.
85. Rowley H.A., Uht R.M., Kazacos K.R., et al. Radiologic-pathologic findings in raccoon roundworm (Baylisascaris procyonis) encephalitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000, 21:415-420.
86. Ruttinger P., Hadidi H. MRI in cerebral toxocaral disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991, 54:361-362.
87. Sabbah P., Brosset C., Imbert P., et al. Human African trypanosomiasis: MRI. Neuroradiology 1997, 39:708-710.
88. Saleem S., Belal A.I., El-Ghandour N.M. Spinal cord schistosomiasis: MR imaging appearance with surgical and pathologic correlation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:1646-1654.
89. Sanelli P.C., Lev M.H., Gonzalez R.G., et al. Unique linear and nodular MR enhancement pattern in schistosomiasis of the central nervous system. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001, 177:1471-1474.
90. Sapkas G.S., Machinis T.G., Chloros G.D., et al. Spinal hydatid disease, a rare but existent pathological entity: case report and review of the literature. South Med J 2006, 99:178-183.
91. Schils J., Hermanus N., Flament-Durant J., et al. Cerebral schistosomiasis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1985, 6:840-841.
92. Schumacher D.J., Robert D.T., Kathy L. Neuroimaging Findings in Rare Amebic Infections of the Central Nervous System. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1995, 16:930-935.
93. Sharath Kumar G.G., Mahadevan A., Guruprasad A.S., et al. Eccentric target sign in cerebral toxoplasmosis: neuropathological correlate to the imaging feature. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010, 31:1469-1472.
94. Singh S., Gibikote S.V., Shyamkumar N.K. Isolated fourth ventricular cysticercus cyst: MR imaging in 4 cases with short literature review. Neurol India 2003, 51:394-399.
95. Singh P., Kochhar R., Vashishta R.K., et al. Amebic meningoencephalitis: spectrum of imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27:1217-1221.
96. Song T., Wang W.S., Zhou B.R. CT and MR characteristics of cerebral sparganosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:1700-1705.
97. Sotelo J., Guerrero V., Rubio F. Neurocysticercosis: a new classification based on active and inactive forms. A study of 753 cases. Arch Intern Med 1985, 145:442-445.
98. Srikanth S.G., Jayakumar P.N., Vasudev M.K., et al. Improved detection of intraventricular cysticercal cysts with the use of three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state MR sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000, 21:679-684.
99. Suss R.A., Maravilla K.R., Thompson J. MR imaging of intracranial cysticercosis: comparison with CT and anatomopathologic features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1986, 7:235-242.
100. Toricelli R., Martinelli C., Biagini R., et al. Radiographic and computed tomographic findings in hydatid disease of bone. Skeletal Radiol 1990, 119:435-439.
101. Tuzun M., Hekimoglu B. Hydatid disease of the CNS: imaging features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1998, 171:1497-1500.
102. Vaidian A.K., Weiss L.M., Tanowitz H.B. Chagas' disease and AIDS. Kinetoplastid Biol Dis 2004, 3:2.
103. Viriyavejakul P., Riganti M. Undiagnosed Amebic Brain Abscess. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2009, 40:1183-1187.
104. Wan H., Masataka H., Lei T., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid immunoassay in the diagnosis of cerebral schistosomiasis: experience in southwest China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2009, 103:1059-1061.
105. Xinou E., Lefkopoulos A., Gelagoti M., et al. CT and MR imaging findings in cerebral toxocaral disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2003, 24:714-718.
106. Yamashita K., Akimura T., Kawano K., et al. Cerebral sparganosis mansoni. Report of two cases. Surg Neurol 1990, 133:28-34.
107. Zee C.S., Go J.L., Kim P.E., et al. Imaging of neurocysticercosis. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2000, 10:391-407.
108. Zhang J.S., Huan Y., Sun L.J. MRI features of pediatric cerebral paragonimiasis in the active stage. J Magn Reson Imaging 2006, 23:569-573.