Families Created by Donor Insemination: Father-Child Relationships at Age 7

Journal of Marriage and Family

Volumn 75, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 858-870

  Casey, Polly ^a   Jadva, Vasanti ^a   Blake, Lucy ^a   Golombok, Susan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

family interaction; father child relations; fatherhood; fertility family planning infertility; parenting styles

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879811356     PISSN: 00222445     EISSN: 17413737     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jomf.12043     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. Abidin, R. (1990). Parenting Stress Index test manual. Charlottesville, VA: Pediatric Psychology Press.
2. Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., O'Connor, T. G., & Bell, K. L. (2002). Prediction of peer-rated adult hostility from autonomy struggles in adolescent-family interactions. Development and Psychopathology, 14, 123-137.
3. Amato, P. R., & Sobolewski, J. M. (2004). The effects of divorce on fathers and children: Nonresidential fathers and stepfathers. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 341-367). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
4. Anderson, K. G., Kaplan, H., Lam, D., & Lancaster, J. (1999). Paternal care by genetic fathers and stepfathers II: Reports by Xhosa High School students. Evolution and Human Behavior, 20, 433-451.
5. Aspland, H., & Gardner, F. (2003). Observational measures of parent child interaction. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 8, 136-144.
6. Bakeman, R., & Gottman, J. (1997). Observing interaction: An introduction to sequential analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7. Baran, A., & Pannor, R. (1993). Lethal secrets (2nd ed.). New York: Amistad.
8. Blyth, E., Langridge, D., & Harris, R. (2010). Family building in donor conception: Parents' experiences of sharing information. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 28, 116-127.
9. Bos, H., & van Balen, F. (2010). Children of new reproductive technologies: Social and genetic parenthood. Patient Education and Counseling, 81, 429-435.
10. Brewaeys, A. (2001). Review: Parent-child relationships and child development in donor insemination families. Human Reproduction Update, 7, 38-46.
11. Brewaeys, A., Golombok, S., Naaktgeboren, N., de Bruyn, J. K., & van Hall, E. (1997). Donor insemination: Dutch parents' opinions about confidentiality and donor anonymity and the emotional adjustment of their children. Human Reproduction, 12, 1591-1597.
12. Brewaeys, A., Ponjaert, I., van Hall, E. V., & Golombok, S. (1997). Donor insemination: Child development and family functioning in lesbian mother families. Human Reproduction, 12, 1349-1359.
13. Bronte-Tinkew, J., Moore, K. A., & Carrano, J. (2006). The father-child relationship, parenting styles, and adolescent risk behaviors in intact families. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 850-881.
14. Burns, L. H. (1987). Infertility as boundary ambiguity: One theoretical perspective. Family Systems Medicine, 8, 359-372.
15. Burns, L. H. (1990). An exploratory study of perceptions of parenting after infertility. Family Systems Medicine, 8, 177-189.
16. Cabrera, N., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2007). Modelling the dynamics of paternal influences on children over the life course. Applied Developmental Science, 11, 185-189.
17. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155-159.
18. Cohen, J., McMahon, C., Tennant, C., Saunders, D., & Leslie, G. (2001). Psychosocial outcomes for fathers after IVF conception: A controlled prospective investigation from pregnancy to four months postpartum. Reproductive Technologies, 10, 131-135.
19. Cook, R., Vatev, I., Michova, S., & Golombok, S. (1997). The European Study of Assisted Reproduction Families: A comparison of family functioning and child development between eastern and western Europe. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 18, 203-212.
20. Cordray, B. (1999, May). Speaking for ourselves: Quotes from men and women created by DI/remote father conception. Paper presented at the 11th World Congress on In Vitro Fertilisation and Human Reproductive Genetics, Sydney, Australia.
21. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. I. (1996). Violence against stepchildren. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 77-81.
22. Daly, M., & Wilson, M. I. (1998). The truth about Cinderella: A Darwinian view of parental love. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
23. Daniels, K. (2005). Is blood really thicker than water? Assisted reproduction and its impact on our thinking about family. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26, 265-270.
24. De Paulo, B. M. (1992). Nonverbal behaviour and self-presentation. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 203-243.
25. Ehrensaft, D. (2008). When baby makes three or four or more: Attachment, individuation, and identity in assisted-conception families. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 63, 3-23.
26. Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. (2009). Old lessons for a new world: Applying adoption research and experience to assisted reproductive technology. Retrieved from http://adoptioninstitute.org/policy/2009_02_oldlessons.php
27. Fagan, J., & Iglesias, A. (1999). Father involvement program effects on fathers, father figures, and their Head Start children: A quasi-experimental study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 14, 243-269.
28. Finkenauer, C., Engels, R. C. M. E., Branje, S. J. T., & Meeus, W. (2004). Disclosure and relationship satisfaction in families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 195-209.
29. Fisher, J. R. W., Hammarberg, K., & Baker, H. W. G. (2005). Assisted conception is a risk factor for postnatal mood disturbance and early parenting difficulties. Fertility and Sterility, 84, 426-430.
30. Flouri, E., & Buchanan, A. (2002). Life satisfaction in teenage boys: The moderating role of father involvement and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 28, 126-133.
31. Flykt, M., Lindblom, J., Punamäki, R.-L., Poikkeus, P., Repokari, L., Unkila-Kallio, L., Vilska, S., Sinkkonen, J., Tiitinen, A., Amqvist, F., & Tulppala, M., (2009). Prenatal expectations in transition to parenthood: Former infertility and family dynamics considerations. Journal of Family Psychology, 23, 779-789.
32. Fox, G. L., & Bruce, C. (2001). Conditional fatherhood: Identity theory and parental investment theory as alternatively sources of explanation of fathering. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 394-403.
33. Golombok, S., Blake, L., Casey, P., Roman, G., & Jadva, V. (2013). Children born through reproductive donation: A longitudinal study of psychological adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 653-660.
34. Golombok, S., Brewaeys, A., Cook, R., Giavazzi, M. T., Guerra, D., Mantovani, A., van Hall, E., Crosignani, P. G., & Dexeus, S. (1996). The European Study of Assisted Reproduction Families. Human Reproduction, 11, 2324-2331.
35. Golombok, S., Brewaeys, A, Giavazzi, M. T., Guerra, D., MacCallum, F., & Rust, J. (2002). The European Study of Assisted Reproduction Families: The transition to adolescence. Human Reproduction, 17, 830-840.
36. Golombok, S., Cook, R., Bish, A., & Murray, C. (1995). Families created by the new reproductive technologies: Quality of parenting and social and emotional development of the children. Child Development, 66, 285-298.
37. Golombok, S., Jadva, V., Lycett, E., Murray, C., MacCallum, F. (2005). Families created by gamete donation: Follow-up at age 2. Human Reproduction, 20, 286-293.
38. Golombok, S., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., Jadva, V., Murray, C., Rust, J., Abdalla, H., Jenkins, J., & Margara, R. (2004). Parenting infants conceived by gamete donation. Journal of Family Psychology, 18, 443-452.
39. Golombok, S., MacCallum, F., Goodman, E., & Rutter, M. (2002). Families with children conceived by DI: A follow-up at age 12. Child Development, 73, 952-968.
40. Golombok, S., Murray, C., Jadva, V., Lycett, E., MacCallum, F., & Rust, J. (2006). Non-genetic and non-gestational parenthood: Consequences for parent-child relationships and the psychological well-being of mothers, fathers, and children at age 3. Human Reproduction, 21, 1918-1924.
41. Golombok, S., Readings, J., Blake, L., Casey, P., Mellish, L., Marks, A., & Jadva, J. (2011). Children conceived by gamete donation: Psychological adjustment and mother-child relationships at age 7. Journal of Family Psychology, 25, 230-239.
42. Grossman, K., Grossman, K. E., Fremmer-Bombik, E., Kindler, H., Scheuer-Englisch, H., & Zimmerman, P. (2002). The uniqueness of the father-child attachment relationship: Fathers' sensitive and challenging play as a pivotal variable in a 16-year longitudinal study. Social Development, 11, 307-331.
43. Hamilton, L., Cheng, S., & Powell, B. (2007). Adoptive parents, adaptive parents: Evaluating the importance of biological ties for parental investment. American Sociological Review, 72, 95-116.
44. Hammarberg, K., Fisher, J. R. W., & Wynter, K. H. (2008). Psychological and social aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, and early parenting after assisted conception: A systematic review. Human Reproduction Update, 14, 395-414.
45. Hartman, A., & Laird, J. (1990). Family treatment after adoption: Common themes. In D. Brodzinsky & M. Schechter (Eds.), The psychology of adoption (pp. 221-239). New York: Oxford University Press.
46. Hetherington, E. M., & Stanley-Hagan, M. (2002). Parenting in divorced and remarried families. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 3, pp. 287-316). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Hjelmstedt, A., Widström, A. M., Wramsby, H., & Collins, A. (2003). Patterns of emotional responses to pregnancy, experience of pregnancy and attitudes to parenthood among IVF couples: A longitudinal study. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 24, 153-162.
48. Hofferth, S. (2003). Race/ethnic differences in father-involvement in two-parent families. Journal of Family Issues, 24, 185-216.
49. Holditch-Davis, D., Sandelowski, M., & Harris, B. (1999). Effect of infertility on mothers' and fathers' interactions with young infants. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 17, 159-173.
50. Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority. (2010). Fertility treatment in 2010: Trends and figures. Retrieved from http://www.hfea.gov.uk/docs/2011-11-16_-_Annual_Register_Figures_Report_final.pdf
51. Jadva, V., Freeman, T., Kramer, W., & Golombok, S. (2009). The experiences of adolescents and adults conceived by sperm donation: Comparisons by age of disclosure and family type. Human Reproduction, 24, 1909-1919.
52. Karpel, M. (1980). Family secrets. Family Process, 19, 295-306.
53. Kirk, D. H. (1984). Shared fate: A theory and method of adoptive relationships. Port-Angeles, WA: Ben-Simon.
54. Lamb, M. E. (2010). How do fathers influence children's development? Let me count the ways. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 1-26). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
55. Lamb, M. (2012). Mothers, fathers, families, and circumstances: Factors affecting children's adjustment. Applied Developmental Science, 16, 98-111.
56. Lamb, M. E., & Lewis, C. (2010). The development and significance of father-child relationships in two-parent families. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 94-153). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
57. Landau, R. (1998). The management of genetic origins: Secrecy and openness in donor assisted conception in Israel and elsewhere. Human Reproduction, 13, 3268-3273.
58. Lycett, E., Daniels, K., Curson, R., & Golombok, S. (2004). Offspring created as a result of donor insemination: A study of family relationships, child adjustment, and disclosure. Fertility and Sterility, 82, 172-179.
59. Lycett, E., Daniels, K., Curson, R., & Golombok, S. (2005). School-aged children of donor insemination: A study of parents' disclosure patterns. Human Reproduction, 20, 810-819.
60. Manuel, C., Facy, F., Choquet, M., Grandjean, H., & Czyba, J. C. (1990). Les risques psychologiques de la conception par IAD pour l'enfant [The psychological risks of donor conception for children]. Neuropsychiatrie de L'Enfance, 38, 642-658.
61. Marsiglio, W., Day, R. D., & Lamb, M. E. (2000). Exploring fatherhood diversity: Implications for conceptualizing father involvement. Marriage and Family Review, 29, 269-293.
62. Mason, M. C. (1993). Male infertility-Men talking. New York: Routledge.
63. Mitchell, S. J., See, H. M., Tarkow, A. K. H., Cabrera, N., McFadden, K. E., & Shannon, J. D. (2007). Conducting studies with fathers: Challenges and opportunities. Applied Development Science, 11, 239-244.
64. Nachtigall, R. D., Pitcher, L., Tchann, J. M., Becker, G., & Szkupinski Quiroga, S. (1997). Stigma, disclosure, and family functioning among parents of children conceived through donor insemination. Fertility and Sterility, 68, 83-89.
65. Newton, C. R., & Houle, M. (1993). Gender differences in psychological response to infertility treatment. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 2, 129-139.
66. Office of Population and Census Statistics & Employment Department Group. (1991). Standard classification of occupations. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
67. Olivius, C., Friden, B., Borg, G., & Bergh, G. (2004). Why do couples discontinue in vitro fertilization treatment? A cohort study. Fertility and Sterility, 81, 258-261.
68. Owen, L., & Golombok, S. (2009). Families created by assisted reproduction: Parent-child relationships in late adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 835-848.
69. Papp, P. (1993). The worm in the bud: Secrets between parents and children. In E. Imber-Black (Ed.), Secrets in family and family therapy (pp. 66-85). New York: Norton.
70. Parke, R. D. (2002). Fathers and families. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting (Vol. 3, pp. 27- 74). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
71. Paul, M., & Berger, R. (2007). Topic avoidance and family functioning in families conceived with donor insemination. Human Reproduction, 22, 2566-2571.
72. Quinton, D., & Rutter, M. (1988). Parenting breakdown: The making and breaking of intergenerational links. Aldershot, England: Avebury Gower.
73. Readings, J., Blake, L., Casey, P., Jadva, V., & Golombok, S. (2011). Secrecy, disclosure and everything in between: Decisions of parents conceived by donor insemination, egg donation, and surrogacy. Reproductive Biomedicine Online, 22, 485-495.
74. Repokari, L., Punamäki, R.-L., Poikkeus, P., Vilska, S., Unkila-Kallio, L., Sinkkonen, J., Tiitinen, A., Amqvist, F., & Tulppala, M. (2005). The impact of successful assisted reproduction treatment on female and male mental health during the transition to parenthood: A prospective controlled study. Human Reproduction, 20, 3238-3247.
75. Schooler, J. E., & Norris, B. L. (2002). Secrecy in adoption and the high cost it required. In J. E. Schooler & B. L. Norris (Eds.), Journeys after adoption: Understanding lifelong issues (pp. 3-15). Westport, CT: Bergin & Harvey.
76. Spielberger, C. (1983). The handbook of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
77. Steele, M., D'Agostino, D., & Blom, I. (2005). The co-construction coding manual: Verbal and nonverbal behavior. Unpublished manuscript.
78. Steele, M., Hodges, J., Kaniuk, J., Steele, H., D'Agostino, D., Blom, I., Hillman, S., & Henderson, K. (2007). Intervening with maltreated children and their adoptive families: Identifying attachment facilitative behaviors. In D. Oppenheim & D. F. Goldsmith (Eds.), Attachment theory in clinical work with children: Bridging the gap between research and practice (pp. 58-89). New York: Guilford Press.
79. Thorpe, K. (1993). A study of the use of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale with parent groups outside the postpartum period. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 11, 119-125.
80. Turner, A. J., & Cole, A. (2000). What does it mean to be a donor offspring? The identity experiences of adults conceived by donor insemination and the implications for counseling and therapy. Human Reproduction, 15, 2041-2051.
81. Van den Akker, O. B. A. (2001). The acceptable face of parenthood: The relative status of biological and cultural interpretations of offspring in infertility treatment. Psychology, Evolution & Gender, 3, 137-153.
82. Wanless, S. B., Rosenkoetter, S. E., & McClelland, M. M. (2008). Paternal depression and infant cognitive development: Implications for research and intervention. Infants and Young Children, 21, 134-141.
83. Warnock, M. (1984). The report of the Committee of Inquiry Into Human Fertilization and Embryology. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
84. Webb, R. E., & Daniluk, J. C. (1999). The end of the line: Infertile men's experiences of being unable to produce a child. Men and Masculinities, 2, 6-26.
85. Wichman, C. L., Ehlers, S. L., Wichman, S. E., Weaver, A. L., & Coddington, C. (2011). Comparison of multiple psychological distress measures between men and women preparing for in vitro fertilization. Fertility and Sterility, 95, 717-721.
86. Zvoch, K. (1999). Family type and investment in education: A comparison of genetic and stepparent families. Evolution and Human Behaviour, 20, 453-464.