Nothing matters but color: Transnational circuits, the interwar Caribbean, and the black international

From Toussaint to Tupac: The Black International since the Age of Revolution

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 107-129

  Putnam, Lara ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

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EID: 84879742698     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (147)

1. Monestel, "El calypso en Costa Rica,"
2. Hutton, "Cuban Influence on Popular Jamaican Music."
3. Senior, "Colón People," 62.
4. James, "Explaining Afro-Caribbean Social Mobility"
5. Putnam, Company They Kept, 170
6. Murphy Dominican Sugar Plantations, 43
7. McLeod,"Undesirable Aliens."
8. Senior,"Colón People," 70 n. 47.
9. Dowridge-Challenor correspondence excerpted in Watkins-Owens, Blood Relations, chap. 2.
10. Conniff,Black Labor, 47
11. Putnam,Company They Kept, 64-75
12. McLeod,"Undesirable Aliens," 4-5
13. Cuba,Dirección General del Censo, Informe general del censo de 1943, 888-89
14. Foner,"Introduction"
15. James,Holding aloft the Banner, 12.
16. James,"Explaining Afro-Caribbean Social Mobility," 220
17. James,Holding aloft the Banner, 357.
18. Thomas-Hope, "Establishment of a Migration Tradition," 66-81
19. Marshall,"History of West Indian Migrations"
20. Richardson,"Caribbean Migrations."
21. James,Holding aloft the Banner, esp. 50-100.
22. Cf. "Boys Brigade Organized," Panama Star and Herald, December 3, 1920, 3.
23. Elkins,Black Power in the Caribbean, 29-45
24. Costa Rica Division, 1919, reproduced in Hill, Marcus Garvey, vols. 11-12.
25. Chevannes,Rastafari, 119-44.
26. Marshall,"Nothing in My Hands," 22-23.
27. "Life in Jamaica in the Early Twentieth Century," volume: St. James, Respondent: 64StjMb, 3-4.
28. Capelli,"Promised Ship."
29. Lewis,Marcus Garvey, 113.
30. Martin,Race First, 16
31. James,Holding aloft the Banner, 196-97, 366
32. Lewis,Marcus Garvey, 97-123.
33. The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers, edited by Robert A. Hill, vols. 11-12, forthcoming.
34. Smith,"John E. Bush."
35. Times (Limón, Costa Rica), June 2, 1911.
36. Panama Star and Herald, November 28-December 31, 1920.
37. E.g., "Old Timer's Lamented Death," Panama Tribune, November 18, 1928, 5. Copies of the Tribune were consulted in the Museo Afroantillano in Panama City.
38. Cf. Conniff, Black Labor, 70-71
39. Watkins-Owens, Blood Relations, 56-74
40. Westerman,Los inmigrantes antillanos, 113-15
41. Richardson,Panama Money, 223-28
42. Duncan,"El negro antillano"
43. Fletcher,"Friendly Societies."
44. Costa Rica District No. 1, I. U. O. of Mechanics (Kingston, Jamaica: Educational Supply Company Printers, n.d.), 13-14
45. Clearance card, Costa Rica District No. 1, Independent United Order of Mechanics, PCMGS.
46. Limón Lodge 16 (9180) G.U.O. of O.F., April 23, 1910, through March 6, 1912, PCMGS.
47. 125th Anniversary of the Ancient Order of Foresters, Caribbean and Western Hemisphere, Souvenir Brochure (n.p., 1971)
48. Watkins-Owens, Blood Relations, 72.
49. Fourth Quarterly Circular, 1915. G.U.O. of O.F., Phila., PA, 10, PCMGS (printed book, title page lost).
50. Ritual of the Juvenile Society of the Grand United Order of Odd Fellows Prepared by Sister Tillie M. Brooks, of Household of Ruth No. 48, Paducah, Ky., and Sister Rhoda A. Moore, of the Household of Ruth No. 197, Houston, Tex. (Philadelphia, 1912), 15, PCMGS.
51. "West Indian Progress," All The World, May 1912, 243.
52. Jamaica,Blue Book, 6V.
53. War Cry, April 1906, 4.
54. similarly,War Cry, September 1906, 3.
55. Richardson,Panama Money, 205-12
56. Richardson,Panama Money, 205-12
57. Howe,Race, War, and Nationalism, 16-40
58. Phillips,"'Go Ahead, England; Barbados Is Behind You.'"
59. "An Open Letter to Mr. Hitchens," Central American Express (Bocas del Toro), June 23, 1917, 4
60. Howe, Race, War, and Nationalism; James, Holding aloft the Banner, 52-62
61. Conniff,Black Labor, 68.
62. James, Holding aloft the Banner, 62-69; Elkins, Black Power in the Caribbean, 5-15, 64-76
63. Bolland,Politics of Labour, 216-20.
64. "Colón Boys Institutes Tops All Community Effort," Panama Tribune, December 2, 1928, 13.
65. "Boys' Brigade Organized," Panama Star and Herald, December 3, 1920, 3.
66. Rosenthal,Character Factory.
67. Elkins,Black Power in the Caribbean, 9.
68. Panama Money, 217.
69. Harpelle,West Indians of Costa Rica, 61.
70. H. S. Blair, April 16, 1920
71. Graham,Idea of Race in Latin America
72. Stepan,Hour of Eugenics.
73. Chomsky,"West Indian Workers" and "'Barbados or Canada?'"
74. Tinker Salas, "Relaciones de poder y raza"
75. De la Fuente, Nation for All, 46-50.
76. Emilio Roig de Leuchsenring, "Se está Cuba africanizando?," Carteles 10, no. 48 (November 27, 1927): 27
77. Chomsky,"'Barbados or Canada?,'" 458-59.
78. Chomsky,"West Indian Workers."
79. Olmedo Alfaro, "El peligro antillano en la América Central (La Defensa de la Raza)" (1925), quoted in Westerman, Los inmigrantes antillanos, 96-97 (author's translation).
80. Szok,La última gaviota.
81. Gráfico (semanario de Panamá), August 30, 1924
82. Westerman,Los inmigrantes antillanos, 96 (author's translation).
83. Quirós, "Inmigración e identidad nacional." On antiblack policies in the 1930s,
84. Chomsky,"West Indian Workers"
85. Harpelle,"Racism and Nationalism" and West Indians of Costa Rica
86. Putnam,Company They Kept, 71-75, 165-72.
87. La Voz del Atlantico (Limón, Costa Rica), October 13, 1934 (author's translation).
88. Harpelle,"Racism and Nationalism," 29-51
89. Chomsky,West Indian Workers, 235-53.
90. Jacobson,Whiteness of a Different Color
91. King,Making Americans.
92. Davis,"West Indian Workers on the Panama Canal," 141-42
93. Newton,Silver Men, 162-63
94. Conniff,Black Labor, 65-66, 80-84, 98-106, 127-30.
95. Westerman,Los inmigrantes antillanos, 95-101.
96. Euraque, "Banana Enclave," esp. 152
97. Proudfoot,Population Movements, 15
98. Tinker Salas, "Relaciones de poder y raza," 95-97
99. Richardson,"Caribbean Migrations," 211-12, 215
100. del Castillo, "La inmigración de braceros," 49-54.
101. Turits,"World Destroyed."
102. De la Fuente, Nation for All, 104-5, 194-98.
103. Richards, "Friendly Societies," 142.
104. The best overall accounts of this era are Bolland, Politics of Labour, 155-211, and On the March.
105. Beckles,History of Barbados, 155
106. Howe,Race, War, and Nationalism, 191.
107. Richards,"Race, Class, and Labour Politics," 358
108. Post,Arise Ye Starvelings, esp. 5, 242.
109. Post,Arise Ye Starvelings, 159-95.
110. Chevannes,Rastafari, 133-36.
111. Think,for instance, of Charles Payne, the Trinidad-born child of Barbadian emig Beckles,History of Barbados, 154-69
112. Richardson,Panama Money, 239-47.
113. Carr,"Identity, Class, and Nation"; Chomsky, "West Indian Workers," 28-31, 35-36
114. Euraque,"Banana Enclave," 157.
115. Anderson,Imagined Communities.
116. "Happenings in the Zone Towns," Panama Tribune, November 11, 1928, 12.
117. "Sid Says," Panama Tribune, January 20, 1929, 8.
118. Westerman,Los inmigrantes antillanos, 123-28
119. Conniff,Black Labor, 71-72, 80-81.
120. Cooperate, Searchlight (Limón, Costa Rica), January 4, 1930, 2.
121. Putnam,Company They Kept, 169-70.
122. Dolores Joseph, "Deplores Lack of Racial Sentiment," Searchlight (Limón, Costa Rica), June 13, 1931 (brackets and bracketed material in original).
123. Dolores Joseph, letter to editor, Searchlight (Limón, Costa Rica), June 14, 1930.
124. C. G. Whittingham, "Perils That Confront Our Race," Panama Tribune, January 13, 1929, 8.
125. "Hope for a Woman's Page," Panama Tribune, December 9, 1928, 16.
126. "A Word to My People," Panama Tribune, January 6, 1929, 16.
127. Palmi and #x00E9x;/x, Wizards and Scientists.
128. Harpelle,"Ethnicity, Religion, and Repression"
129. Putnam,Company They Kept, 165-72
130. Bryce-Laporte, "Crisis, Contraculture, and Religion." The Afro-Christian religion known in Jamaica as Pocomania or pukumina was known in Limón as Pocomia
131. Duncan,"Pocomia Rebellion."
132. Pryke, "Popularity of Nationalism," 317.
133. Searchlight (Limon, Costa Rica), August 23, 1930, 1.
134. Searchlight (Limon, Costa Rica), May 31, 1930.
135. "U.S. Charged with Atrocities in Haiti," Panama Tribune, February 3, 1929, 3.
136. Searchlight (Limon, Costa Rica), May 3, 1930.
137. "Garveyites Warn Editor of Times," Panama Tribune, November 18, 1928, 10
138. "French Officers Back Up Negro Colleague," Panama Tribune, December 2, 1928, 4.
139. "Oh for a leader!!," Panama Tribune, November 18, 1928, 1
140. "New Colored Champion Looms," Panama Tribune, December 16, 1928, 6
141. "Bantu Wins Difficult Degree," Panama Tribune, November 11, 1928, 14.
142. The passage is from Darrow's closing arguments in Sweet's trial.
143. Weinberg,Attorney for the Damned, 248.
144. "Nothing Matters but Color," Panama Tribune, December 2, 1928, 8.
145. Fields,"Slavery, Race, and Ideology," 115.
146. Fields,"Slavery, Race, and Ideology,", 110.
147. Downes, "Freemasonry in Barbados" and "Sailing from Colonial into National Waters."