Made for each other: Clark's Nutcracker and the Whitebark pine

Acta Horticulturae

Volumn 615, Issue , 2003, Pages 121-125

  Lanner, Ronald M ^a,b  

^a UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Institute of Forest Genetics   (United States)

Author keywords

Cache site; Coevolution; Conifers; Ecosystems; Forest succession; Mutualism; Nucifraga columbiana; Nutcrackers; Pinus albicaulis

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879650736     PISSN: 05677572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2003.615.9     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (18)

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2. Hutchins, H.E. and Lanner, R.M. 1982. The central role of Clark's nutcracker in the dispersal and establishment of whitebark pine. Oecologia 55:192-201.
3. Kamil, A.C. and Jones, J.E. 1997. The seed-caching corvid Clark's nutcracker learns geometric relationships among landmarks. Nature 390:276-279.
4. Kendall, K.C. 1983. Use of pine nuts by grizzly and black bears in the Yellowstone area. Int. Conf. Bear Res. Manage. 5:166-173.
5. Lanner, R.M. 1980. Avian seed dispersal as a factor in the ecology and evolution of limber and whitebark pines. p.15-48. In: B. Dancik and K. Higginbotham (eds.), Proc. 6th N. Amer. Forest Biol. Workshop, August 11-13, 1980. University of Alberta, Edmonton.
6. Lanner, R.M. 1982. Adaptations of whitebark pine for seed dispersal by Clark's nutcracker. Can. J. Forest Res. 12:391-402.
7. Lanner, R.M. 1996. Made for Each Other: a Symbiosis of Birds and Pines. Oxford University Press, New York.
8. Lanner, R.M. and Vander Wall, S.B. 1980. Dispersal of limber pine seed by Clark's nutcracker. J. Forestry 78:637-639.
9. Mattes, H. 1982. Die Lebensgemeinschaft von Tannenhaher und Arve. Swiss Fed. Inst. Forestry Res., CH8903 Birmensdorf, Report No. 241, 74 p.
10. McCaughey, W.W. and Weaver, T. 1990. Biotic and microsite factors affecting whitebark pine establishment. p.85-95. In: Proc. Symp.: Whitebark Pine Ecosystems: Ecology and Management of a High Mountain Resource, March 29-31, 1989, Bateman, Montana, USA. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-270.
11. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah.
12. Mulder, B.S., Schultz, B.S. and Sherman, P.W. 1978. Predation on vertebrates by Clark's Nutcrackers. Condor 80:449-451.
13. Tomback, D.F. 1978. Foraging strategies of Clark's nutcracker. Living Bird 16:123-161.
14. Tomback, D.F. 1982. Dispersal of whitebark pine seeds by Clark's nutcracker: a mutualism hypothesis. J. Animal Ecol. 51:451-467.
15. Tomback, D.F. 1998. Clark's nutcracker (Nucifraga columbiana). No. 331 in: A. Poole and F. Gill (eds.), The Birds of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC.
16. Vander Wall, S.B. 1982. An experimental analysis of cache recovery in Clark's nutcracker. Animal Behavior 30:84-94.
17. Vander Wall, S.B. and Balda, R.P. 1977. Coadaptations of the Clark's nutcracker and the pinon pine for efficient seed harvest and dispersal. Ecol. Monogr. 47:89-111.
18. Vander Wall, S.B. and Hutchins, H.E. 1983. Dependence of Clark's nutcracker, Nucifraga columbiana, on conifer seeds during the postfledging period. Can. Field-Naturalist 97:208-214.