Dynamics and determinants of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in livestock veterinarians: A prospective cohort study

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 57, Issue 2, 2013, Pages

  Verkade, Erwin ^a,b   Van Benthem, Birgit ^c   Den Bergh, Marjolein Kluytmans Van ^a   Van Cleef, Brigitte ^a,b,c   Van Rijen, Miranda ^a   Bosch, Thijs ^c   Kluytmans, Jan ^a,b,d  

^a AMPHIA HOSPITAL   (Netherlands)

^b TweeSteden Hospital   (Netherlands)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^d VU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

CC398; dynamics; epidemiology; persistence; Staphylococcus aureus

Indexed keywords

STAPHYLOCOCCUS PROTEIN A;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; DYNAMICS; FEMALE; HETEROZYGOTE; HUMAN; LIVESTOCK; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; OROPHARYNX; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; VARIABLE NUMBER OF TANDEM REPEAT; VETERINARY MEDICINE;

CC398; DYNAMICS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PERSISTENCE; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS;

ADULT; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; ANIMALS; CARRIER STATE; COHORT STUDIES; FEMALE; GENOTYPE; HUMANS; LIVESTOCK; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MINISATELLITE REPEATS; MOLECULAR TYPING; NETHERLANDS; NOSE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; OROPHARYNX; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STAPHYLOCOCCAL PROTEIN A; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VETERINARIANS;

EID: 84879646398     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/cit228     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298:1763-71.
2. van Rijen MM, Kluytmans JA. Costs and benefits of the MRSA search and destroy policy in a Dutch hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 28:1245-52.
3. Archer GL. Staphylococcus aureus: A well-armed pathogen. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26:1179-81.
4. Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, et al. National trends in Staphylococcus aureus infection rates: impact on economic burden and mortality over a 6-year period (1998-2003). Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:1132-40.
5. Kluytmans-Vandenbergh MF, Kluytmans JA. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current perspectives. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12(suppl 1):9-15.
6. Bode LG, Wertheim HF, Kluytmans JA, et al. Sustained low prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus upon admission to hospital in the Netherlands. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79:198-201.
7. Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J, Klaassen C, Wulf M. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1965-6.
8. de Neeling AJ, van den Broek MJ, Spalburg EC, et al. High prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2007; 122:366-72.
9. Huijsdens XW, van Dijke BJ, Spalburg E, et al. Community-acquired MRSA and pig-farming. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2006; 5:26.
10. van Loo I, Huijsdens X, Tiemersma E, et al. Emergence of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus of animal origin in humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13:1834-9.
11. van Rijen MM, Bosch T, Heck ME, Kluytmans JA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology and transmission in a Dutch hospital. J Hosp Infect 2009; 72:299-306.
12. van den Broek IVF, van Cleef BA, Haenen A, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people living and working in pig farms. Epidemiol Infect 2008; 24:1-9.
13. Graveland H, Wagenaar JA, Heesterbeek H, et al. Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in veal calf farming: human MRSA carriage related with animal antimicrobial usage and farm hygiene. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10990.
14. Cuny C, Nathaus R, Layer F, Strommenger B, Altmann D, Witte W. Nasal colonization of humans with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) CC398 with and without exposure to pigs. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6800. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006800.
15. Kluytmans J, van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology, underlying mechanisms, and associated risks. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10:505-20.
16. Williams RE. Healthy carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: its prevalence and importance. Bacteriol Rev 1963; 27:56-71.
17. VandenBergh MF, Yzerman EP, van Belkum A, Boelens HA, Sijmons MVerbrugh HA. Follow-up of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage after 8 years: redefining the persistent carrier state. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:3133-40.
18. Nouwen JL, Ott A, Kluytmans-Vandenbergh MF, et al. Predicting the Staphylococcus aureus nasal carrier state: derivation and validation of a "culture rule." Clin Infect Dis 2004; 39:806-11.
19. Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, et al. The role of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5:751-62.
20. Dall'Antonia M, Coen PG, Wilks M, Whiley A, Millar M. Competition between methicillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the anterior nares. J Hosp Infect 2005; 61:62-7.
21. Verkade E, Ferket M, Kluytmans J. Clinical evaluation of Oxoid Brilliance MRSA agar in comparison with bioMerieux MRSA ID medium for detection of livestock-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:905-8.
22. Kluytmans JA, van Griethuysen A, Willemse P, van Keulen P. Performance of CHROMagar selective medium and oxacillin resistance screening agar base for identifying Staphylococcus aureus and detecting methicillin resistance. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:2480-2.
23. van Griethuysen AJ, Pouw M, van Leeuwen N, et al. Rapid slide latex agglutination test for detection of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2789-92.
24. Harmsen D, Claus H, Witte W, et al. Typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital setting by using novel software for spa repeat determination and database management. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:5442-8.
25. Schouls LM, Spalburg EC, van Luit M, et al. Multiple-locus variable number tandem repeat analysis of Staphylococcus aureus: comparison with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and spa-typing. PLoS One 2009; 4: e5082. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005082.
26. Zou G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159:702-6.
27. Wulf M, van Nes A, Eikelenboom-Boskamp A, et al. Methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus in veterinary doctors and students, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:1939-41.
28. Garcia-Graells C, Antoine J, Larsen J, Catry B, Skov R, Denis O. Livestock veterinarians at high risk of acquiring methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 140:383-9.
29. Smith TC, Forshey BM, Hanson BM, Wardyn SE, Moritz ED. Molecular and epidemiologic predictors of Staphylococcus aureus colonization site in a population with limited nosocomial exposure. Am J Infect Control 2012; 40:992-6.
30. Aubry-Damon H, Grenet K, Sall-Ndiaye P, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in commensal flora of pig farmers. Emer Infect Dis 2004; 10:873-9.
31. Graveland H, Wagenaar JA, Bergs K, Heesterbeek H, Heederik D. Persistence of livestock associated MRSA CC398 in humans is dependent on intensity of animal contact. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16830.
32. van Belkum A, Verkaik NJ, de Vogel CP, et al. Reclassification of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage types. J Infect Dis 2009; 199:1820-6.
33. Köck R, Loth B, Köksal M, Schulte-Wülwer J, Harlizius J, Friedrich AW. Does nasal colonization with livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pig farmers persist after holidays from pig exposure? Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4046-7.
34. Slingerland BC, Tavakol M, McCarthy AJ, et al. Survival of Staphylococcus aureus ST398 in the human nose after artificial inoculation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48896.
35. van Cleef BA, Graveland H, Haenen AP, et al. Persistence of livestockassociated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in field workers after short-term occupational exposure to pigs and veal calves. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:1030-3.
36. Broens EM, Graat EA, van der Wolf PJ, van de Giessen AW, De Jong MC. Prevalence and risk factor analysis of livestock associated MRSApositive pig herds in the Netherlands. Prev Vet Med 2011; 102:41-9.
37. Loeffler A, Pfeiffer DU, Lindsay JA, Magalhaes RJ, Lloyd DH. Prevalence of and risk factors for MRSA carriage in companion animals: A survey of dogs, cats and horses. Epidemiol Infect 2010; 14:1-10.
38. Boost MV, O'Donoghue MM, James A. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among dogs and their owners. Epidemiol Infect Jul 2008; 136:953-64.
39. Pinto Ferreira J, Anderson KL, Correa MT, et al. Transmission of MRSA between companion animals and infected human patients presenting to outpatient medical care facilities. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26978.
40. van Belkum A, Melles DC, Peeters JK, et al. Dutch Working Party on Surveillance and Research of MRSA-SOM. Methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus sequence type 398 in pigs and humans. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:479-83.
41. Hasman H, Moodley A, Guardabassi L, Stegger M, Skov RL, Aarestrup FM. Spa type distribution in Staphylococcus aureus originating from pigs, cattle and poultry. Vet Microbiol 2010; 141:326-31.
42. Valentin-Domelier AS, Girard M, Bertrand X, et al. for the Bloodstream Infection Study Group of the Réseau des Hygiénistes de Centre (RHC). Methicillin-resistant ST398 Staphylococcus aureus responsible for bloodstream infections: An emerging human-adapted subclone? PLoS One 2011; 6:e28369.
43. Verkade E, Bergmans AM, Budding AE, et al. Recent emergence of Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 in human blood cultures. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41855.