Housefly Population Density Correlates with Shigellosis among Children in Mirzapur, Bangladesh: A Time Series Analysis

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2013, Pages

  Farag, Tamer H ^a   Faruque, Abu S ^b   Wu, Yukun ^a   Das, Sumon K ^b   Hossain, Anowar ^b   Ahmed, Shahnawaz ^b   Ahmed, Dilruba ^b   Nasrin, Dilruba ^a   Kotloff, Karen L ^a   Panchilangam, Sandra ^a   Nataro, James P ^c   Cohen, Dani ^d   Blackwelder, William C ^a   Levine, Myron M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR DIARRHOEAL DISEASE RESEARCH   (Bangladesh)

^c UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA   (United States)

^d TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AIR TEMPERATURE; ARTICLE; BANGLADESH; CHILD; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FECES; FECES ANALYSIS; HOUSE FLY; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MICROBIOLOGY; MORTALITY; NEWBORN; POPULATION DENSITY; SHIGELLOSIS; SOCIAL MEDICINE; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; ANIMAL; DYSENTERY, BACILLARY; ENDEMIC DISEASE; FEMALE; GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND AGING; INCIDENCE; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SEASON; TRANSMISSION;

ANIMALS; BANGLADESH; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DYSENTERY, BACILLARY; ENDEMIC DISEASES; FEMALE; HOUSEFLIES; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; POPULATION DENSITY; SEASONS;

EID: 84879541889     PISSN: 19352727     EISSN: 19352735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002280     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Levine MM, DuPont HL, Formal SB, Hornick RB, Takeuchi A, et al. (1973) Pathogenesis of Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) dysentery. J Infect Dis 127: 261-270.
2. DuPont HL, Levine MM, Hornick RB, Formal SB, (1989) Inoculum size in shigellosis and implications for expected mode of transmission. J Infect Dis 159: 1126-1128.
3. DuPont HL, Gangarosa EJ, Reller LB, Woodward WE, Armstrong RW, et al. (1970) Shigellosis in custodial institutions. Am J Epidemiol 92: 172-179.
4. Pickering LK, Bartlett AV, Woodward WE, (1986) Acute infectious diarrhea among children in day care: epidemiology and control. Rev Infect Dis 8: 539-547.
5. Black RE, Craun GF, Blake PA, (1978) Epidemiology of common-source outbreaks of shigellosis in the United States, 1961-1975. Am J Epidemiol 108: 47-52.
6. Cohen D, Green M, Block C, Slepon R, Ambar R, et al. (1991) Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (Musca domestica). Lancet 337: 993-997.
7. Levine OS, Levine MM, (1991) Houseflies (Musca domestica) as mechanical vectors of shigellosis. Rev Infect Dis 13: 688-696.
8. Peffly RL, (1953) A summary of recent studies on house flies in Egypt. J Egyptian Publ Hlth Ass 28: 55-74.
9. Bidawid SP, Edeson JF, Ibrahim J, Matossian RM, (1978) The role of non-biting flies in the transmission of enteric pathogens (Salmonella species and Shigella species) in Beirut, Lebanon. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 72: 117-121.
10. Khan M, Shahidullah M, (1980) Contrasting epidemiology of shigellae dysenteriae and shigellae flexneri, Dacca. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 74: 528-533.
11. Chavasse DC, Shier RP, Murphy OA, Huttly SR, Cousens SN, et al. (1999) Impact of fly control on childhood diarrhoea in Pakistan: community-randomised trial. Lancet 353: 22-25.
12. Echeverria P, Harrison BA, Tirapat C, McFarland A, (1983) Flies as a source of enteric pathogens in a rural village in Thailand. Appl Environ Microbiol 46: 32-36.
13. Nash JT, (1909) House flies as carriers of disease. J Hyg (Lond) 9: 141-169.
14. Lindsay D, Stewart W, Watt J, (1953) Effect of fly control on diarrheal disease in an area of moderate morbidity. Public Health Rep 68: 361-367.
15. Watt J, Lindsay DR, (1948) Diarrheal disease control studies; effect of fly control in a high morbidity area. Public Health Rep 63: 1319-1333.
16. Levine MM (2009) Limitations of "one size interventions": risks and protective factors for transmission of diarrheal disease pathogens vary markedly among sites. American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58th Annual Meeting.
17. Kotloff KL, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Nataro JP, Farag TH, et al. (2012) The Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) of Diarrheal Disease in Infants and Young Children in Developing Countries: Epidemiologic and Clinical Methods of the Case/Control Study. Clin Infect Dis 55 Suppl 4: S232-S245.
18. Panchalingam S, Antonio M, Hossain A, Mandomando I, Ochieng B, et al. (2012) Diagnostic Microbiologic Methods in the GEMS-1 Case/Control Study. Clin Infect Dis 55 Suppl 4: S294-S302.
19. Lindsay D, Scudder HI, (1956) Nonbiting flies and disease. Annual Review of Entomology 1: 323-346.
20. National Climatic Data Center (2013) Global Summary of the Day Dataset for Dhaka. Available: http://www7.ncdc.noaa.gov/CDO/cdogetsubquery.cmd.
21. Brumback B, Ryan LM, Schwartz JD, Neas LM, Stark PD, et al. (2000) Transitional Regression Models, with Application to Environmental Time Series. Journal of the American Statistical Association 95: 16-27.
22. Wei WWS. (2005) Time Series Analysis: Univariate and Multivariate Methods. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
23. Schwarz G, (1978) Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics 6: 461-464.
24. Bruzzi P, Green SB, Byar DP, Brinton LA, Schairer C, (1985) Estimating the population attributable risk for multiple risk factors using case-control data. Am J Epidemiol 122: 904-914.
25. Blackwelder WC, Biswas K, Wu Y, Kotloff KL, Farag TH, et al. (2012) Statistical Methods in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). Clin Infect Dis 55 Suppl 4: S246-S253.
26. Tukey JW, (1958) Bias and confidence in not quite large samples. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 29: 614.
27. Rozendaal JA (1997) Houseflies. In: Vector control: Methods for use by individuals and communities. Geneva: World Health Organization. pp. 302-323.
28. Bhunia AK (2008) Foodborne Microbial Pathogens. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 265 p.
29. Maurelli AT, Blackmon B, Curtiss R III, (1984) Temperature-dependent expression of virulence genes in Shigella species. Infect Immun 43: 195-201.
30. Ferreccio C, Prado V, Ojeda A, Cayyazo M, Abrego P, et al. (1991) Epidemiologic patterns of acute diarrhea and endemic Shigella infections in children in a poor periurban setting in Santiago, Chile. Am J Epidemiol 134: 614-627.
31. Nash JT, (1909) House Flies as Carriers of Disease. J Hyg (Lond) 9: 141-169.
32. Kumar P, Singh R, Sehgal BS, (1970) Fly control and diarrheal morbidity in a rural community in U.P. Indian J Med Sci 24: 285-291.
33. Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Huq MI, Khan MU, Banu H, et al. (1982) Epidemiologic and clinical features of patients infected with Shigella who attended a diarrheal disease hospital in Bangladesh. J Infect Dis 146: 177-183.
34. Chompook P, Samosornsuk S, von SL, Jitsanguansuk S, Sirima N, et al. (2005) Estimating the burden of shigellosis in Thailand: 36-month population-based surveillance study. Bull World Health Organ 83: 739-746.
35. Agtini MD, Soeharno R, Lesmana M, Punjabi NH, Simanjuntak C, et al. (2005) The burden of diarrhoea, shigellosis, and cholera in North Jakarta, Indonesia: findings from 24 months surveillance. BMC Infect Dis 5: 89.
36. Dudgeon LS, (1919) The dysenteries: bacillary and amoebic. BMJ 1: 448-454.
37. Ledingham JDG, (1920) Dysentery and enteric disease in Mesopotamia from the laboratory standpoint. An anlaysis of laboratory data during the eighteen months ending December 31, 1918. J R Army Med Corps 34: 189-306.
38. Schoof HF, (1959) How far do flies fly? Pest Control 27: 16-24.
39. Khan AI, Talukder KA, Huq S, Mondal D, Malek MA, et al. (2006) Detection of intra-familial transmission of shigella infection using conventional serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Epidemiol Infect 134: 605-611.
40. Chiou CS, Hsu WB, Wei HL, Chen JH, (2001) Molecular epidemiology of a Shigella flexneri outbreak in a mountainous township in Taiwan, Republic of China. J Clin Microbiol 39: 1048-1056.
41. Huang W, Cao J, Tao Y, Dai L, Lu SE, et al. (2012) Seasonal variation of chemical species associated with short-term mortality effects of PM(2.5) in Xi'an, a Central City in China. Am J Epidemiol 175: 556-566.
42. Mer GG, Paz M, (1960) Control of house-flies in rural areas by means of traps. Riv Parassitol 21: 143-150.
43. Davidson A, (1962) Trapping houseflies in the rural areas of Israel. Riv Parasitol 23: 61-70.