The policy responses to the Fukushima nuclear accident and their effect on Japanese energy security

Energy Policy

Volumn 59, Issue , 2013, Pages 86-101

  Hayashi, Masatsugu ^a   Hughes, Larry ^a  

^a DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Japanese energy policy; Nuclear accidents; Nuclear power

Indexed keywords

ENERGY FUTURE; FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS; FUKUSHIMA NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS; NUCLEAR ACCIDENTS; POLICY AND REGULATION;

ELECTRIC UTILITIES; ENERGY POLICY; ENERGY SECURITY; NUCLEAR ENERGY; TSUNAMIS;

NUCLEAR REACTOR ACCIDENTS;

CRISIS MANAGEMENT; ELECTRICITY GENERATION; ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY; ELECTRICITY SUPPLY; ENERGY POLICY; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; NUCLEAR ACCIDENT; NUCLEAR POWER; NUCLEAR POWER PLANT; POLICY APPROACH; POLICY REFORM; TOHOKU EARTHQUAKE 2011; TSUNAMI;

JAPAN;

EID: 84879503138     PISSN: 03014215     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.059     Document Type: Article

References (118)

1. ANRE, 2010. Energy in Japan 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE). Web site: http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/topics.
2. ANRE, 2011a. Electricity Statistics. Retrieved October 13, 2011, from Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE). Web site: http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/info/statistics/denryoku.
3. ANRE, 2011b. Oil Stockpile. Retrieved January 18, 2012, from Agency for Natural Resources and Energy (ANRE). Web site: http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/info/statistics/sekiyubi/pdf/h23/110426oil.pdf.
4. Bloomberg L.P., 2011, December 26. Nuclear Power; 6 Reactors Out of 54 Are Operating (in Japanese). Retrieved January 10, 2011, from Bloomberg L.P. Web site: http://www.bloomberg.co.jp/news.
5. Bloomberg L.P., 2012, May 24. Japan gas binge ties third-biggest economy to one fuel. Retrieved May 25, 2012, from Bloomberg L.P. Web site: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-05-24.
6. BMO Capital Markets, 2012. Energy-Oil & Gas. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from BMO Capital Markets. Web site: http://researchca.bmocapitalmarkets.com/documents.
7. BP, 2011. Statistical Review of World Energy 2011. London: BP. Retrieved October 13, 2011, from BP. Web site: http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle800.do.
8. Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, 2009. Result of the Public Survey Toward Nuclear Power. Retrieved December 9, 2011, from Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Web site: http://www8.cao.go.jp/survey/tokubetu.
9. Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, 2011a. Monthly Economic Report. Retrieved December 8, 2011, from Cabinet Office, Government of Japan. Web site (in Japanese): http://www5.cao.go.jp/keizai3/2011/1124getsurei/main.pdf.
10. Cabinet Office, Government of Japan The New Growth Strategy Blueprint for Revitalizing Japan. Retrieved October 18, 2011, from Ministry of Economy 2011, Trade, and Industry (METI), Web site:. http://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/economy/growth/report20100618.pdf.
11. Chubu EPCO, 2011. Measures to a Request for Suspension of Operation at Hamaoka Nuclear Power Station. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Chubu EPCO. Web site: http://www.chuden.co.jp/english/corporate/ecor.
12. Cosmo gas, 2011. Market Watch Report (in Japanese). Retrieved November 15, 2011, from Cosmo Gas. Web site: http://www.cosmogas.co.jp/member/study/detail.aspx?cid=187.
13. FECJ, 2009. The Procurement of Fuels for Electricity Generation (in Japanese). Retrieved November 15, 2011, from The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (FECJ): http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/materials2/downloadfiles/g90126a09j.pdf.
14. FECJ, 2010. Electricity Best Mix. Retrieved October 25, 2011, from The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (FECJ). Web site: http://www.fepc.or.jp/present/jigyou/juyou.
15. FECJ, 2011a. Electricity Consumption in Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from The Federation of Electric Power Companies in Japan (FECJ). Web site: http://www.fepc.or.jp/present/jigyou/japan.index.html.
16. FECJ, 2011b. Electricity Demand in August 2011. Retrieved December 28, 2011, from The Federation of Electric Power Companies of Japan (FECJ). Web site: http://www.fepc.or.jp/library/data/demand/index.html.
17. GE, 2011. Press Release on August 3, 2011 (in Japanese). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from GE. Web site: http://www.genewscenter.com/content/detailEmail.aspx.
18. GIIGNL The LNG Industry 2011, GIIGNL, Levallois.
19. Huentelera J., Schmidt T.S., Kanie N. Japan's post-Fukushima challenge-implications from the German experience on renewable energy policy. Energy Policy 2012, 45.
20. Hughes L. The four 'R's of energy security. Energy Policy 2009, 37:2459-2461. 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.038.
21. Hughes L. A generic framework for the description and analysis of energy security in an energy system. Energy Policy 2011, 10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.079.
22. Hughes, L., Hayashi, M. The Fukushima nuclear accident and its effect on global energy security. Energy Policy, submitted for publication.
23. IEA, 2010. Energy Security. Retrieved 12 27, 2010, from International Energy Agency: http://www.iea.org/subjectqueries/keyresult.asp.
24. IEA, 2011a. Electricity/Heat. Retrieved May 25, 2012, from IEA. Web site: http://www.iea.org/stats/prodresult.asp?PRODUCT=Electricity/Heat.
25. IEA, 2011b. Energy Perspective After the Accident at Fukushima. Retrieved December 10, 2011, from IEA: http://www.iea.org/speech/2011/Tanaka.
26. IEA World Energy Outlook 2011, IEA, Paris.
27. IEEJ, 2011. Influence on LNG Procurement of Japan After the Earthquake. Retrieved November 15, 2011, from Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ). Web site: http://eneken.ieej.or.jp/data/3816.pdf.
28. Japan Center for Economic Research, 2011. Considering Electricity Cost (in Japanese). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Japan Center for Economic Research. Web site: http://www.jcer.or.jp/policy/pdf/pe%28JCER20110719%EF%BC%89.pdf.
29. JBIC, 2011. Extending a Loan to Chubu EPCO (in Japanese). Retrieved November 20, 2011, from Japan Bank for International Cooperation. Web site: http://www.jbic.go.jp/ja/about/press/2011.
30. JMA, 2011a. The 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Retrieved October 20, 2011, from Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Web site: http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/en/2011.
31. JMA, 2011b. The list of Earthquake Occurred Near Japan. Retrieved October 25, 2011, from Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Web site: http://www.seisvol.kishou.go.jp/eq/higai/.
32. JOGMEC, 2011a. Development of Natural Gas Off the Sakhalin Island, Russia (in Japanese). Retrieved November 24, 2011, from JOGMEC. Web site: http://ollgas-info.jogmec.go.jp/pdf/4/4361/1104.
33. JOGMEC, 2011b. LNG Supply to the East Asian Market (in Japanese). Retrieved October 10, 2011, from JOGMEC. Web site: http://oilgas-info.jogmec.go.jp/pdf/4/4445/1107.
34. JX Nippon Oil & Energy, 2011. The Characteristics of LNG Project (in Japanese). Retrieved November 15, 2011, from JX Nippon Oil & Energy. Web site: http://www.noe.jxgroup.co.jp/binran/part06/chapter03/section02.html.
35. Kansai EPCO, 2011. Harmony with the Environment. Retrieved November 25, 2011, from Kansai EPCO. Web site: http://www1.kepco.co.jp/english/fuel/kankyo.
36. Kyodo News, 27 October 2011. Impact of Suspension of Nuclear Power Plants (in Japanese). Retrieved December 15, 2011, from Kyodo News. Web site: http://www.47news.jp/CN/201110/CN2011102701000417.html.
37. Kyushu EPCO, 2011. Press Release July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2011, from Kyushu EPCO. Web site: http://www.kyuden.co.jp/.
38. MESC, 2011. Conscious Survey Toward Nuclear Power (in Japanese). Retrieved December 10, 2011, from Ministry of Education Science and Culture (MESC). Web site: http://www.nistep.go.jp/about/pdf/9gatsu.
39. METI (2009. Building a System to Provide Low-Carbon Electricity (in Japanese). Retrieved November 20, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/report/downloadfiles/g90727e01j.pdf.
40. METI, 2010a. 2010 Annual Report on Energy. Tokyo: Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from METI. Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/index.
41. METI, 2010b. Establishment of the Strategic Energy Plan of Japan. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/data.
42. METI, 2011a. 2011 Annual Report on Energy. Tokyo: Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI).
43. METI, 2011b. Compensation for the Nuclear Accident (in Japanese). Retrieved December 9, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/earthquake/nuclear.
44. METI, 2011c. Electricity Supply-Demand Measures in Summer Time. Retrieved October 14, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI): http://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/electricity/pdf/20110513full.
45. METI, 2011d. Energy Balance. Retrieved November 20, 2011, from METI Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site:. http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/info/statistics/jukyu/.
46. METI, 2011e. Follow-up Results of Electricity Supply-Demand Measures for this Summer. Retrieved November 4, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2011/pdf.
47. METI, 2011f. History and Current Situation of Electricity Pricing Mechanism. Retrieved November 20, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/kenkyukai/energy/denkiryoukin.
48. METI, 2011g. Outline of Electricity Supply-Demand Measures in Summer Time (Draft). Retrieved October 14, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/earthquake/electricity/pdf/20110408material.
49. METI, 2011h. Quarterly Survey of Overseas Subsidiaries (April-June 2011). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/statistics/tyo/genntihou/pdf/h2c3l1ye.pdf.
50. METI, 2011i. Review of Japan's Energy Policy. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/english/policy/energy.
51. METI, 2011j. The Statistics of Resource and Energy. Retrieved November 10, 2011, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/statistics/tyo/seidou/result/ichiran/07.
52. METI, 2012a. Fuels for Electricity Generation After the Earthquake. Retrieved May 11, 2012, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/info/committee/kihonmondai/13th.
53. METI, 2012b. The Current State of LNG Supply in Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved May 25, 2012, from Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). Web site: http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/sougouenergy/sougou/kiban.
54. MOE, 2011a. Building a Low-Carbon Society Following the Earthquake (in Japanese). Retrieved November 20, 2011, from Ministry of Environment (MOE). Web site: http://www.env.go.jp/council/06earth.
55. MOE, 2011b. GHG Emissions in the FY 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2011, from Ministry of Environment (MOE). Web site: http://www.env.go.jp/press/file.
56. MOE, 2011c. The Result of the COP 17 (in Japanese). Retrieved December 15, 2011, from Ministry of Environment (MOE). Web site: http://www.env.go.jp/press/file.
57. MOF, 2011a. Financial Statements Statistics of Corporations by Industry. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Ministry of Finance (MOF). Web site: http://www.mof.go.jp/english/pri/reference/ssc/.
58. MOF, 2011b. Trade Statistics. Retrieved November 5, 2011, from Ministry of Finance (MOF). Web site: http://www.customs.go.jp/toukei/info.
59. MOFA, 2009. Japan's Initiatives to Cope with Global Environmental Problems. Retrieved December 15, 2011, from Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan (MOFA). Web site: http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/environment/pdfs/jp.
60. Murakami T., Watanabe M., Sato S., Shida K. Impacts on International Energy Market of Unplanned Shutdown of Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Station 2008, Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ), Tokyo.
61. NERH, 2011. Report of the Japanese Government to the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety. Nuclear Emergency Response Headquarters (NERH), Tokyo. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Report of the Japanese Government to the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety.
62. Nikkei Inc., 28 August 2011a. Crude Oil Price for Power Generation (in Japanese). Retrieved August 29, 2011, from Nikkei Inc. Web site: http://www.nikkei.com/news/latest/article/.
63. Nikkei Inc., 17 October 2011b. Moving up Schedule of Kawasaki Thermal Power Plant. Retrieved October 17, 2011, from Nikkei Inc. Web site: http://www.nikkei.com/news/category/article/g.
64. Nikkei Inc., 6 May 2011c. Kan Orders Halt To Operations At Hamaoka Nuclear Plant. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Nikkei Inc. Web site: http://e.nikkei.com/e/fr/tnks/Nni20110506D06JF946.htm.
65. Nikkei Inc., 3 May 2012a. Electricity Crunch-Concerns in Hokkaido. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from Nikkei Inc. Web site: http://www.nikkei.com/news/local/article/g.
66. Nikkei Inc., 22 February 2012b. Electricity Generation-Dependency on Gas. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from Nikkei Inc. Web site: http://www.nikkei.com/news/special/side/article/g.
67. Nikkei Inc., 22 May 2012c. Rapid Increase of LNG Price (in Japanese). Retrieved May 25, 2012, from Nikkei Inc. Web site: http://www.nikkei.com/search/article/g.
68. Nikkei Inc., 2012d. TEPCO Will Raise the Residential Electricity Price in July (Nikkei). Retrieved Nikkei 10, 2012, from Nikkei Inc. Web site: http://www.nikkei.com/news/headline/article/g.
69. NISA, 2011a. Press Release. Retrieved October 14, 2011, from Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA). Web site: http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/press/2011/08.
70. NISA, 2011b. Request to Securely Implement Protective Measures Against Tsunami at Hamaoka Nuclear Power Station and to Shut Down its Reactors Until Then. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency (NISA). Web site: http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/files/en20110514.
71. NPU. (2011a. Draft Report of the Committee for Validation of Electricity Cost (in Japanese). Retrieved December 14, 2011, from National Policy Unit (NPU). Web site: http://www.npu.go.jp/policy/policy09/pdf/20111213/siryo1.
72. NPU, 2011b. Electricity Supply-Demand Measures (in Japanese). Retrieved November 1, 2011, from National Policy Unit (NPU). Web site: http://sv1.npu.go.jp/policy/policy09/pdf/20110622/siryou7.pdf.
73. NPU, 2011c. Electricity Supply-Demand Measures for the Future (in Japanese). Retrieved November 5, 2011, from National Policy Unit (NPU). Web site: http://www.npu.go.jp/policy/policy09/pdf/20111101/siryo2.pdf.
74. NPU, 2011d. Immediate Supply-Demand Stabilization Measures. Retrieved November 20, 2011, from National Policy Unit (NPU). Web site: http://www.npu.go.jp/policy/policy09/pdf/20110908/20110908.
75. NPU, 2011e. Interim Complication of Discussion Points for the Formulation of "Innovative Strategy for Energy and the Environment". Retrieved October 12, 2011, from National Policy Unit (NPU). Web site: http://www.npu.go.jp/policy/policy09/pdf/20110908/.
76. Odawara Y. Effects of Suspension of Nuclear Power Generation in Japan on International Energy 2003, Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ), Tokyo.
77. Oshima T. Challenges to the Great East Japan Earthquake. Legislation and Investigation 2011, 317:131-136.
78. Petroleum Association of Japan PAJ Oil Statistics Weekly 2011, Petroleum Association of Japan, Tokyo.
79. Platts, 29 July 2011a. Is the Global Natural Gas Market Working? Retrieved November 20, 2011, from Platts. Web site: http://www.platts.com/weblog/oilblog/2011/07/29/is.
80. Platts, 25 August 2011b. Japan Seeks West African Low-Sulfur Crudes for Power. Retrieved November 15, 2011, from Platts. Web site: http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/ElectricPower/8274273.
81. Platts, 14 April 2011c. Korea Gas Corp Completes Shipment of Six LNG Cargoes to Japan. Retrieved November 5, 2011, from Platts. Web site: http://www.platts.com/RSSFeedDetailedNews/RSSFeed/Shipping/8794561.
82. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, 2011a. Press Conference by Prime Minister Yoshiaki Noda. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. Web site: http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/noda/statement/201109/.
83. Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet, 2011b. Press Conference by Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda. Retrieved February 8, 2012, from Prime Minister of Japan and His Cabinet. Web site: http://www.kantei.go.jp/foreign/noda/statement/201112.
84. Reuters, 14 March 2011a. Japan to Seek Low-Sulphur Oil as Replacement Utility Fuel. Retrieved November 20, 2011, from Reuters. Web site: http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/03/14/us.
85. Reuters, 1 July 2011b. Rating Downgrade of Electric Utilities in Japan (in Japanese). Retrieved December 10, 2011, from Reuters. Web site: http://jp.reuters.com/article/topNews/idJPJAPAN-21996820110701.
86. Reuters, 25 April 2012a. Japan Panel Head Eyes Incentive Seen Boosting Solar Power. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/25.
87. Reuters, 6 January 2012b. Japan Plans 40-Year Limit on Reactors Life, with Exceptions. Retrieved May 11, 2012, from Reuters. Web site: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/06.
88. Reuters, 6 May 2012c. Nuclear-Free Japan Braces for Severe Power Shortages. Retrieved May 6, 2012, from Reuters. Web site: http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/05/06/us.
89. RIST, 2011. Periodic Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant. Retrieved October 1, 2011, from Research Organization for Information Science & Technology (RIST). Web site: http://www.rist.or.jp/atomica/data/dat.
90. Sankei, 8 July 2011. Stress Test on Nuclear Reactors (in Japanese). Retrieved September 18, 2011, from Sankei: http://sankei.jp.msn.com/economy/news/110708.
91. Sankei, 28 April 2012a. Electric Suppliers-The Financial Statements of the Fiscal Year 2011. (Sankei) Retrieved May 10, 2012, from Sankei. Web site: http://www.sankeibiz.jp/business/news/120428/.
92. Sankei, 8 May 2012b. Nine Electric Suppliers-Net Loss of ¥2.7 Trillion in Total (Sankei). Retrieved May 10, 2012, from Sankei. Web site: http://www.sankeibiz.jp/business/news/120508.
93. Soma Kyodo Power Company, 2011. Shutdown of Shinchi Thermal Power Plant (No. 1) (in Japanese). Retrieved September 23, 2011, from Soma Kyodo Power Company. Web site: http://www.somakyoka.co.jp/html/2.
94. Sugawara S., Tanabe T., Kimura H. A study on the nuclear safety agreement. Atomic Energy Society of Japan 2011, 119-131.
95. Sugawara S., Inamura T., Kimura H., Madarame H. Analysis of relationship between the local governments and the power companies. Transactions of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 2009, 8(2):154-164.
96. TEPCO & METI, 2011. Mid-and-Long-Term Roadmap Towards the Decommissioning of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Units 1-4. Retrieved February 8, 2012, from TEPCO. Web site: http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp.
97. TEPCO, 2010. The Electric Power Business in Japan. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from TEPCO. Web site: http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/corpinfo/ir/kojin/jigyou.
98. TEPCO, 2011a. Approaches to Secure Electric Power Supply Capacity. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from TEPCO. Web site: http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/torikumi/thermal/index.
99. TEPCO, 2011b. Emergency Installment of New Power Supply Facilities. Retrieved October 12, 2011, from TEPCO. Web site: http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/torikumi/thermal/popup.
100. TEPCO, 2011c. Press Release (July 11, 2011). Retrieved November 2, 2011, from TEPCO. http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp.
101. TEPCO, 2011d. Press Release (July 29, 2011). Retrieved October 12, 2011, from TEPCO. Web site: http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp.
102. TEPCO, 2011e. Press Release (November 4, 2011). Retrieved December 9, 2011, from TEPCO. Web site: http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release.
103. The Asahi Shimbun Company, 1 July 2011. The Start of Electricity Consumption Restriction. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from The Asahi Shimbun Company. Web site: http://www.asahi.com/special/10005/TKY201106300614.html.
104. The Chemical Daily, 6 April 2011. Tohoku Earthquake Deregulation of the Use of Heavy Oil (in Japanese). Retrieved November 24, 2011, from The Chemical Daily. Web site: http://www.kagakukogyonippo.com/headline.
105. The Denki Shimbun, 29 December 2011. The Planned Blackouts (in Japanese). Retrieved May 28, 2011, from The Denki Shimbun. Web site: http://www.shimbun.denki.or.jp/news/.
106. The Economist, 2012. Resourceful and Energetic. Retrieved May 10, 2012, from The Economist. Web site: http://www.economist.com/node/21554552.
107. The Financial Times, 17 May 2012. Japan Pushes Asia Gas Price Close to High. Retrieved May 28, 2012, from The Financial Times. Web site: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/22943afa.
108. The Japan Atomic Power Company, 2011. Automatic Shutdown of Tokai Daini Nuclear Power Station (in Japanese). Retrieved September 25, 2011, from The Japan Atomic Power Company. Web site: http://www.japc.co.jp/news/press/2010/pdf/230311.
109. The Mainichi Daily News, 9 December 2011. Japan's Parliament OKs Nuclear Accords with 4 Countries. Retrieved December 20, 2011, from The Mainichi Daily News. Web site: http://www.mdn.mainichi.jp/mdnnews/news/20111209p2g00m0dm154000c.
110. Thomas S. What Will the Fukushima Disaster Change?. Energy Policy 2012, 45.
111. Tohoku EPCO, 2011. Measures for the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Retrieved October 3, 2011, from Tohoku EPCO. Web site: http://www.tohoku-epco.co.jp/ICSFiles/afieldfile/2011/03/30/110315.
112. Tokyo Gas, 2011. Results Bulletin: 2nd Quarter Ended, September 2011. Retrieved November 20, 2011, from Tokyo Gas. Web site: http://www.tokyo-gas.co.jp/Press.
113. UNFCCC, 2011. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Retrieved December 15, 2011, from UNFCCC: http://unfccc.int/essentialbackground/kyotoprotocol/items/1678.php.
114. WEC The Role of Nuclear Power in Europe 2007, World Energy Council (WEC), London.
115. World Nuclear Association, 2012. Nuclear Power in Ukraine. Retrieved May 11, 2012, from World Nuclear Association. Web site: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf46.html.
116. Yomiuri Shimbun, 17 November 2011a. Chubu EPCO Procurement of LNG. Retrieved November 22, 2011, from Yomiuri Shimbun. Web site: http://chubu.yomiuri.co.jp/news_k/ckei111117.
117. Yomiuri Shimbun, 18 April 2011b. LNG Provided by Russia (in Japanese). Retrieved November 14, 2011, from Yomiuri Shimbun. Web site: http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/feature/20110316.
118. Yomiuri Shimbun, 4 May 2012. Nuclear Fuel Cycle-Policy Change Cost. Retrieved May 11, 2012, from Yomiuri Shimbun. Web site: http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/editorial/news/20120503.