Knowledge of Eastern materia medica (Indian and Chinese) in pre-modern Mediterranean medical traditions: A study in comparative historical ethnopharmacology

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Volumn 148, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 361-378

  Touwaide, Alain ^a   Appetiti, Emanuela ^a  

^a Institute for the Preservation of Medical Traditions   (United States)

Author keywords

Silk road(s) Mediterranean China India Historical ethnopharmacology Comparative ethnopharmacology

Indexed keywords

MATERIA MEDICA; NATURAL PRODUCT;

CHINA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOMESTICATION; ETHNOBOTANY; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; GREECE; INDIA; MEDICINAL PLANT; TRADITIONAL MEDICINE;

ANIMALS; CHINA; ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; INDIA; MEDICINE, TRADITIONAL; MEDITERRANEAN REGION; PHYTOTHERAPY; PLANT PREPARATIONS; PLANTS, MEDICINAL;

ANIMALIA; CINNAMOMUM VERUM; COMMIPHORA; DRYOBALANOPS; KAEMPFERIA GALANGA; MYRISTICA FRAGRANS; SOLANUM MELONGENA; SYZYGIUM AROMATICUM; ZINGIBER OFFICINALE;

EID: 84879416934     PISSN: 03788741     EISSN: 18727573     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.068     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (144)

1. M. al-Arbi al-Khattabi Traité des simples d'Ibn al-Baïtâr de Malaga 1990 Dar al-Gharb al-Islami Beyrouth
2. G. Aliotta, D. Piomelli, A. Pollio, and A. Touwaide Le piante medicinali del «Corpus Hippocraticum» 2003 Guerrini e Associati Milan
3. P. Alpini De plantis Aegypti liber 1592 Franciscus de Franciscis Venetiis
4. S. Amigues Théophraste, Recherches sur les plantes. Texte établi et traduit. 5 volumes 1988-2006 Belles Lettres Paris
5. J. André, and J. Filliozat L'Inde vue de Rome. Textes latins de l'Antiquité relatifs à l'Inde 1986 Belles Lettres Paris
6. M.J. Balick, J.M. De Gezelle, and R. Arvigo Feeling the Pulse in Maya Medicine: An Endangered Traditional Tool for Diagnosis, Therapy, and Tracking Patients' Progress Explore 4 2008 113 119
7. Ball, V., 1885. On the identification of the animals and plants of India which were known to early Greek authors. In: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Polite Literature and Antiquities. Ser. 2, vol. 2, no. 6, pp. 302-346.
8. Beattie, G.A.C., Holford, P., Mabberley, D.J., Haigh, A.M., Broadbent P., 2009. On the Origins of Citrus, Huanglongbing, Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae. In: Gottwald, T.R., Graham, J.H. (Eds.), International Research Conference on Huanglongbing. Proceedings of the Meeting, Orlando, Florida, December 2008. Plant Management Network, St. Paul, pp. 23-56.
9. A. Beccaria I codici di medicina del periodo presalernitano (secoli IX, X, e XI) 1956 Edizioni di Storia e letteratura Rome
10. L.Y. Beck Pedanius Dioscorides of Anazarbus, De materia medica 2005 Olms-Weidmann, Hildesheim Zürich, and New York
11. C.I. Beckwith Empires of the Silk Road. A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present 2009 Princeton University Press Princeton and Oxford
12. Z. Ben-Dor Benite China J. Meri, Medieval Islamic Civilization. An Encyclopedia 2006 Routledge New York and London 151 152
13. I. Ben Mrad Commentaire de la «Materia Medica» de Dioscoride 1990 Fondation pour la traduction, l'établissement des textes et les etudes Carthage
14. Bertelli, C., Romano, S., Lilla, C., Orofino, G. (Eds.), 1988-1992. Biblioteca Nazionale di Napoli, Codex ex Vindobonensis graecus 1. 2 volumes. Salerno, Rome, and Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
15. Bloom, J.M., 2001. Paper before Print. The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World. Yale University Press, New Haven and London.
16. B. Brentjes Silk Road H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Brill's New Pauly. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World volume 13 2008 Leiden and Boston Brill cols. 464-465
17. Bretzl, H., 1903. Botanische Forschungen des Alexanderzuges. B.G. Teubner, Leipzig.
18. J. Brotton The Renaissance Bazaar. From the Silk Road to Michelangelo 2002 Oxford University Press Oxford
19. T. Bryce The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire 2009 Routledge London and New York
20. H. Cancik, and H. Schneider Brill's New Pauly. Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. 16 volumes 2002-2010 Leiden and Boston Brill
21. Carnevale Schianga, E., 2011. La cucina medievale. Lessico, storia, preparazioni. Leo S. Olschki, Florence.
22. H.-M. Chang, and P.P.-H. But Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica 1986 World Scientific River Edge, London, Singapore, and Hong Kong
23. V. Ciocîltan The Mongols and the Black Sea Trade in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries 2012 Brill Leiden and Boston
24. M. Collins, and S. Raphael A Medieval Herbal. A Facsimile of British Library Egerton MS 747 2003 The British Library London
25. A.C. Crombie Styles of Scientific Thinking in the European Tradition. The history of argument and explanation especially in the mathematical and biomedical sciences and arts 3 volumes 1994 Duckworth London
26. A.L.P.P. de Candolle L'origine des plantes cultivées 1882 Librairie Germer Baillière Paris
27. F.M.C. de Mello Coloquios dos simples e drogas da India por Garcia da Orta 1891 Imprensa nacional Lisboa
28. De Romanis, F., 1996. Cassia, cinnamomo, ossidiana. Uomini e merci tra Oceano indiano e Mediterraneo. «L'Erma» di Bretschneider, Rome.
29. Dewing, H.B., 1928. Procopius, History of the Wars, Books VII.36-VIII with an English translation. W. Heinemann, London, and Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Mass.).
30. Diels, H. (Ed.), 1906-1908. Die Handschriften der antiken Ärste. Griechische Abteilung. 3 volumes. Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.
31. J. Disket, S. Mann, and R.K. Gupta A Review on Spikenard (Nardostachys jatamansi DC). An 'Endangered' Essential Herb of India. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry 2 2012 52 60
32. F.A. Donkin Dragon's Brain Perfume. An Historical Geography of Camphor 1999 Brill Leiden, Boston and Köln
33. G. Dudbridge Lost Books of Medieval China 2000 The British Library London
34. S. Ferri Pietro Andrea Mattioli, Siena 1501-Trento 1578 1997 La vita, le opere. Quattroemme Perugia
35. Fichtner, G., 2011. Corpus Hippocraticum. Bibliographie der hippokratischen und pseudo-hippokratischen Werke. Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin.
36. G. Fichtner Corpus Galenicum. Bibliographie der galenischen und pseudogalenischen Werke 2012 Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften Berlin
37. R. Foltz Religions of the Silk Road Premodern Patterns of Globalization second ed. 2010 Palgrave Macmillan New York and Basingstoke
38. E. García Ibn al-Baytâr al-Mâlaqî y la ciencia árabe 2008 Servicio de Publicaciones e Intercambio Científico de la Universidad de Málaga Málaga
39. W.E. Gerabek Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte 2005 Walter De Gruyter Berlin and New York
40. Gerstinger, H. (Ed.), 1965-1970. Dioscurides. Codex Vindobonensis med. gr. 1 der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. 2 volumes. Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz.
41. Th. Glick, S.J. Livesey, and F. Wallis Medieval science, Technology, and Medicine, An Encyclopeida 2005 Routledge New York and London
42. A. Gonosová, and N. Patterson Ševčenko Silk A.P. Kazhdan, Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium 3 volumes 1991 Oxford University Press New York, Oxford 1896 1897
43. M.A. González Manjarrés, and M.C. Herrero Ingelmo Un Herbario Ilustrado Sin Texto. El códice Chig. F. VIII 158 original conservado en la Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City, and Testimonio, Madrid 2004
44. Greene, E.L., 1983. Landmarks of Botanical History. (Ed.), Edited by Egerton, F.N. 2 volumes. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
45. N. Groom Frankincense and Myrrh. A Study of the Arabian Incense Trade 1981 Longman London and New York
46. J. Hahn Alexander in Indien 327-325 v. Chr 2000 Jan Thorbecke Stuttgart
47. X. Huang A map of rice genome variation reveals the origin of cultivated rice Nature 490 2012 497 501
48. C. Hünemörder Pepper H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Brill's New Pauly. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World volume 10 2007 Brill Leiden and Boston col. 738
49. W.H.S. Jones Hippocrates with an English Translation 9 volumes 1923-2010 Harvard University Press Cambridge (Mass.), and London
50. J. Jouanna Hippocrate 1992 Fayard Paris
51. J Jouanna Hippocrates 1999 Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore and London
52. K. Karttunen India in the Early Greek Literature 1989 Finnish Oriental Society Helsinki
53. Karttunen, K. 1997. India and the Hellenistic World. Finnish Oriental Society, Helsinki.
54. N. Kavrus-Hoffmann Catalogue of Greek Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Collections of the United States of America. Part IV.2: The Morgan Library and Museum Manuscripta 52 2008 207 324
55. A.G. Keller Orta, Garcia d C. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography vol. 10 1974 Charles Scribners' Son New York 236 238
56. P. Keyser, and G. Irby-Massie The Encyclopedia of Ancient Natural Scientists 2008 The Greek Tradition and Its Many Heirs. Routledge London and New York
57. P. Kibre Hippocrates Latinus. Repertorium of Hippocratic Writings in the Latin Middle Ages 1985 Fordham University Press New York
58. A. King Tibetan Musk and Medieval Arab Perfumery A. Akasoy, Ch. Burnett, R. Yoeli-Tlalim, Islam and Tibet. Interactions along the Musk Roads 2011 Ashgate Farnham and Burlington 145 161
59. S. Kitamura Valerianaceae H. Kihara, Fauna and Flora of Nepal Himalaya 1955 Fauna and Flora Research Society Kyoto 235 237
60. Y.C. Kong, P.S. Kwan, P.H. But, A. Ubelen, and Y. Aneychi A botanical and pharmacological account of Hui hui yao fang, the Islamic formulary Hamdard Medicus 31 1988 3 34
61. Y.C. Kong, and D.S. Chen Elucidation of Islamic drugs in Hui Hui Yao Fang: a linguistic and pharmaceutical approach Journal of Ethnopharmacology 54 1996 85 102
62. Kourilas, E., 1935. Dioskorideioi meletai kai o Lauriôtikos Dioskoridês. Typ. I.L. Aleuropoulou, Athens.
63. P.H. Kukarni, and S. Ansari The Ayurvedic Plants 2004 Sri Satguru Publications Delhi
64. Kuriyama, S., 1987. Pulse diagnosis in the Greek and Chinese traditions. In: Kawaikita, Y. (Ed.), History of Diagnostics. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine East and West. Taniguchi Foundation, Osaka, pp. 43-67.
65. S. Kuriyama The Expressiveness of the Body and the Divergence of Greek and Chinese Medicine 2002 Zone Books New York
66. J.H. Langenheim Plant Resins. Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany 2003 Timber Press Portland and Cambridge UK
67. Leclerc, L., 1877-1883. Ibn El-Beithar, 3 vols. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris (reprinted in 1992 under the title ibn al Baytar, Traité des simples. Traduction de Lucien Leclerc. Institut du monde arabe, Paris).
68. E. Lev Eastern Mediterranean pharmacology and India trade as a background for Yemeni Medieval Medicinal Plants I. Hehmeyer, H. Schönig, A. Regourd, Herbal Medicine in Yemen. Traditional Knowledge and Practice, and Their Value for Today's World 2012 Brill Leiden and Boston 21 42
69. S. Lieberman Who were Pliny's blue-eyed Chinese? Classical Philology 52 1957 174 177
70. Y. Lin Solidi in China and monetary culture along the silk road The Silk Road 3 2005 16 20
71. E. Littré Oeuvres complètes d'Hippocrate, traduction nouvelle avec le texte grec en regard 10 volumes 1839-1861 Baillière Paris
72. G. Lloyd, and N. Sivin The Way and the Word. Science and Medicine in Early China and Greece 2002 Yale University Press New Haven, London
73. Lusina, G., 1960. Alpino (Alpini), Prospero. In: Dizionario biografico degli italiani. Enciclopedia italiana, Rome, volume 2, pp. 529-531.
74. L. MacKinney Medical Illustrations in Medieval Manuscripts 1965 Wellcome Historical Medical Library London
75. K. Manchester The Silk Road and Beyond. Travel, Trade, and Transformation 2007 Yale University Press New Haven and London
76. D. Martinetz, K. Lohs, and J. Janzen Weihrauch und Myrrhe. Kostbarkeiten der Vergangenheit im Licht der Gegenwart 1989 Akademie-Verlag Berlin
77. D. Martinetz, K. Lohs, and J. Janzen Weihrauch und Myrrhe. Kulturgeschichte und wirtschaftliche Bedeutung. Botanik, Chemie, Medizin 1989 Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart
78. Mattioli, P.A., 1544. Di Pedacio Dioscoride Anazarbeo Libri cinque Della historia, et materia medicinale tradotti in lingua volgare italiana., con amplissimi discorsi, et comenti, et dottissime annotationi, et censure del medesimo interprete. per Nicolo de Bascarini da Pauone di Brescia, in Venetia.
79. Mattioli, P.A., 1554. Commentarii, in libros sex Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de medica materia. Adiectis quam plurimis plantarum et animalium imaginibus, eodem authore. In officina Erasmiana, Venetiis.
80. Mattioli, P.A., 1562. Herbarz: ginak Bylinar, welmi uzitecny, a figurami pieknymi y zretedlnymi, podle praweho a yako ziweho zrostu Bylin, ozdobeny, y take mnohymi a zkussenymi lekarzstwijmi rozhognieny, gessto takowy nikda w ziadnem yazyku prwe wydan nebyl. Pri koncy pridano kratke naucenij a zprawa, o rozlitznem distyllowanij a palenij wod, s nekolika pyckami k takowemu palenij nalezitymi, kterez netoliko apatekaruom, ale y ginym kterijz se w tom kochagij, dobre se tressiti budau mocy. Wytisstieno w starem miestie Praszskem [Prague], v Girzyka Melantrycha z Awentynu [Venice].
81. Mattioli, P.A., 1563. New Kreuterbuch mit den allerschonsten und artlischen Figuren aller Gewechk dergleichen vormals in einer sprach nie an tag kommen. durch Georgen Melantrich von Aventin auff sein und Vincenti Valgriss, Venedig.
82. Mattioli, P.A., 1565. Commentarii in sex libros Pedacii Dioscoridis Anazarbei de Medica materia iam demuo ab ipso autore recogniti, et loci plus mille aucti. Adiectis magnis, ac novis plantarum, ac animalium Iconibus, supra priores editiones longe pluribus, ad vivum delineatis. Accesserunt quoque ad margines Graeci contextus quam plurimi, ex antiquissimis codicibus desumpti, qui Dioscoridis ipsius depravatam lectionem restituunt. Cum locupletissimis indicibus, tum ad rem Herbariam, tum Medicamentariam pertinentibus. Ex officina Valgrisiana, Venetiis.
83. M. McVaugh Arnaldi de Villanova opera medica omnia, II. Aphorismi de gradibus. Edidit et praefatione et commentariis anglicis instruxit 1975 Seminarium Historia Medicae Granatensis Granada and Barcelona
84. J.W. Meri Medieval Islamic Civilization. An Encyclopedia 2006 Routledge New York and London
85. C. Ming The transmission of foreign medicine via the silk road in medieval China. A Case Study of Haiyao Bencao Asian Medicine 3 2007 241 264
86. Ming, Z., Klein-Franke, F., 1998. Avicenna's links with Chinese medicine. A chapter of the history of Sino-Arabic relation during the middle ages. Asian Medicine, December 1998, 2-5.
87. C. Nappi Bolanus' Pharmacy. Theriac in Early Modern China Early Science and Medicine 14 2009 737 764
88. J. Needham Human Law and the Laws of Nature in China and the West 1951 Oxford University Press London
89. J. Needham Clerks and Craftsmen in China and the West 1970 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
90. C. Nissen Die botanische Buchillustration. Ihre Geschichte und Bibliographie 1950 Hiersemann, Stuttgart
91. V. Nutton Ancient Medicine 2004 Routledge London and New York
92. Omont, H. (Ed.), 1935. Pedanii Dioscuridis Anazarbei, De materia medica libri VII. Accedunt Nicandri et Eutecnii opuscula medica. Codex Constantinopolitanus saeculo X. Exaratus et picturis illustratus, olim Manuelis Eugenici, Caroli Rinuccini florentini, Thomae Pillipps angli, nunc inter thesauros Pierpont Morgan Bibliothecae asservatus. 2 volumes. No publisher's name, Paris.
93. Ongaro, G., Mariani, P., 1995. Prospero Alpini, in: Minelli, A. (Ed.), L'Orto botanico di Padova, 1545-1995. Marsilio, Venice, pp. 64-68.
94. G. da Orta Coloquios dos simples e drogas he cousas mediçinais da India, e assi dalgumas frutas achadas nella, onde se tratam algunas cousas tocantes a medicina pratica, e outras cousas boas pera saber 1563 Joannes de Endem Goa
95. A. Pekridou-Gorecki Silk H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Brill's New Pauly. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World volume 13 2008 Brill Leiden and Boston cols. 462-464
96. P. Potter Short Handbook of Hippocratic Medicine 1988 Les Editions du Sphinx Québec
97. L. Premuda La personalità e l'opera scientifica di Prospero Alpini 1963 Istituto di storia della medicina dell'Università degli studi di Padova Padua
98. Pritzel, G.A., 1872. Thesaurus literaturae botanicae omnium gentium inde a rerum botanicarum initis ad nostra usque tempora quidecim mila operum recensens. Brockhaus, Leipzig (reprint: Maurizio Martino, Storrs-Mansfield, 1999).
99. H. Rackham Pliny, Natural History, Books 3-7, with an English translation 1942 Harvard University Press Cambridge (Mass.) and London
100. F. von Richthofen China Ergebnisse eigener Reise und darauf gegründeter Studien 5 volumes 1877-1912 Reimer Berlin
101. J.M. Riddle Dioscorides F.E. Cranz, P.O. Kristeller, Catalogus translationum et commentariorum: Mediaeval and Renaissance Latin translations and commentaries. Annotated lists and guides volume 4 1980 Catholic University of America Press Washington, DC 1 143
102. Robson, E.I., 1933. Arrian, Anabasis, with an English translation, volume 2. Heinemann, London, and G.P. Putnam's sons, New York.
103. J.M. Rosenfield The Dynastic Arts of the Kushans 1967 University of California Press Berkeley
104. B. Saad, and O. Said Greco-Arab and Islamic Herbal Medicine. Traditional System, Ethics, Safety, Efficacy, and Regulatory Issues 2011 Wiley Hoboken
105. Sadek, M.M., 1983. The Arabic Materia Medica of Dioscorides. Editions du Sphinx, St-Jean-Chrysostome.
106. G. Sarton Introduction to the History of Science 3 volumes 1927-1948 Carnegie Institution of Washington Baltimore
107. E. Schöner Das Viererschema in der antiken Humoralpathologie 1964 Franz Steiner Wiesbaden
108. H. Selin Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures 2008 Springer Berlin, Heidelberg and New York
109. Sezgin, F., 1970. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Volume 3: Medizin, Pharmazie, Zoologie, Tierheilkunde bis ca. 430H. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
110. Sezgin, F. 1971. Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums. Volume 4: Alchemie, Chemie, Botanik, Agrikultur bis ca. 430H. E.J. Brill, Leiden.
111. S.E. Sidebotham Berenike and the Ancient Maritime Spice Route 2011 University of California Press Berkeley, Los Angeles and London
112. N. Siraisi Avicenna in Renaissance Italy. The Canon and Medical Teaching in Italian Universities after 1500 1987 Princeton University Press Princeton, NJ
113. J.L. Sorenson, and C.L. Johannessen World Trade and Biological Exchanges Before 1492 2004 iUniverse New York and Bloomington
114. J. Stannard Alpini, Prospero C. Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography volume 1 1970 Charles Scribners' Son New York 124 125
115. A. Takhtajan Proiskhozhdenie pokrytosemennykh rastenii 2nd ed. 1961 Vyssha'i' a shkola Moscow
116. A. Takhtajan Flowering Plants. Origin and Dispersal 1969 Oliver & Boyd Edinburgh
117. A. Takhtajan Floristicheskie oblasti Zemli 1978 Nauka, Leningradskoe Otdelenie Leningrad
118. A. Takhtajan Floristic Regions of the World 1986 University of California Press Berkeley, Los Angeles, London
119. S. Tao, L. Guo-Hui, W. Xiao-Ning, and L. Hong-Xiang The genus Commiphora: a review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology Journal of Ethnopharmacology 142 2012 319 330
120. Thorndike, L., Kibre, P., 1963. A Catalogue of Incipits of Mediaeval Scientific Writings in Latin. Mediaeval Academy of America, London.
121. C.P. Thornton, and T.G. Schurr Genes, language and culture: an example from the Tarim Basin Oxford Journal of Archaeology 23 2004 83 106
122. R. Tomber Indo-Roman Trade from Pots to Pepper 2008 Duckworth London
123. L.M.V. Totelin Hippocratic Recipes. Oral and Written Transmission of Pharmacological Knowledge in Fifth- and Fourth-Century Greece 2009 Brill Leiden and Boston
124. A. Touwaide Un manuscrit athonite du Traité de matière médicale de Dioscoride: l'Athous Magnae Laurae Ω 75 Scriptorium 45 1991 122 127
125. Touwaide, A., 1992-1993. Farmacopea araba medievale. Codice Ayasofia 3703. Antea Edizioni, Milan, 4 volumes.
126. A. Touwaide Medicinal plants H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Brill's New Pauly. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World vol. 8 2006 Brill Leiden and Boston cols. 558-569
127. A. Touwaide Pedanius [1] Dioscurides H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Brill's New Pauly. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World volume 10 2007 Brill Leiden and Boston cols. 670-672
128. A. Touwaide Leoniceno, Nicolò N. Koertge, New Dictionary of Scientific Biography volume 4 2008 Charles Scribner's Sons Farmington Hills, MI 264 267
129. A. Touwaide Transfer of knowledge A. Classen, Handbook of Medieval Studies. Terms, Methods, Trends 2010 De Gruyter Berlin and New York 1368 1399
130. A. Touwaide Hysteria R.S. Bagnall, K. Brodersen, C.B. Champion, A. Erskine, S.R. Huebner, Encyclopedia of Ancient History 2012 Blackwell, Oxford 3373 3375
131. A. Touwaide Tractatus de herbis 2 volumes 2013 Moleiro Editorial Barcelona
132. M. Ullmann Die Medizin im Islam 1970 E.J. Brill Leiden and Köln
133. M. Ullmann Die Natur- und Geheimwissenschaften im Islam 1972 E.J. Brill Leiden and Köln
134. P.U. Unschuld Medicine in China. A History of Ideas 1985 University of California Press Berkeley, Los Angeles and London
135. N.I. Vavilov The Theory of Origins of Cultivated Plants after Darwin (in Russian) 1940 Nauka Leningrad
136. N.I. Vavilov Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants 1992 Cambridge University Press Cambridge
137. Y. Ventura Ps. Bartholomaeus Mini de Senis, Tractatus de herbis (Ms London, British Library, Egerton 747) 2009 SISMEL-Edizioni del Galluzzo Florence
138. D.H. Verity, G.R. Wallance, R.W. Vaughan, and M.R. Stanford Behçet's disease: from Hippocrates to the third millennium British Journal of Ophthalmology 87 2003 1175 1183
139. Waugh, D.C., 2007. Richthofen's "Silk Roads": Toward the Archaeology of a Concept. The Silk Road. 5, 1-10.
140. M. Wellmann Pedanii Dioscuridis De materia medica libri quinque 3 vols 1906-1914 Weidmann Berlin
141. E. Wickersheimer Les manuscrits latins de médecine du haut moyen âge dans les bibliothèques de France 1966 Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Paris
142. J. Wiesehöfer Medes H. Cancik, H. Schneider, Brill's New Pauly. Encyclopedia of the Ancient World volume 8 2006 Brill Leiden and Boston col. 550
143. N.G. Wilson Scholars of Byzantium, revised edition 1996 Duckworth London
144. Yingsheng, L., 2010. A Lingua Franca along the Silk Road: Persian Language in China between the 14th and the 16th Centuries. In: Kauz, R., 2010. Aspects of the Maritime Silk Road: From the Persian Gulf to the East China Sea. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, pp. 87-95.