Capitalism and the Common Man: Peasants and Petty Production in Africa and South Asia

Agrarian South

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 109-160

  Harriss White, Barbara ^a  

^a WOLFSON COLLEGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

agrarian change; capitalism; informal economy politics; peasants; petty commodity production

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879373391     PISSN: 22779760     EISSN: 23210281     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/227797601200100201     Document Type: Article

References (143)

1. Adnan Shapan, (2011). Resistance to accumulation by dispossession under neoliberal capitalism and globalization. CSASP Work in Progress Paper 17, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford. Available at http://www.southasia.ox.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/38071/IDS_Landgrab_Noakhali-5_Presentation.pdf, accessed 28 May 2012.
2. Adnan Shapan, Dastidar Ranajit, (2011). Alienation of the lands of indigenous peoples. Copenhagen: International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.
3. Agarwal Bina, (2012). Gender and green governance: The political economy of women’s presence within and beyond community forestry. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
4. Altvater Elmar, (1993). The future of the market. London: Verso.
5. Aryama Thorat S., Negi Prashant, (Eds) (2005). Reservation and private sector: Quest for equal opportunity and growth. New Delhi: Rawat.
6. Banaji Jairus, (2010). Theory as history: Essays on modes of production and exploitation. Leiden: Brill.
7. Bandhopadhyay D., (2010). Denizens of the other India. Mainstream, 48(21), http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article2071.html, accessed 28 May 2012.
8. Basile E., (2011). A Marxist–Institutionalist analysis of rural capitalism in South India: The case of a Tamil market town after the green revolution. D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.
9. Basile E., Harriss-White Barbara, (2000). Corporative capitalism: Civil society and the politics of accumulation in small town India. QEH Working Paper 38, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
10. Bernstein Henry, (1982 [1977]). Notes on capital and peasantry. In Harriss J., (Ed.), Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. pp. 160 –77. London: Hutchinson University Library.
11. Bernstein Henry, (2006). Is there an agrarian question in the 21st century? Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 27(4), 449–60.
12. Bernstein Henry, Byres Terence J., (2001). From peasant studies to agrarian change, Journal of Agrarian Change, 1(1), 1–56.
13. Bhaduri Amit, Rahman Hussain Zillur, Arn Ann-Lisbet, (1986). Persistence and polarisation: A study in the dynamics of agrarian contradiction, Journal of Peasant Studies, 13(3), 82–89.
14. Bharadwaj Krishna, (1974). Production conditions in Indian agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Brass Tom, (1994). Introduction: The new farmers’ movements in India, Journal of Peasant Studies, 21(3/4): 3–26.
16. Brass Tom, (2000). Labour in post-colonial India: A response to Jan Breman, Journal of Peasant Studies, 28(1), 126–46.
17. Brass Tom, (2007). Weapons of the week, weakness of the weapons: Shifts and stasis in development theory, Journal of Peasant Studies, 34(1), 111–53.
18. Brass Tom, (2009). Capitalist unfree labour: A contradiction? Critical Sociology, 35(6), 743–65.
19. Breman Jan, (1993). Beyond patronage and exploitation: Changing agrarian relations in South Gujarat. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
20. Breman Jan, (2010). India’s social question in a state of denial, Economic and Political Weekly, 45(23), 42–46.
21. Breman Jan, Guerin Isabelle, Prakash Aseem, (Eds) (2009). India’s unfree workforce: Of bondage old and new. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
22. Byres Terence J., (1977). Agrarian transition and the agrarian question, Journal of Peasant Studies, 4(3), 258–74.
23. Byres Terence J., (Ed.) (1983). Sharecropping and sharecroppers. London: Frank Cass.
24. Cadene Philippe, Holmstrom Mark, (1998). Decentralised production in India: Industrial districts, flexible specialization and employment. New Delhi: SAGE.
25. Caille Alain, (1994). Don, interet et desinteressment (Gift, interest and disinterest). Paris: Revue de Mauss.
26. Chakrabarti Anjan, Chaudhury Ajit, Cullenberg Stephen, (2008). Global order and the new economic policy in India: The (post)colonial formation of the small-scale sector, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 33(6), 1169–186.
27. Chatterjee Partha, (2008). Democracy and economic transformation, Economic and Political Weekly, 43(16), 19–25.
28. Contractor Qudisya, (2010). Unwanted in my city: Peripheral living in Mumbai. Paper prepared for the Colloque on ‘Muslims in Indian Cities’, SciencesPo, June, Paris.
29. Cook S., Binford L., (1986). Petty commodity production, capital accumulation and peasant differentiation: Lenin vs Chayanov in rural Mexico, Review of Radical Political Economics, 18(4), 1–31.
30. CPI (Maoist) (2004). Strategy and tactics. Retrieved from http://www.bannedthought.net/India/CPI-Maoist-Docs/index.htm, accessed 19 April 2012.
31. Da Corta Lucia, (2010). The political economy of agrarian change: Dinosaur or Phoenix? In Harriss-White B., Heyer J., (Eds), The comparative political economy of development: Africa and South Asia compared. (pp. 18–46). London: Routledge.
32. Da Corta Lucia, Venkateswarlu Davuluri, (1999). Unfree relations and the feminisation of agricultural labour in Andhra Pradesh, 1970–1995. In Byres T., Kapadia K., Lerche J., (Eds), Rural labour relations in India. (pp. 71–139). London: Frank Cass.
33. Dercon Stefan, (2006). Risk growth and poverty: What do we know, what do we need to know? QEH Working Paper 148, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
34. Djurfelt Goran, (1982). Classical discussions of capital and peasantry: A critique. In Harriss J., (Ed.), Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. (pp. 139–59). London: Hutchinson University Library.
35. Ellis Frank, (1992). Peasant economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
36. Farmer B.H., (Ed.) (1977). Green revolution: Technology and change in rice-growing areas of Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. London: Macmillan.
37. Finer Catherine J., Smith Paul, (Eds) (2004). Social policy and the Commonwealth: Prospects for social inclusion. London: Macmillan.
38. Firdos S., (2010). Re-organising space and livelihoods: The experience of Muslims in Kolkata. Paper prepared for the Colloque on ‘Muslims in Indian Cities’, SciencesPo, June, Paris.
39. Fouillet C., (2010), The social construction of microfinance in India. Ph. D. in Economics and Management, Université libre de Bruxelles, Solvay Brussels School of Economics and Management, Belgium.
40. Friedmann Harriet, (1978). Simple commodity production and wage labour on the American plains, Journal of Peasant Studies, 6(1), 71–100.
41. Frodin Olle, (2010). Bread and licences: The battle for regulation of the agro-food system. Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford.
42. Garikipati Supriya, (2010). Micro credit and women’s empowerment: Have we been looking at the wrong indicators? Paper prepared for the workshop on Micro-Credit and Development, Solvay Business School, January, Brussels.
43. Gooptu Nandini, Harriss-White Barbara, (2000). Mapping India’s world of unorganised labour, Socialist Register, 37, 89–118.
44. GoI (Government of India) (2007). Report of the expert group on agricultural indebtedness, Banking Division, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, New Delhi.
45. GoI (Government of India) (2008). Development challenges in extremist affected areas. New Delhi: Planning Commission.
46. Guerin Isabelle, (2011). Debt and poverty in rural South India. Paris: University of Paris-Dauphine.
47. Harriss Barbara, (1987). Regional growth linkages from agriculture and resource flows in the non farm economy, Economic and Political Weekly, 22(1), 31–46.
48. Harriss John, (1981). Our socialism and the subsistence engineer: The role of small enterprises in the engineering industry of Coimbatore, South India. In Bromley R., Gerry C., (Eds), Casual work and poverty in Third World cities. (pp. 3 –23). Chichester: John Wiley and Sons.
49. Harriss John, (1982a). Introduction. Structural analysis of agrarian change: Capital and peasantry. In Harriss J., (Ed.), Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. (pp.119–29). London: Hutchinson University Library.
50. Harriss John, (1982b). General introduction. In Harriss J., (Ed.), Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. (pp. 15–36). London: Hutchinson University Library.
51. Harriss John, (1982c). Introduction: Analyses of agrarian change and rural development ‘strategies’. In Harriss J., (Ed.), Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. (pp. 37–49). London: Hutchinson University Library.
52. Harriss John, (Ed.) (1982d). Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. London: Hutchinson University Library.
53. Harriss John, (1985). Our socialism and the subsistence engineer: The role of small enterprises in the engineering industry of Coimbatore, South India. In Bromley R., (Ed.), Planning for small enterprises in third world cities. Oxford: Pergamon.
54. Harriss-White Barbara, (2003). India working. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
55. Harriss-White Barbara, (2005). Commercialisation, commodification and gender relations in post-harvest systems for rice in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly, 40(25), 2530–542.
56. Harriss-White Barbara, (2006). Poverty and capitalism, Economic and Political Weekly, 11(13), 1241–246.
57. Harriss-White Barbara, (2008). Rural commercial capital: Agricultural markets in West Bengal. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
58. Harriss-White Barbara, (2010). Globalization, the financial crisis and petty production in India’s socially regulated informal economy, Global Labour Journal, 1(1), 152–77.
59. Harriss-White Barbara, (2011). Local capitalism and the foodgrain economy in Northern Tamil Nadu, 1973–2010. CSASP Work in Progress Paper No. 1, School of Interdisciplinary Area Studies, University of Oxford.
60. Harriss-White Barbara, Mishra Deepak, Upadhyay Vandana, (2009). Institutional diversity and capitalist transition: The political economy of agrarian change in Arunachal Pradesh, India. Journal of Agrarian Change, 9(4), 512–47.
61. Harriss-White Barbara, Heyer Judith, (Eds) (2010). The comparative political economy of development: Africa and South Asia compared. London: Routledge.
62. Harriss-White Barbara, Vidyarthee Kaushal, (2010). Stigma and regions of accumulation: Mapping Dalit and Adivasi capital in the 1990s. In Harriss-White B., Heyer J., (Eds), The comparative political economy of development: Africa and South Asia compared. London: Routledge.
63. Harriss-White Barbara, Vidyarthee Kaushal, Dixit A., Joddar Pinaki, (forthcoming 2012). An atlas of Dalit and Adivasi incorporation into India’s business economy. New Delhi: Three Essays Press.
64. Harriss-White Barbara, Janakarajan S., (2004). Rural India facing the 21st century. London: Anthem.
65. Hart Keith, (2008). The human economy. ASA Online, 1(1). Available at http://www.theasa.org/downloads/asaonline/PDF/asaonline0101.pdf, accessed 19 April 2012.
66. Hart Keith, (2009). On the informal economy: The political history of an ethnographic concept. Solvay Business School, Universite Libre de Bruxelles. Available at http://ideas.repec.org/p/sol/wpaper/09-042.html, accessed 19 April 2012.
67. Hart Keith, Laville Jean-Louis, Cattani Antonio, (2010). The human economy. London: Polity.
68. Hasan Zoya, (2010). Muslims and the challenge of inclusion in emerging India. Paper prepared for the Colloque on ‘Who is a Citizen in India Today?’, SciencesPo, June, Paris.
69. Hazell Peter, Poulton Colin, Wiggins Steve, Dorward Andrew, (2007). The future of small farms for poverty reduction and growth. Discussion Paper 42, 2020 Vision, IFPRI, Washington.
70. Hensman Rohini, (2010). Labour and globalization: Union responses in India. Global Labour Journal, 1(1), 112–31.
71. Hodgson Geoffery, (2001). Why economics forgot history. London: Routledge.
72. Huws Ursula, (2003). The making of the cybertariat. London: Merlin Press.
73. Idahosa P.L.E., (2004). The populist dimension to African political thought: Critical essays in reconstruction and retrieval. Trenton: Africa World Press.
74. Janakarajan S., (1997). From green revolution to rural industrial revolution. Economic and Political Weekly, 32(25), 1469–477.
75. Jayaraj D., Nagaraj K., (2006). Socio-economic factors underlying growth of silk-weaving in the Arni region: A preliminary study. Monograph Series 5, Madras Institute of Development Studies.
76. Jha P.S., (1980). India: A political economy of stagnation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
77. Jhabvala R., Subrahmanya R., (Eds) (2001). The unorganised sector: Work security and social protection. New Delhi: SAGE.
78. Kannan K.P., (2008). Dualism, informality and social inequality: An informal economy perspective of the challenge of inclusive development in India. Presidential Address, Indian Society of Labour Economics, Annual Conference, 13 December 2008, Lucknow.
79. Kanungo Pralaya, (2010). Turmoil in the Adivasi lifeworld. Paper prepared for the Colloque on ‘Who is a Citizen in India Today?’, SciencesPo, June, Paris.
80. Kaviraj Sudipta, (1991). On state, society and discourse in India. In Manor J., (Ed.), Rethinking third world politics. (pp. 72 –99). London and New York, NY: Longman.
81. Khan Mushtaq, (2004). State failure in developing countries and strategies of institutional reform. In Tungodden B., Stern N., Kolstad I., (Eds), Towards pro-poor policies: Aid institutions and globalization, Proceedings of the World Bank’s Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics 2002 (pp. 165–95). Oxford: Oxford University Press and World Bank.
82. Lenin V.I., (1899/1967). Preface. In Lenin V.I., The development of capitalism in Russia, collected works, Vol. 3 (pp. 25–28). Moscow: Progress Publishers.
83. Lerche Jens, (2010). From ‘rural labour’ to ‘classes of labour’: Class fragmentation, caste and class struggle at the bottom of the Indian labour hierarchy. In Harriss-White B., Heyer J., (Eds), The comparative political economy of development: Africa and South Asia compared. (pp. 64–85). London: Routledge.
84. Leys Colin, (2001). Market driven politics. London: Verso.
85. Leys Colin, (2007). Total capitalism. New Delhi: Three Essays Press.
86. Mahendra Dev S., Piush Anthony V. Gayathri, Mamgain R.P., (2008). Social and economic security in India. Lucknow: Indian Society of Labour Economics.
87. Marshall T.H., (1950). Citizenship and social class and other essays. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Marx Karl, (1863). Formal subsumption of labour under capital. Economic Manuscripts of 1861−63, Vol. 20–21, Part 3, Sections 1303–16. Available at http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/economic/ch37.htm, accessed 28 May 2012.
89. Marx Karl, (1867). Capital, Vol. 1. Retrieved from http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm#S4, accessed on 28 May 2012.
90. Mellor John W., (1976). The new economics of growth: A strategy for India and the developing world. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
91. McCartney Matthew, Harriss-White Barbara, (2000). ‘Intermediate regime’ and ‘intermediate classes’ revisited: A critical political economy of Indian economic development from 1980 to Hindutva. QEH Working Paper 34, University of Oxford.
92. Mitra Subrata, (Ed.) (2012). Citizenship and the flow of ideas in the era of globalization: Structure, agency and power. Delhi: Samskriti.
93. Mukherjee-Reed Ananya, (Ed.) (2004). Corporate capitalism in contemporary South Asia. London: Palgrave.
94. Narain Dharam, (1962). Distribution of marketed surplus of agricultural products by size of holding in India 1950–51. New Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth.
95. NCEUS (National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector) (2007). Report on conditions of work and promotion of livelihoods in the unorganised sector. New Delhi: Government of India.
96. NCEUS (National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector) (2008). A special programme for marginal and small farmers. New Delhi: Government of India.
97. NCEUS (National Commission for Enterprises in the Unorganised Sector) (2009). The challenge of employment in India: An informal economy perspective. New Delhi: Government of India.
98. Olsen Wendy, Harriss-White Barbara, Sanso Penny Vera, Suresh V., (2010). The experience of slum dwellers in Chennai under the economic and environmental insults of 2008–09. Paper prepared for the conference on ‘The Hidden Contribution of Older People: Rethinking Age Poverty Opportunity and Livelihoods’, Centre for Law, Policy and Human Rights Studies and the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT, 19–20 March, Chennai.
99. Omvedt Gail, (1988). The ‘new peasant movement’ in India. Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, 20(2),14–23.
100. Orstrom Elinor, (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
101. Papola T., (2005). Workers in a globalising world. Paper presented at the Conference on ‘Globalisation and Labour Mobility in India and China’, organised by Asian Business and Economic Research Unit (ABERU), Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 29–30 September. Available at http://isid.org.in/pdf/WorkGlobalWorld.pdf, accessed on 28 May 2012.
102. Patnaik Prabhat, (2011). Things not people. Frontline, 28(21). Available at www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2821/stories/20111021282101400.htm, accessed 21 October 2011.
103. Patnaik Prabhat, (2012). The Perverse Transformation. 22nd Rajan Lecture, IRMA, Gujarat. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy39RVvV_c4, accessed 19 April 2012.
104. Patnaik Utsa, (1972). Economics of farm size and farm scale: Some assumptions re-examined. Economic and Political Weekly, 7(31/33), 1613–624.
105. Patnaik Utsa, (1976). Class differentiation within the peasantry: An approach to analysis of Indian agriculture. Economic and Political Weekly, 11(39): A82–A101.
106. Perelman Michael, (2001). The invention of capitalism: Classical political economy and the secret history of primitive accumulation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
107. Prakash Aseem, (2010). Dalit entrepreneurs in middle India. In Harriss-White B., Heyer J., (Eds), The comparative political economy of development: Africa and South Asia compared, (pp. 291–316). London: Routledge.
108. Prakash A., Harriss-White B., (2010). Social discrimination in India: A case for Economic Citizenship. Oxfam-India Working Paper Series no 8, New Delhi. Available at http://www.oxfamindia.org/sites/www.oxfamindia.org/files/working_paper_8.pdf
109. Ramachandran V.K., Swaminathan Madhura, (Eds) (2002). Agrarian studies: Essays on agrarian relations in less-developed countries. London: Zed Books.
110. Raman Ravi, (2009). Global capital and peripheral labour: The history and political economy of plantation workers in India. London: Routledge.
111. Rashid Shahidur, Gulati Ashok, Cummings Ralph, Jr. (Eds) (2008). From parastatals to private trade: Lessons from Asian agriculture. New Delhi and Baltimore, MD: Oxford University Press and Johns Hopkins.
112. Reardon Thomas A., Gulati Ashok, Minten Bart, (2010). The transformation of food retail in India and its impact downstream and upstream in the food system. Joint report between MSU and IFPRI, New Delhi.
113. Reddy D. Narshima, Upendranadh C., (2010). National rural employment guarantee: Issues, concerns and prospects. Oxfam Working Paper 5, New Delhi.
114. Rogaly Ben, Harriss-White Barbara, Bose Sugata, (Eds) (1999). Sonar Bangla: Agricultural growth and agrarian change in West Bengal and Bangladesh. New Delhi and London: SAGE.
115. Rudolph Lloyd I., (1961). Urban life and populist radicalism: Dravidian politics in Madras. Journal of Asian Studies, 20(3), 283–97.
116. Ruthven O., (2008). Of metals and morals in Moradabad: Perspectives on ethics in the workplace across a global supply chain. D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.
117. Salam Umar, (2010). The knowledge economy: A critical enquiry. D. Phil. Thesis, University of Oxford.
118. Sankaran K., (2007). Labour laws in South Asia: The need for an inclusive approach. International Institute of Labour Studies. Geneva: ILO.
119. Sankaran K., (2008a). Informal economy, own account workers and the law: An overview. WIEGO Law Pilot Project on the Informal Economy. Retrieved from http://wiego.org/sites/wiego.org/files/resources/files/fow_background_note.pdf, accessed 29 May 2012.
120. Sankaran K., (2008b). Protecting labour in the informal economy: The role of labour law. In Davidov G., Langile B., (Eds), The idea of labour law (pp. 223–33). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
121. Sankaran K., (2010). Flexibility and informalisation of employment relationships: The role of labour law. Paper prepared for the conference ‘Blurring Legal Boundaries: Commercialisation and Informalisation of Work’, International Institute for the Sociology of Law, July, Onati.
122. Sanyal Kalyan, (2007). Rethinking capitalist development: Primitive accumulation, governmentality and post-colonial capitalism. New Delhi: Routledge.
123. Scott James C., (1985). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
124. Shah Alpa, (2010). Annihilation is the last choice. Economic and Political Weekly, 45(19), 24–29.
125. Shah Alpa, (2012). ‘The muck of the past’: Revolution, social transformation and the Maoists in India. Malinowski Lecture, London School of Economics, 17 May, London.
126. Shah Alpa, (forthcoming). India burning: The Maoist revolution. In Clark-Deces I., (Ed.), A companion to the anthropology of India. Oxford: Blackwell.
127. Sinha Anushree, (2007). A SAM framework of the Indian informal economy. In Sinha A., Harriss-White B., (Eds), Trade liberalisation and India’s informal economy (pp. 233–306). New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
128. Sousa Darana, Chmielewska Danuta, (2010a). Food production and food access. Brief 110, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Brasilia.
129. Sousa Darana, Chmielewska Danuta, (2010b). Market alternative for smallholder farmers. Working Paper 64, UNDP International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth, Brasilia.
130. Srinivasan Kalyanaraman, (2007). Money laundering and capital flight. In Vicziany M., (Ed.), Regional security in the Asia-Pacific: 9/11 and after. (pp. 21–43). London: Edward Elgar.
131. Standing Guy, (2000). Unemployment and income security. Discussion paper prepared for ‘Geneva 2000: Follow-up to the World Summit on Social Development’, Programme on Socio-Economic Security Papers No. 3, ILO, Geneva.
132. Sud Nikita. (2008). Narrowing possibilities of stateness: The case of land in Gujarat. QEH Working Paper No. 163, University of Oxford.
133. Taussig Michael, (1982). Peasant economics and the development of capitalist agriculture in the Cauca Valley, Colombia. In Harriss J., (Ed.), Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change (pp. 178–208). London: Hutchinson University Library.
134. TeLintelo Dolf, (2009). The spatial politics of food hygiene: Regulating small-scale retail in Delhi. European Journal of Development Research, 21(1), 63–80.
135. Thorat Usha, (2008). Inclusive growth: The role of banks in developing economies. Independence Commemoration Lecture, Reserve Bank of Sri Lanka, 28 February 2008, Colombo.
136. Vidal John, (2010). 21st-Century African land grab. The Observer, 8 March.
137. Von Braun Joachim, Meinzen-Dick Ruth Suseela, (2009), ‘Land Grabbing’ by foreign investors in developing countries: Risks and opportunities. Policy Brief 13, IFPRI, Washington.
138. Williams Gavin, (1976). Taking the part of peasants: Rural development in Nigeria and Tanzania. In Gutkind P., Wallerstein I., (Eds), The political economy of contemporary Africa. (pp. 131–154).London: SAGE.
139. Williams Gavin, (1981). The World Bank and the peasantry. In Williams G., Heyer J., Roberts P., (Eds), Rural development in tropical Africa (pp. 16–51). London: Macmillan.
140. Williams Gavin, (1982). Taking the part of peasants: Rural development in Nigeria and Tanzania. In Harriss J., (Ed.), Rural development: Theories of peasant economy and agrarian change. (pp. 381–98). London: Hutchinson University Library.
141. Williams Gavin, (1994). Why structural adjustment is necessary and why it doesn’t work. Review of African Political Economy, 21(60), 214–25.
142. Williams Gavin, (2010). Free and unfree labour in the Cape wine industry, 1838−88. In Harriss-White B., Heyer J., (Eds), A comparative political economy of development: Africa and South Asia. (pp. 171–96). Abingdon: Routledge.
143. World Bank (2008). Agriculture. World Development Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.