Nitrite in feed: From animal health to human health

Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology

Volumn 270, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 209-217

  Cockburn, Andrew ^a   Brambilla, Gianfranco ^b   Fernandez Cruz M L ^c   Arcella, Davide ^d   Bordajandi, Luisa R ^d   Cottrill, Bruce ^e   van Peteghem, Carlos ^f   Dorne, Jean Lou ^d  

^a NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b ISTITUTO SUPERIORE DI SANITÀ   (Italy)

^c INIA   (Spain)

^d EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY   (Italy)

^e Policy Delivery Group   (United Kingdom)

^f GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Animal health; Exposure assessment; Feed; Hazard characterisation; Hazard identification; Human health; Nitrate; Nitrite; Risk assessment; Risk characterisation; Toxicokinetics; Toxicology

Indexed keywords

NITRITE;

DIETARY INTAKE; EGG; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; MEAT; MILK; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); BOS; SUIDAE;

EID: 84879303240     PISSN: 0041008X     EISSN: 10960333     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.008     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. Baranova M., Mala P., Burdova O. The transfer of nitrates and nitrites into milk of dairy-cows through digestive system. Vet. Med. 1993, 38:581-588.
2. Baranova M., Jackova A., Mala P., Burdova O., Zezula I. Methemoglobin levels in blood and transrenal passage of nitrates and nitrite in calves. B. Vet. I. Pulawy 2000, 44:73-78.
3. Bartik M., Piskac A. Veterinary toxicology 1981, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 346pp.
4. Bazzara L.G., Vélez M.L., Costamagna M.E., Cabanillas A.M., Fozzatti L., Lucero A.M., Pellizas C.G., Masini-Repiso A.M. Nitric oxide/cGMP signaling inhibits TSH-stimulated iodide uptake and expression of thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin mRNA in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. Thyroid 2007, 8:717-727.
5. Boink, A.B.T.J., Beekhof, P.K., te Biesebeek, J.D., Timmerman, A., Elvers, L.H., Dormans, J.A.M.A., Vleeming, W., 1998. On the etiology of nitrite-induced hypertrophy of the zona glomerulosa of rats: III. Effect of combined administration of nitrite and an ACE inhibitor. Report No. 235802013 from the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands.
6. Bradley W.B., Eppson H.F., Beath O.A. Methylene blue as an antidote for poisoning by oat hay and other plants containing nitrates. JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. 1940, 96:41-42.
7. Bruning-Fann C.S., Kaneene J.B. The effects of nitrate, nitrite, and N-nitroso compounds on animal health. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 1993, 35(3):237-253.
8. Cash D., Funston R., King M., Wichman D. Nitrate toxicity of montana forages Available at:. http://animalrangeextension.montana.edu/articles/Forage/General/Nitrate-tox.htm.
9. Clarke E.G.C., Clarke M.L. Veterinary Toxicology 1975, 438. Balliere Tindall, London.
10. Cooper, M.R., Johnson, A.W., 1984. Poisonous Plants in Britain and their effects on Animals and Man. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Reference Book 161. Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.
11. Crowley J.W. Effects of nitrate on livestock. american society of agricultural engineers Paper Number 80-20026. Cited by Undersander, D., Combs, D., Shaver, R., Thomas, D. Available at:. http://www.uwex.edu/ces/forage/pubs/nitrate.htm.
12. Dejam A., Hunter C.J., Gladwin M.T. Effects of dietary nitrate on blood pressure. New Engl. J. Med. 2007, 356(15):1590.
13. Directive 2002/32/EC.EC (European Commission) Council directive 2002/32/EC of 7 May 2002 on undesirable substances in animal feed (OJ L140, 30.5.2002, p. 10). Available at:. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0032:EN:NOT.
14. EC (European Commission) Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition on Undesirable Substances in Feed (SCAN) adopted on 20 February 2003, updated on 25 April 2003. Available at:. http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scan/out126_bis_en.pdf.
15. EC (European Commission) Opinion on nitrate and nitrite. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) 26th Series 1992, 21-28. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_26.pdf.
16. EC (European Commission) Opinion on nitrate and nitrite. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) 38th Series 1997, 1-33. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_38.pdf.
17. EFSA European Food Safety Authority. Nitrate in vegetables - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain. EFSA J. 2008, 689:1-79. Available at:. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/EFSA/efsa_locale-1178620753812_1178712852460.htm.
18. EFSA European Food Safety Authority. Nitrite as undesirable substance in animal feed - scientific opinion of the panel on contaminants in the food chain. EFSA J. 2009, 1017:1-47. Available at:. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/BlobServer/Scientific_Opinion/contam_op_ej1017_nitrite_USAF_en.pdf?ssbinary=true.
19. Eleftheriadou A., Pexara A., Gavriilidou I., Georgakis S., Politis M., Karanasios I. Effect of nitrate and nitrite content in water and feed on their presence in the muscle tissue of fattening pigs. Arch. Lebensmittelhyg. 2002, 53:130-133.
20. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations/World Health Organization) Evaluation of the toxicity of a number of antimicrobials and antioxidants, Sixth report of the joint FAO/WHO Expert committee on Food Additives. World Health Organization technical report Series nr 228 1962, 69-75.
21. FAO/WHO 17th report of the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. WHO Food Additives series 1974, n. 5:97.
22. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations/World Health Organization) Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants. World Health Organ Tech.Rep.Ser. 1995, 859:1-54.
23. FAO/WHO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations/World Health Organization. WHO Food Additive series 2003, 50. World Health Organisation, Geneva. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v50je06.htm.
24. FAO/WHO Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations/World Health Organization. WHO Food Additive series 2003, 50. World Health Organisation, Geneva. http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v50je05.htm.
25. Gupta R.C. Veterinary toxicology: basic and clinical principles 2007, Academic Press.
26. Hartman P.E. Nitrates and nitritesnitrite: ingestion, pharmacodynamics, and toxicology. Chemical mutagens 1982, Vol. 7:211-294. Plenum Publishing Co., New York. F.J. De Serres, A. Hollaender (Eds.).
27. Harvey J.W. Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, and clinical implications of erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies in dogs, cats, and horses. Vet. Clin. Path. 2006, 35(2):144-156.
28. Koch B.A., Parrish D.B., Sukhonthasarnpa S. Effects of dietary nitrate and nitrite on growing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 1963, 22:840. (Abstr.).
29. Koppang N. Dimethylnitrosamine - formation in fish-meal and toxic effects in pigs. Am. J. Pathol. 1974, 74(1):95-108.
30. Kortboyer J.M., Olling M., Zeilmaker M.J., Slob W., Boink A.B.T.J., Schothorst R.C., Sips A.J.A.M., Meulenbelt J. The oral bioavailability of sodium nitrite investigated in healthy adult volunteers 1997, RIVM, Bilthoven - the Netherlands, RIVM Rapport 235802007.
31. Lehman A.J. Quarterly reports to the editor on topics of current interest. Nitrates and Nitrites in meat products. Q. Bull. Assoc. Food Drug Off. 1958, 22:136-138.
32. Lewicki J., Wiechetek M., Souffrant W.B., Karlik W., Garwacki S. The fate of nitrogen from 15N-labeled nitrate after single intravenous administration of Na15NO3 in sheep. Can. J. Physiol. Pharm. 1998, 76:850-857.
33. Lewis D. The metabolism of nitrate and nitrite in the sheep. The reduction of nitrate in the rumen of the sheep. Biochem. J. 1951, 48:175-180.
34. Lijinsky W., Greenblatt M., Kommineni C. Brief communication: feeding studies of nitrilotriacetic acid and derivatives in rats. J. Natl. Cancer I. 1973, 50:1061-1063.
35. Lundberg J.O., Weitzberg E., Gladwin M.T. The nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2008, 7:156-157.
36. Maekawa A., Ogiu T., Onodera H., Furuta K., Matsuoka C., Ohno Y., Odashima S. Carcinogenicity studies of sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate in F-344 rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1982, 20:25-33.
37. Maekawa A., Onodera H., Tanigawa H., Furuta K., Kanno J., Ogiu T., Hayashi Y. Experimental induction of ovarian sertoli-cell tumors in rats by n-nitrosoureas. Environ. Health Perspect. 1987, 73:115-123.
38. MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, UK), 1998. 1997 total diet study - nitrate and nitrite. Food Surveillance Information Sheet 163.
39. McKnight G., Smith L.M., Drummond R.S., Duncan C.W., Goldem M.N.H., Benjamin N. The chemical synthesis of NOin the stomach from dietary nitrate in man. Gut 1997, 40:211-214.
40. Mensinga T.T., Speijers G.J., Meulenbelt J. Health implications of exposure to environmental nitrogenous compounds. Toxicol. Rev. 2003, 22:41-51.
41. Michalski Z. Morphologic changes in acute and chronic methaemoglobinemia. Zesz. Nauk. Akad. Roln. Wroclawiu Weter. 1963, 16:173-194.
42. Mirvish S.S. Formation of N-nitroso compounds: chemistry, kinetics, and in vivo occurrence. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 1975, 31(3):325-351.
43. Mirvish S.S., Patil K., Ghadirian P., Kommineni V.R. Disappearance of nitrite from the rat stomach: contribution of emptying and other factors. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 1975, 54(4):869-875.
44. Muirhead M., Alexander T. Poisons: recognition, treatment and control. Managing pig health and the treatment of disease 1997, 423-440. 5M Enterprises Limited, Sheffield, UK. 1st ed. M. Muirhe, T. Alexander (Eds.).
45. NIOSH The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, USA. NIOSH Registry of toxic effects of chemical substances 1987.
46. NTP National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of sodium nitrite (CAS NO. 7632-00-0) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (drinking water studies). Natl Toxicol. Program Tech. Rep. Ser. 2001, 495:7-273.
47. Ologhobo A.D., Adegede H.I., Maduagiwu E.N. Occurrence of nitrate, nitrite and volatile nitrosamines in certain feedstuffs and animal products. Nutr. Health 1996, 11(2):109-114.
48. Osweiler G.D., Carson T.L., Buck W.B., VanGelder G.A. Clinical and diagnostic veterinary toxicology 1985, Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa.
49. Sakshaug J., Sognen E., Hansen M.A., Koppang N. Dimethylnitrosamine; its hepatotoxic effect in sheep and its occurrence in toxic batches of herring meal. Nature 1965, 206:1261-1262.
50. Savino F., Maccario S., Guidi C., Castagno E., Farinasso D., Cresi F., Silvestro L., Mussa G.C. Methemoglobinemia caused by the ingestion of courgette soup given in order to resolve constipation in two formula-fed infants. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 2006, 50:368-371.
51. SCF Scientific Committee for Food. Opinion on nitrate and nitrite. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) 26th Series 1992, 21-28. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_26.pdf.
52. SCF Scientific Committee for Food. Opinion on nitrate and nitrite. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) 38th Series 1997, 1-33. http://ec.europa.eu/food/fs/sc/scf/reports/scf_reports_38.pdf.
53. Schneider N.R., Yeary R.A. Nitrite and nitrate pharmacokinetics in dog, sheep, and pony. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1975, 36(7):941-947.
54. Schultz D.S., Deen W.M., Karel S.F., Wagner D.A., Tannenbaum S.R. Pharmacokinetics of nitrate in humans: role of gastrointestinal absorption and metabolism. Carcinogenesis (London) 1985, 6:847-852.
55. Seerley R.W., Emerick R.J., Embry L.B., Olson O.E. Effect of nitrate administered cotinuosly in drinking water for swine and sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 1965, 24(4):1014-1019.
56. Sell J.L., Roberts W.K. Effects of dietary nitrite on the chick: growth, liver vitamin A stores and thyroid weight. J. Nutr. 1963, 79:171.
57. Sen N.P., Smith D.C., Schwinghamer L. Formation of N-nitrosamines from secondary amines and nitrite in human and animal gastric juice. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 1969, 7:301-307.
58. Sleight S.D., Sinha D.P., Uzoukwu M. Effect of sodium nitrite on reproductive performance of pregnant sows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1972, 161(7):819-823.
59. Speijers, G.J.A., Van Went, G.F., Van Apeldoorn, M.E., Montizaan, G.K., Janus, J.A., Canton, J.H., Van Gestel, C.A.M., Van der Heijden, C.A., Heijna-Merkus, E., Knapp, A.G.A.C., Luttick, R., de Zwart, D., 1987 Integrated Criteria document Nitrate Effects. Appendix to RIVM report No.758473007. Bilthoven.
60. Thornton I., Abrahams P. Soil ingestion - a major pathway of heavy metals into livestock grazing contaminated land. Sci. Total Environ. 1983, 28:287-294.
61. Til H.P., Kuper C.F., Falke H.E. Nitrite-induced adrenal effects in rats and the consequences for the no-observed-effect level. Food Chem. Toxicol. 1997, 35:349-355.
62. Trif, A., Gherdan, A., Pârvu, D., Pǎdeanu, I., Pǎcurar, M., 1986. Cercetǎri privind conţinutul în azotaţi şi azotiţi în sânge şi lapte la ovine, Lucr. şt. IAT, vol. XXI, seria Zoot. şi MV, p. 119-122.
63. Trif A., Parvu D., Curtui V. The dynamic of methaemoglobin in sheep in correlation with the level of nitrate and nitrite intake. Lucr. Stiint. Med. Vet. Timisoara 1993, XXVII:100-104.
64. Violante A., Cianetti A., Ordine A., Peruzzi G. Experimental myelotoxic effect of sodium nitrite and its interference in several erythrocyte enzyme activities. Quad Sclavo Diagn. 1973, 9(4):893-906.
65. Walker R. Nitrates, nitrites and N-nitrosocompounds: a review of the occurrence in food and diet and the toxicological implications. Food Addit. Contam. 1990, 7:717-768.
66. Walker R. The metabolism of dietary nitrites and nitrates. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1996, 24:780-785.
67. Wang L.C., Garcia-Rivera J., Burris R.H. Metabolism of nitrate by cattle. Biochem. J. 1961, 81:237-242.
68. Webb A.J., Milsom A.B., Rathod K.S., Chu W.L., Qureshi S., Lovell M.J., Lecomte F.M., Perrett D., Raimondo C., Khoshbin E., Ahmed Z., Uppal R., Benjamin N., Hobbs A.J., Ahluwalia A. Mechanisms underlying erythrocyte and endothelial nitrite reduction to nitric oxide in hypoxia: role for xanthine oxidoreductase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circ. Res. 2008, 24:103957-103964.
69. WHO (World Health Organisation), 1997. Nitrate and nitrite in drinking-water Background document for development of WHO Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality.
70. Winter A.J. Studies on nitrate metabolism in cattle. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1962, 23:500-505.
71. Witter J.P., Balish E., Gatley S.J. Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labelled nitrate and nitrite in germfree and conventional-flora rats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1979, 38:870-878.
72. Witter J.P., Gatley S.J., Balish E. Distribution of nitrogen-13 from labelled nitrate (13NO3-) in humans and rats. Science (Washington, D. C.) 1979, 204:411-413.
73. Woolford M.K. Antimicrobial effects of mineral acids, organic acids, salts and sterilizing agents in relation on their potential as silage additives. J. Br. Grassland Soc. 1978, 33:131-136.
74. Wright M.J., Davison K.L. Nitrate accumulation in crops and nitrate poisoning in animals. Advances in Agronomy 1964, 16:197-247. Academic Press, Inc., New York.