Exposure and environmental contamination

Toxocara: The Enigmatic Parasite

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 211-227

  Mizgajska Wiktor, Hanna ^a   Uga, Shoji ^b  

^a POZNAN UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION   (Poland)

^b KOBE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879230110     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (99)

1. Abe, N. and Yasukawa, A. (1997) Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in sandpits of parks in Osaka city, Japan, with notes on the prevention of eggs contamination by fence construction. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59, 79-80.
2. Abo-Shehada, M.N. (1989) Prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in soil on schools and public grounds in northern and central Jordan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 83, 73-75.
3. Alonso, J.M., Stein, M., Chamorro, M.C. and Bojanich, M.V. (2001) Contamination of soil with eggs of Toxocara in a subtropical city in Argentina. Journal of Helminthology 75, 165-168.
4. Averbeck, G.A., Nanek, J.A., Strouberg, B.E. and Laursen, J.G. (1995) Differentiation of Baylisascaris species, Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina infections in dogs. Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian 4, 475-478.
5. Barriga, O.O. (1988) A critical look at the importance, prevalence and control of toxocariasis and the possibilities of immunological control. Veterinary Parasitology 29, 195-234.
6. Basualdo, J.A., Ciarmela, P.L., Sarmiento, P. L. and Minvielle, P.L. (2000) Biological activity of Paecilomyces genus against Toxocara canis eggs. Parasitology Research 86, 854-859.
7. Beer, S.A., Novosil'tsev, G.I. and Mel'nikova, L.I. (1999) The role of the water factor in the dissemination of Toxocara eggs and the spread of toxocariasis in a megalopolis. Parazitologiia (English abstract) 33, 129-135.
8. Carden, S.M., Meusemann, R., Walker, J., Stawell, R.J., MacKinnon, J.R., Smith, D., Stawell, A.M. and Hall, A.J. (2003) Toxocara canis: eggs presence in Melbourne parks and disease incidence in Victoria. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 31, 143-146.
9. Castillo, D., Paredes, C., Zanartu, C., Castillo, G., Mercado, R., Munoz, V. and Schenone, H. (2000) Environmental contamination with Toxocara sp. eggs in public squares and parks from Santiago, Chile, 1999. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia (English abstract) 55, 86-91.
10. Ciarmela, M.L., Minvielle, M.C., Lori, G. and Basualdo, J.A. (2002) Biological interaction between soil fungi and Toxocara canis eggs. Veterinary Parasitology 103, 251-257.
11. Coelho, L.M., Dini, C.Y., Milman, M.H. and Oliveira, S.M. (2001) Toxocara spp. eggs in public squares of Sorocaba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 43, 189-191.
12. Collins, G.H. and Moore, J. (1982) Soil survey for eggs of Toxocara species. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 76, 579-580.
13. Conde Garcia, L., Muro Alvarez, A. and Martin, F. (1989) Epidemiological studies on toxocariasis in a zone of western Spain. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 83, 615-620.
14. Cuellar del Hoyo, C., Fenoy-Rodriguez, S., Aguilla de la Puente, C. and Guillen-Llera, J.L. (1986) New data on the photodependence of Toxocara canis ova for embryonation. Revista Iberica de Parasitologia (English abstract) 46, 409-417.
15. Dada, B.J.O. (1979) A new technique for the recovery of Toxocara eggs from soil. Journal of Helminthology 53, 141-144.
16. de Araujo, F.R., Crocci, A.J., Rodrigues, R.G., Avalhaes, J. da. S., Miyoshi, M.I., Salgado, F.P., da Silva, M.A. and Pereira, M.L. (1999) Contamination of public squares of Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, with eggs of Toxocara and Ancylostoma in dog feces. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical 32, (English abstract) 581-583.
17. Dubinsky, P., Havasiova-Reiterova, K., Petko, B., Hovorka, J. and Tomasovicova, O. (1995) Role of small mammals in the epidemiology of toxocariasis. Parasitology 110, 187-193.
18. Dumenigo, B. and Galvez, D. (1995) Soil contamination in Ciudad de La Habana province with Toxocara canis eggs. Revista Cubana de Medicina Tropical 47, 178-180.
19. Dunsmore, J.D., Thompson, R.C. and Bates, I.A. (1984) Prevalence and survival of Toxocara canis eggs in the urban environment of Perth, Australia. Veterinary Parasitology 16, 303-311.
20. Duwel, D. (1984) The prevalence of Toxocara eggs in the sand in children's playgrounds in Frankfurt/M. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 78, 633-636.
21. Emehelu, C.O. and Fakae, B.B. (1986) Prevalence of Toxocara canis ova on playgrounds of nursery schools in Nsukka, Nigeria. International Journal of Zoonoses 13, 158-161.
22. Fonrouge, R., Guardis, M.F., Radman, N.E. and Archelli, S.M. (2000) Soil contamination with Toxocara sp. eggs in squares and public places from the city of la Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 55, 83-85.
23. Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Fortuna, M., Caselli, F., D'Errico, M.M., Drenaggi, D. and Scalise, G. (1999) Prevalence of Toxocara spp. in public playgrounds in town of Central Italy. Le Infezioni in Medicina 7, 163-167.
24. Giacometti, A., Cirioni, O., Fortuna, M., Osimani, P., Antonicelli, L., Del Prete, M.S., Riva, A., D'Errico, M.M., Petrelli, E. and Scalise, G. (2000) Environmental and serological evidence for the presence of toxocariasis in the urban area of Ancona, Italy. European Journal of Epidemiology 16, 1023-1026.
25. Gillespie, S.H., Pereira, M. and Ramsay, A. (1991) The prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in soil samples from parks and gardens in the London area. Public Health 105, 335-339.
26. Glickman, L.T. (1993) The epidemiology of human toxocariasis. In: Lewis J.W. and Maizels R.M. (eds) Toxocara and Toxocariasis Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Institute of Biology, London, 3-10.
27. Glickman, L.T. and Schantz, P.M. (1981) Epidemiology and pathogenesis of zoonotic toxocariasis. Epidemiologic Reviews 3, 230-250.
28. Gundlach, J.L., Sadzikowski, A.B. and Tomczuk, K. (1996) Contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs of selected urban and rural environments. Medycyna Weterynaryjna (English abstract) 52, 395-396.
29. Habluetzel, A., Traldi, G., Ruggieri, S., Attili, A.R., Scuppa, P., Marchetti, R., Menghini, G. and Esposito, F. (2003) An estimation of Toxocara canis prevalence in dogs, environmental egg contamination and risk of human infection in the Marche region of Italy. Veterinary Parasitology 2561, 1-11.
30. Holland, C.V, Connor, P., Taylor, M.R., Hughes, G., Girdwood, R.W. and Smith, H. (1991) Families, parks, gardens and toxocariasis. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 23, 225-231.
31. Holland, C.V., O'Lorcain, P., Taylor, M.R. and Kelly, A. (1995) Sero-epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children. Parasitology 110, 535-545.
32. Horak, P. (1992) Helminth eggs in the sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Czechoslovakia. Folia Parasitologica (Praha) 39, 153-157.
33. Horn, K., Schnieder, T. and Stoye, M. (1990) Quantitative comparison of different methods for the detection of Toxocara canis eggs in sand samples. Zentralblatt Für Veterinaermedizin Reihe B (English abstract) 37, 241-250.
34. Jacobs, D.E., Zhu, X., Gasser, R.B. and Chilton, N.B. (1997) PCR-based methods for identification of potentially zoonotic ascaridid parasites of the dog, fox and cat. Acta Tropica 68, 191-200.
35. Jansen, J., van Knapen, F., Schreurs, M. and van Wijngaarden, T. (1993) Toxocara ova in parks and sandboxes in the city of Utrecht. Tijdschrift voor Diergeneeskunde 118, 611-614.
36. Jarosz, W. (2001) Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the Elblag area. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne English abstract 47, 143-149.
37. Levine, N.D. (1968) Nematode Parasites of Domestic Animals and Man, 2nd edn, Burgess, Minneapolis, Minnesota, pp. 317-372.
38. Lloyd, S. (1993) Toxocara canis: the dog. In: Lewis J.W. and Maizels R.M. (eds) Toxocara and Toxocariasis; Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Institute of Biology, London, pp. 11-24.
39. Loh, A.G. and I°sraf, D.A. (1998) Tests on the centrifugal flotation technique and its used in estimating the prevalence of Toxocara in soil samples from urban and suburban areas of Malaysia. Journal of Helminthology 72, 39-42.
40. Luz°na-Lyskov, A. (2000) Toxocariasis in children living in highly contaminated area. Acta Parasitologica 45, 40-42.
41. Lysek, H. (1966) Study of biology of geohelminths II. The importance of some micro-organisms for the viability of geohelminths eggs in the soil. Acta Universittis Palackianae Olomucensis 40, 83-90.
42. Mahdi, N.K. and Ali, H.A. (1993) Toxocara eggs in the soil of public places and schools in Basrah, Iraq. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 87, 201-205.
43. Mizgajska, H. (1993) The distribution and survival of eggs of Ascaris suum in six different natural soil profiles. Acta Parasitologica 4, 170-174.
44. Mizgajska, H. (1995) Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public and private places in the Poznańarea of Poland. Acta Parasitologica 40, 211-213.
45. Mizgajska, H. (1997) The role of some environmental factors in the contamination of soil with Toxocara spp. and other geohelminth eggs. Parasitology International 46, 67-72.
46. Mizgajska, H. (1998) The role of environmental factors in biology of genus of Toxocara nematodes. Monografia AWF Poznan (English abstract) 334, 1-94.
47. Mizgajska, H. (1999) Biological infection of soil on the flooded areas of Wroclaw city. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne (English abstract) 45, 89-93.
48. Mizgajska, H. (2000) Soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs in the Krakow area and two nearby villages. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne (English abstract) 46, 105-110.
49. Mizgajska, H. (2001) Eggs of Toxocara spp. in the environment and their public health implications. Journal of Helminthology 75, 147-151.
50. Mizgajska, H. and Jarosz, W. (2000) Share of species Toxocara canis and T. cati in soil contamination with the infective eggs. EMOP VIII. Acta Parasitologica 45, 143.
51. Mizgajska, H. and Rejmenciak, A. (1997) Differentiation of eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati - parasites of dog and cat. Wiadomości Parazytologiczne in Polish with English abstrct 43, 435-439.
52. Mizgajska, H., Andrzejewska, I., Jarosz, W. and Pawlowski, Z.S. (2002) The prevalence of toxocariasis in children depends on the degree of soil contamination with Toxocara spp. eggs. Abstracts of the Proceedings of the X International Congress of Parasiotology (ICOPA X), 4-9 August 2002, Vancouver, Canada, p. 259.
53. Mizgajska-Wiktor, H. (2004) Annual dynamic of soil contamination with Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs in urban areas. Abstracts of the Proceedings of the IX European Multicolloquium of Parasitology, Valenica, Spain, 18-23 July 2004, p. 390
54. Mizgajska-Wiktor, H. (2005) Recommended method for recovery of Toxocara and other geohelminth eggs from soil. Wiadomosci Parazytologiczne 51, 21-22.
55. Nakagura, K., Tachibana, H., Kaneda, V. and Kato, V. (1989) Toxocariasis possibly caused by ingesting raw chicken. Journal of Infectious Diseases 160, 735-736.
56. Nunes, C.M., Sinhorini, J.L. and Ogassawara, S. (1994) Influence of soil texture in the recovery of Toxocara canis eggs by flotation method. Veterinary Parasitology 53, 269-274.
57. Nunes, C.M., Pena, F.C., Negrelli, G.B., Anjo, C.G., Nakano, M.M. and Stobbe, N.S. (2000). Presence of larva migrans in sand boxes of public elementary schools, Aracatuba, Brazil. Revista de Publica (English abstract) 34, 656-658.
58. Oge, S. and Oge, H. (2000) Prevalence of Toxocara spp. eggs in the soil of public parks in Ankara, Turkey. DTW-Deutsche Tierarzteche Wochenschrift 107, 72-75.
59. O'Lorcain, P. (1994) Prevalence of Toxocara canis ova in public playgrounds in the Dublin area of Ireland. Journal of Helminthology 68, 237-241.
60. O'Lorcain, P. (1995a) The effects of freezing on the viability of Toxocara canis and T. cati embryonated eggs. Journal of Helminthology 69, 169-171.
61. O'Lorcain, P. (1995b) The identification of the optimum conditions for the embryonation of Toxocara canis ova. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 5, 143-148.
62. Oteifa, N.M. and Muostafa, M.A. (1997) The potential risk of contracting toxocariasis in Heliopolis district, Cairo. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology 27, 197-203.
63. Overgaauw, P.A.M. (1997a) Aspects of Toxocara Epidemiology in the Netherlands. Universities Utrecht, The Netherlands.
64. Overgaauw, P.A.M. (1997b) Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: human toxocarosis. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology 23, 215-231.
65. Pahari, T.K. and Sasmal, N.K. (1991) Experimental infection of Japanese quail with Toxocara canis larvae through earthworms. Veterinary Parasitology 39, 337-340.
66. Pawlowski, Z. and Mizgajska, H. (2002) Toxocarosis in Poznan region, Poland in the years 1990-2000. Przeglad Epidemiologiczny 56, 559-565. [in Polish with English abstract.]
67. Pegg, E.J. and Donald, C.R. (1978) The effects of composting on the eggs of Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina. Journal of the Institute of Animal Technology 29, 29-30.
68. Quinn, R., Smith, H.V. and Girdwood, R.W.A. (1980) Studies on the incidence of Toxocara spp. ova in the environment. 1. A comparison of flotation procedures for recovery of Toxocara spp. ova from soil. Journal of Hygiene 84, 83-89.
69. Rai, S.K., Uga, S., Ono, K., Rai, G. and Matsumura, T. (2000) Contamination of soil with helminth parasite eggs in Nepal. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 31, 388-393.
70. Reimers, R.S., Little, M.D., Englande, A.J., Leftwich, D.B., Bowman, D.D. and Wilkinson, R.F. (1981) Parasites in southern sludges and disinfection by standard sludge treatment. Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory Office of Research and Development US Environmental Protection Agency, 36-69.
71. Richards, D.T. and Lewis, J.W. (1993) Epidemiology of Toxocara canis in the fox. In: Lewis, J.W. and Maizels, R.M. (eds.) Toxocara and Toxocariasis, Clinical, Epidemiological and Molecular Perspectives. Institute of Biology, London, 25-37.
72. Ruiz de Ybanez, M.R., Garijo, M.M. and Alonso, F.D. (2001) Prevalence and viability of eggs of Toxocara spp. and Toxascaris leonina in public parks in eastern Spain. Journal of Helminthology 75, 169-173.
73. Santarem, V.A., Sartor, I.F. and Bergamo, F.M. (1998) Contamination by Toxocara spp. eggs in public parks and squares in Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical (English abstract) 31, 529-532.
74. Schantz, P.M. (1989) Toxocara larva migrans now. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 41, 21-34.
75. Schantz, P.M. and Stehr-Green, J.K. (1988) Toxocaral larva migrans. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association 192, 28-32.
76. Schottler, G. (1997) Incidence of Toxocara ova-especially ova of visceral larva migrans in beach sand of Warnemunde in 1997. Gesundheitswesen (English abstract) 60, 766-767.
77. Shimizu, T. (1993) Prevalence of Toxocara eggs in sandpits in Tokushima city and its outskirts. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 55, 807-811.
78. Skirnisson, K. and Smaradottir, H. (1996) Zoonotic parasites of cats and dogs in playgrounds in Iceland. Parassitologia 38, 437.
79. Smith, H.V. (1998) Detection of parasites in the environment. Parasitology 117, 113-141.
80. Snow, K.R., Ball, S.J. and Bewick, J.A. (1987) Prevalence of Toxocara species eggs in the soil of five east London parks. Veterinary Research 120, 66-67.
81. Stefański, W. (1968) Parazytologia Weterynaryjna. Bd.1. Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, Warszawa, pp. 671.
82. Storey, G.W. and Philips, R.A. (1985) The survival of parasite eggs throughout the soil profile. Parasitology 91, 585-590.
83. Struchler, D., Weiss, N. and Grassner, M. (1990) Transmission of toxocariasis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 162, 571-572.
84. Takahashi, J., Uga, S. and Matsumura, T. (1990) Cockroach as a possible transmitter of Toxocara canis. Japanese Journal of Parasitology (English abstract) 39, 551-556.
85. Thienpont, D., Rohette, F. and Vanparijs, O.F.J. (1979) Diagnosing Helminthasis Through Coprological Examination. Jansen Research Foundation, Beerse, Belgium.
86. Toledo-Seco, C.I., de Armas Hernandez, F., del Castillo Remiro, A., Arevalo Morales, P., Pinero Barroso, J.E. and Valladares Hernandez, B. (1994) Parasite contamination of parks and gardens as a public health problem. Data of the island of Tenerife. Revista de Sanidad e Higiene Publica 68, 617-622.
87. Uga, S. (1993) Prevalence of Toxocara eggs and number of faecal deposits from dogs and cats in sandpits of public parks in Japan. Journal of Helminthology 67, 78-82.
88. Uga, S. and Kataoka, N. (1995) Measures to control Toxocara egg contamination in sandpits of public parks. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 21-24.
89. Uga, S., Matsumura, T., Aoki, N. and Kataoka, N. (1989) Prevalence of Toxocara species eggs in the sandpits of public parks in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Japanese Journal of Parasitology 38, 280-284.
90. Uga, S., Ono, K., Kataoka, N., Safriah, A., Tantular, I.S., Dachlan, Y.P. and Ranuh, I.G. (1995) Contamination of soil with parasite eggs in Surabaya, Indonesia. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 26, 730-734.
91. Uga, S., Minami, T. and Nagata, K. (1996a) Defecation habits of cats and dogs and contamination by Toxocara eggs in public park sandpits. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54, 122-126.
92. Uga, S., Oikawa, H., Lee, C.C., Amin-Babjee, S.M. and Rai, S.K. (1996b) Contamination of soil with parasite eggs and oocysts in and around Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 24, 125-127.
93. Uga, S., Wandee, N. and Virasakdi, C. (1997) Contamination of soil with parasite eggs and oocysts in Southern Thailand. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 28, 14-17.
94. Uga, S., Matsuo, J., Kimura, D., Rai, S.K., Koshino, Y. and Igarashi, K. (2000) Differentiation of Toxocara canis and T. cati eggs by light and scanning electron microscopy. Veterinary Parasitology 92, 287-294.
95. Vasquez Tsuji, O., Ruiz Hernandez, A., Martinez Barbabosa, I., Merlin Marin, P.N., Tay Zavala, J., Perez and Torres, A. (1996) Soil contamination with Toxocara sp. eggs in public parks and home gardens from Mexico City. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia 51, 54-58.
96. Vazquez Tsuji, O., Martinez Barbabosa, I., Tay Zavala, J., Ruiz Hernandez, A. and Perez Torres, A. (1997) Vegetables for human consumption as probable source of Toxocara sp. infection in man. Boletin Chileno de Parasitologia (English abstract) 52, 47-50.
97. Wolfe, A. and Wright, I.P. (2003) Human toxocariasis and direct contact with dogs. Veterinary Record 152, 419-422.
98. Woodruff, A.W., Savigny, D.H. and Hendy-Ibbs, P.M. (1982) Toxocaral and toxoplasmal antibodies in cat breeders and in Icelanders exposed to cats but not to dogs. British Medical Journal 284, 309-310.
99. Worley, G., Green, J.A., Frothingham, T.E., Sturner, R.A., Walls, K.W., Pakalnis, V.A. and Ellis, G.S., Jr. (1984) Toxocara canis infection: clinical and epidemiological associations with seropositivity in kindergarten children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 149, 591-597.