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1
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84951726784
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The congressional Office of Technology Assessment defines ‘medical technology’ as comprising drugs, devices, medical or surgical procedures, and the organizational/administrative support within which medical care is delivered (US Congress 1994, p.1)
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The congressional Office of Technology Assessment defines ‘medical technology’ as comprising drugs, devices, medical or surgical procedures, and the organizational/administrative support within which medical care is delivered (US Congress 1994, p.1).
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5
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0028269067
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New imaging technology and cost containment
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Hillman, B.J. (1994) ‘New imaging technology and cost containment’, AJR, March, pp.503–506.
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(1994)
AJR
, vol.March
, pp. 503-506
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Hillman, B.J.1
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6
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84951726786
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‘Pluralism’ is a term used by political theorists. Pluralists argue that many diverse groups (interest groups) in a democratic society which include all socio-economic strata, exert pressure to prevent any one elite group from overreaching its political bounds. This perspective has been appropriately and widely criticized [2, p.461]
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‘Pluralism’ is a term used by political theorists. Pluralists argue that many diverse groups (interest groups) in a democratic society which include all socio-economic strata, exert pressure to prevent any one elite group from overreaching its political bounds. This perspective has been appropriately and widely criticized [2, p.461].
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9
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0029022595
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US mortality by economic, demographic, and social characteristics: the national longitudinal mortality study.
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Sorlie, P.D., Backlund, E. and Keller, J.B. (1995) ‘US mortality by economic, demographic, and social characteristics: the national longitudinal mortality study.’ American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 85, 949–956.
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(1995)
American Journal of Public Health
, vol.85
, pp. 949-956
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Sorlie, P.D.1
Backlund, E.2
Keller, J.B.3
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10
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0029298130
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Measuring social inequalities in health
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Moss, N. and Krieger, N. (1995) ‘Measuring social inequalities in health’, Public Health Reports, May/June, pp.302–305.
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(1995)
Public Health Reports
, vol.May/June
, pp. 302-305
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Moss, N.1
Krieger, N.2
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11
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0003897078
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New York, Aldine de Gruyter
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Evans, R.G., Barer, M.L. and Marmor, T.R. (1994) Why Are Some People Healthy And Other Not? The Determinants Of Health Of Populations, New York, Aldine de Gruyter.
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(1994)
Why Are Some People Healthy And Other Not? The Determinants Of Health Of Populations
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Evans, R.G.1
Barer, M.L.2
Marmor, T.R.3
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12
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0026772380
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Socio-economic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease
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Winkleby, M.A., Jatulis, D.E. and Frank, E. (1992) ‘Socio-economic status and health: how education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease’, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 82, p.816.
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(1992)
American Journal of Public Health
, vol.82
, pp. 816
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Winkleby, M.A.1
Jatulis, D.E.2
Frank, E.3
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13
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0027352909
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The relationship between socio-economic status and health: a review of the literature
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Feinstein, J.S. (1993) ‘The relationship between socio-economic status and health: a review of the literature’, MilbankMemorial Fund, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp.279–322.
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(1993)
MilbankMemorial Fund
, vol.71
, Issue.2
, pp. 279-322
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Feinstein, J.S.1
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14
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0028935653
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The influence of socio-economic status on change in health status after hospitalization
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Guadagnoli, E., Cleary, P.D. and Mcneil, B.J. (1995) ‘The influence of socio-economic status on change in health status after hospitalization’, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 40, 1399–1406.
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(1995)
Social Science and Medicine
, vol.40
, pp. 1399-1406
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Guadagnoli, E.1
Cleary, P.D.2
Mcneil, B.J.3
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15
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0001891088
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See Bunker, J.P.
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Dutton, D.B. and Levine, S. (1989) ‘Socio-economic status and health: overview, methodological critique, and reformulation’, See Bunker, J.P., p.29.
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(1989)
Socio-economic status and health: overview, methodological critique, and reformulation
, pp. 29
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Dutton, D.B.1
Levine, S.2
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16
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0025349450
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Do the poor cost more?: a multihospital study of patient’s socio-economic status and use of hospital resources
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Epstein, A.M., Robert, R.S. and Weissman, J.S. (1990) ‘Do the poor cost more?: a multihospital study of patient’s socio-economic status and use of hospital resources’, The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 322, pp.1122–8.
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(1990)
The New England Journal of Medicine
, vol.322
, pp. 1122-1128
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Epstein, A.M.1
Robert, R.S.2
Weissman, J.S.3
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17
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0027602248
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Socio-economic influence on small area hospital utilization
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Supplement
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McMohan, L.F., Wolfe, R.A., Griffith, J.R. and Cutherbertson, D. (1993) ‘Socio-economic influence on small area hospital utilization’, Medical Care, Vol. 31, pp.YS29–YS36, Supplement.
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(1993)
Medical Care
, vol.31
, pp. YS29-YS36
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McMohan, L.F.1
Wolfe, R.A.2
Griffith, J.R.3
Cutherbertson, D.4
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18
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0024673063
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Small-area variation in hospital discharge rates: do socio-economic variables matter
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McLaughlin, C.G. and co-authors. (1989) ‘Small-area variation in hospital discharge rates: do socio-economic variables matter’, Medical Care, Vol. 27, pp.507–521.
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(1989)
Medical Care
, vol.27
, pp. 507-521
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McLaughlin, C.G.1
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19
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84951726787
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In this study, socio-economic factors, socio-economic status (SES), and characteristics of population are used interchangeably. In addition to socio-economic status (SES), which generally refers to education, income, and occupation, in this study, socio-economic factors will also include the variable relation to proportion of medicare patients in a county
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In this study, socio-economic factors, socio-economic status (SES), and characteristics of population are used interchangeably. In addition to socio-economic status (SES), which generally refers to education, income, and occupation, in this study, socio-economic factors will also include the variable relation to proportion of medicare patients in a county.
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20
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84951726788
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Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology: a clinical, industrial, and policy analysis
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Washington, DC
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Steinberg, E.P. (1984) ‘Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging technology: a clinical, industrial, and policy analysis’, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC.
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(1984)
Office of Technology Assessment
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Steinberg, E.P.1
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22
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84951726789
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MRI market saturated; unit prices drop and discounts increase
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ECRI. (1994) ‘MRI market saturated; unit prices drop and discounts increase’, Health Technology Trends, August, p.5.
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(1994)
Health Technology Trends
, vol.August
, pp. 5
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ECRI.1
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24
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0023556405
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small area analysis: a review and analysis of the North American literature
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Paul-Shaheen, P., Clark, D.J. and Williams, D. (1987) ‘small area analysis: a review and analysis of the North American literature’, Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, Vol. 12, pp.741–792.
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(1987)
Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law
, vol.12
, pp. 741-792
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Paul-Shaheen, P.1
Clark, D.J.2
Williams, D.3
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26
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84951714559
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Understanding variations in the use services: are there clinical explanations?
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Update. (1984) ‘Understanding variations in the use services: are there clinical explanations?’, The Ciba Foundation. In: Health Affairs, Summer, pp.139.
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(1984)
The Ciba Foundation. In: Health Affairs
, vol.Summer
, pp. 139
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Update.1
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27
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84951726791
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The following discussion on small area variation and socio-economic factors draws mainly from the review articles by Feinstein (1993) and research papers by McLaughlin (1989), McMohan (1993), and Guadagnoli (1995)
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The following discussion on small area variation and socio-economic factors draws mainly from the review articles by Feinstein (1993) and research papers by McLaughlin (1989), McMohan (1993), and Guadagnoli (1995).
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29
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0040574033
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An econometric analysis of spatial variations in mortality rates by age and sex.
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(Ed.) Fuchs, V. Columbia University Press
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Silver, M. (1972) ‘An econometric analysis of spatial variations in mortality rates by age and sex.’ In Essays in the Economics of Health and Medical Care, (Ed.) Fuchs, V. pp.161–227 Columbia University Press
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(1972)
Essays in the Economics of Health and Medical Care
, pp. 161-227
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Silver, M.1
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30
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84951726792
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The report is the result of research assessing the evidence on equality in health in the United Kingdom in 1980. Universally known as the Black Report, its major claim is that health inequality has widened in the United Kingdom during the last 30 years, despite the attempt of the National Health Service to equalize healthcare access and outcomes. These findings are considered controversial and triggered an international debate which extended over the last decade (Feinstein 1993, p.296)
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The report is the result of research assessing the evidence on equality in health in the United Kingdom in 1980. Universally known as the Black Report, its major claim is that health inequality has widened in the United Kingdom during the last 30 years, despite the attempt of the National Health Service to equalize healthcare access and outcomes. These findings are considered controversial and triggered an international debate which extended over the last decade (Feinstein 1993, p.296).
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33
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0022069520
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Commentary on patient need, equity, supplier-induced demand, and the need to access the outcome of common medical practices
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Wennberg, J.E. (1985) ‘Commentary on patient need, equity, supplier-induced demand, and the need to access the outcome of common medical practices’, Medical Care, pp.512–520.
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(1985)
Medical Care
, pp. 512-520
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Wennberg, J.E.1
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34
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0023619065
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The paradox of appropriate care
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November 13
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Wennberg, J.E. (1987) ‘The paradox of appropriate care’, JAMA, November 13, pp.2568–2569.
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(1987)
JAMA
, pp. 2568-2569
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Wennberg, J.E.1
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35
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0023265527
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Inter-area variations in age-adjusted health status
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Blumberg, M.S. (1987) ‘Inter-area variations in age-adjusted health status’, Medical Care, Vol. 25, p.340.
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(1987)
Medical Care
, vol.25
, pp. 340
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Blumberg, M.S.1
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36
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0022004026
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A statistical analysis of reasons for east-west differences in hospital use
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Knickman, J.R. and Foltz, A. (1985) ‘A statistical analysis of reasons for east-west differences in hospital use’, Inquiary, Vol. 22, No. 45.
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(1985)
Inquiary
, vol.22
, Issue.45
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Knickman, J.R.1
Foltz, A.2
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37
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0023251983
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HMO growth and hospital expenses and use: a simultaneous- equation approach
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McLaughlin, C.G. (1987) ‘HMO growth and hospital expenses and use: a simultaneous- equation approach’, Health Services Research, Vol. 22, p.183.
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(1987)
Health Services Research
, vol.22
, pp. 183
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McLaughlin, C.G.1
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38
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84951726794
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prepared for the session SES and Disease, Annual Scientific Meeting, the American College of Epidemiology, September 10–12, St. Louis, MO
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Krieger, N. and Moss, N. (1995) ‘Measurement of socio-economic position in epidemiologic research’, prepared for the session SES and Disease, Annual Scientific Meeting, the American College of Epidemiology, September 10–12, St. Louis, MO.
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(1995)
Measurement of socio-economic position in epidemiologic research
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Krieger, N.1
Moss, N.2
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39
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0020336358
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Surgical rate variations: do they reflect the health of socioeconomic characteristics of the population?
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Roos, N.P. and Roos, L.L. (1982) ‘Surgical rate variations: do they reflect the health of socioeconomic characteristics of the population?’ Medical Care, Vol. 20, p.945.
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(1982)
Medical Care
, vol.20
, pp. 945
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Roos, N.P.1
Roos, L.L.2
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40
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0021808059
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Pattern of utilization: the patient perspective
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Hulka, B.S. and Wheat, J.R. (1985) ‘Pattern of utilization: the patient perspective’, Medical Care, May, pp.438–460.
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(1985)
Medical Care
, vol.May
, pp. 438-460
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Hulka, B.S.1
Wheat, J.R.2
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41
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0021015956
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Bed availability and hospital utilization: estimates of Roemer effect
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Ginsburg, P.B. and Koretz, D.M. (1983) ‘Bed availability and hospital utilization: estimates of Roemer effect’, Health Care Financing Reviews, Vol. 5, p.87.
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(1983)
Health Care Financing Reviews
, vol.5
, pp. 87
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Ginsburg, P.B.1
Koretz, D.M.2
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42
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0015746103
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Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the US
-
Andersen R. and Newman, J. (1973) ‘Societal and individual determinants of medical care utilization in the US’, MilbankMemorial Fund Quarterly-Health Society, Vol. 51, pp.95–124.
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(1973)
MilbankMemorial Fund Quarterly-Health Society
, vol.51
, pp. 95-124
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Andersen, R.1
Newman, J.2
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44
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0019772827
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Equity of access to medical care
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Aday, L.A. and Andersen, R. (1981) ‘Equity of access to medical care’, Medical Care, Vol. 19 (suppl.) pp.4–27.
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(1981)
Medical Care
, vol.19
, pp. 4-27
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Aday, L.A.1
Andersen, R.2
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45
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0016109898
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A framework for the study of access to medical care
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Aday, L.A. and Andersen, R. (1974) ‘A framework for the study of access to medical care’, Health Services Research, Vol. 9, pp.208–220.
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(1974)
Health Services Research
, vol.9
, pp. 208-220
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Aday, L.A.1
Andersen, R.2
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46
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84951726795
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The description of the models and other patterns of utilization of health services in the literature are adapted heavily from Williams (1993)
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The description of the models and other patterns of utilization of health services in the literature are adapted heavily from Williams (1993).
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48
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0001163818
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Models of health-related behaviour.
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Mechanic D. New York, The Free Press
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Becker, M.H. and Maiman, L.A. (1983) ‘Models of health-related behaviour.’ In Mechanic D. Handbook of Health, Health Care, and the Health Professions. New York, The Free Press, pp.539–568.
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(1983)
Handbook of Health, Health Care, and the Health Professions
, pp. 539-568
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Becker, M.H.1
Maiman, L.A.2
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49
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84951726796
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Usually a local hospital market area contains 10,000 to 200,000 people, there are often several local market areas in a county
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Usually a local hospital market area contains 10,000 to 200,000 people, there are often several local market areas in a county.
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50
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0021637530
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Dealing with medical practice variation: a proposal for action
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Wennberg, J.E. (1984) ‘Dealing with medical practice variation: a proposal for action’, Health Affairs, Summer, pp.6–32.
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(1984)
Health Affairs
, vol.Summer
, pp. 6-32
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Wennberg, J.E.1
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51
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0004198532
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The Henry J. Kaiser Family foundation, Menlo Park, CA
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Bunker, J.P., Gomby, D.S. and Kehrer, B.H. (1989) Pathways to Health: the Role of Social Factors, The Henry J. Kaiser Family foundation, Menlo Park, CA.
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(1989)
Pathways to Health: the Role of Social Factors
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Bunker, J.P.1
Gomby, D.S.2
Kehrer, B.H.3
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52
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84951726797
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This study will adopt the typical custom in social science of using ‘causal diagrams’ as a convenient device to represent hypotheses about causal relationships among variables. In such diagrams, an arrow is drawn from a variable X to a variable Y (X-Y) to represent the assertion that X is a cause of Y (Berry, 1984, p.90)
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This study will adopt the typical custom in social science of using ‘causal diagrams’ as a convenient device to represent hypotheses about causal relationships among variables. In such diagrams, an arrow is drawn from a variable X to a variable Y (X-Y) to represent the assertion that X is a cause of Y (Berry, 1984, p.90).
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55
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0007105811
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Path analysis: an introduction for school psychologists
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Keith, T.Z. (1988) ‘Path analysis: an introduction for school psychologists’, School Psychology Review, Vol. 12, No.2, pp.343–362.
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(1988)
School Psychology Review
, vol.12
, Issue.2
, pp. 343-362
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Keith, T.Z.1
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56
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0023820567
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The association of patients’ socio-economic characteristics with the length of hospital stay and hospital charges within diagnosis-related groups
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and c-authors
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Epstein, A.M. and c-authors (1988) ‘The association of patients’ socio-economic characteristics with the length of hospital stay and hospital charges within diagnosis-related groups’, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 318, p.1579.
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(1988)
New England Journal of Medicine
, vol.318
, pp. 1579
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Epstein, A.M.1
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57
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84951726798
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Technology here encompasses most elements of health treatment, including pharmaceuticals, devices, medical or surgical procedures, support systems, and organizational/administrative systems. Assessment may address one or more aspects or attributes of technology such as safety, efficacy, effectiveness, cost/cost effectiveness, cost-benefit, and ethical/legal/social implementations. Assessment Methods include laboratory testing, clinical trials, epidemiological methods, cost analysis, simulation/modelling, group judgement, expert opinion, and literature syntheses (Institute of Medicine 1985, pp.257–259)
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Technology here encompasses most elements of health treatment, including pharmaceuticals, devices, medical or surgical procedures, support systems, and organizational/administrative systems. Assessment may address one or more aspects or attributes of technology such as safety, efficacy, effectiveness, cost/cost effectiveness, cost-benefit, and ethical/legal/social implementations. Assessment Methods include laboratory testing, clinical trials, epidemiological methods, cost analysis, simulation/modelling, group judgement, expert opinion, and literature syntheses (Institute of Medicine 1985, pp.257–259).
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59
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84951726799
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The Public Health Service, under National Institute of Health (NIH) leadership, funded a meeting in 1994, to address these data gaps and related issues in the measurement of social inequalities in health (Moss, 1995)
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The Public Health Service, under National Institute of Health (NIH) leadership, funded a meeting in 1994, to address these data gaps and related issues in the measurement of social inequalities in health (Moss, 1995).
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