Pitfalls of research linking the intrauterine device to pelvic inflammatory disease

Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 121, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 1091-1098

  Hubacher, David ^a   Grimes, David A ^b   Gemzell Danielsson, Kristina ^b  

^a FAMILY HEALTH INTERNATIONAL   (United States)

^b not available

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CONTRACEPTIVE AGENT; PLACEBO;

ANTIBIOTIC PROPHYLAXIS; CONDOM; FEMALE INFERTILITY; HUMAN; INTRAUTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; TUBAL INFERTILITY;

EID: 84879083447     PISSN: 00297844     EISSN: 1873233X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31828ac03a     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Tietze C, Lewit S. Intra-uterine contraceptive devices. Proceedings of the conference. New York City. April 30-May 1, 1962. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Excerpta Medica International Congress Series No. 54; 1962.
2. Hubacher D, Cheng D. Intrauterine devices and reproductive health: American women in feast and famine. Contraception 2004; 69: 437-46.
3. Edelman DA. Pelvic inflammatory disease and the intrauterine device: a causal relationship? Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980; 17: 504-14.
4. Burkman RT. Association between intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 57: 269-76.
5. Lee NC, Rubin GL, Ory HW, Burkman RT. Type of intrauterine device and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 62: 1-6.
6. Lee NC, Rubin GL, Borucki R. The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease revisited: new results from the Women's Health Study. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 1-6.
7. Lee NC, Rubin GL, Grimes DA. Measures of sexual behavior and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77: 425-30.
8. Kronmal RA, Whitney CW, Mumford SD. The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease: the Women's Health Study reanalyzed. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 109-22.
9. Burkman RT, Lee NC, Ory HW, Rubin GL. Response to 'The intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease: the Women's Health Study reanalyzed'. J Clin Epidemiol 1991; 44: 123-5; discussion 211-3.
10. Vessey MP, Yeates D, Flavel R McPherson K Pelvic inflammatory disease and the intrauterine device: findings in a large cohort study. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1981; 282: 855-7.
11. World Health Organization. Mechanism of action, safety and efficacy of intrauterine devices: technical report series 753. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 1987.
12. Farley TM, Rosenberg MJ, Rowe PJ, Chen JH, Meirik O. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: an international perspective. Lancet 1992; 339: 785-8.
13. Grimes DA. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet 2000; 356: 1013-9.
14. Mohllajee AP, Curtis KM, Peterson HB. Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review. Contraception 2006; 73: 145-53.
15. Gareen IF. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease. Curr Womens Health Rep 2003; 3: 280-7.
16. Gareen IF, Greenland S, Morgenstern H. Intrauterine devices and pelvic inflammatory disease: meta-analyses of published studies, 1974-1990. Epidemiology 2000; 11: 589-97.
17. Walsh T, Grimes D, Frezieres R Nelson A, Bernstein L, Coulson A, et al. Randomised controlled trial of prophylactic antibiotics before insertion of intrauterine devices. IUD Study Group. Lancet 1998; 351: 1005-8.
18. Hubacher D, Finer LB, Espey E. Renewed interest in intrauterine contraception in the United States: evidence and explanation. Contraception 2011; 83: 291-4.
19. Riphagen FE, Lehert P. A survey of contraception in five west European countries. J Biosoc Sci 1989; 21: 23-46.
20. Cibula D. Women's contraceptive practices and sexual behaviour in Europe. Eur J Contraception Reprod Health Care 2008; 13: 362-75.
21. Romer T, Linsberger D. User satisfaction with a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNGIUS): data from an international survey. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2009; 14: 391-8.
22. Osborne NG, Wright RC Effect of preoperative scrub on the bacterial flora of the endocervix and vagina. Obstet Gynecol 1977; 50: 148-51.
23. Mishell DRJ, Bell JH, Good RG, Moyer DL. The intrauterine device: a bacteriologic study of the endometrial cavity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1966; 96: 119-26.
24. Lewis RA, Taylor D, Natavio MF, Melamed A, Felix J, Mishell D Jr. Effects of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on cervical mucus quality and sperm penetrability. Contraception 2010; 82: 491-6.
25. Sivin I, Stern J. Health during prolonged use of levonorgestrel 20 micrograms/d and the copper TCu 380Ag intrauterine contraceptive devices: a multicenter study. International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR). Fertil Steril 1994; 61: 70-7.
26. Andersson K, Odlind V, Rybo G. Levonorgestrel-releasing and copper-releasing (Nova T) IUDs during five years of use: a randomized comparative trial. Contraception 1994; 49: 56-72.
27. Finer LB, Jerman J, Kavanaugh ML. Changes in use of long-acting contraceptive methods in the United States, 2007-2009. Fertil Steril 2012; 98: 893-7.
28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - CDC fact sheet. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2012. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/std/PID/STDFact-PID.htm. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
29. Feldblum PJ, Caraway J, Bahamondes L, El-Shafei M, Quan Ha D, Morales E, et al. Randomized assignment to copper IUD or depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate: feasibility of enrollment, continuation and disease ascertainment. Contraception 2005; 72: 187-91.
30. Stringer EM, Kaseba C, Levy J, Sinkala M Goldenberg RL, Chi BH, et al. A randomized trial of the intrauterine contraceptive device vs hormonal contraception in women who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 144.e1-8.
31. Hager WD, Eschenbach DA, Spence MR Sweet RL. Criteria for diagnosis and grading of salpingitis. Obstet Gynecol 1983; 61: 113-4.
32. Jacobson L, Westrom L Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Diagnostic and prognostic value of routine laparoscopy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1969; 105: 1088-98.
33. Simms I, Warburton F, Westrom L Diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease: time for a rethink. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79: 491-4.
34. Workowski KA, Berman S. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep 2010; 59: 1-110.
35. Cates W, Rolfs RT, Aral SO. Sexually transmitted diseases, pelvic inflammatory disease, and infertility: an epidemiologic update. Epidemiol Rev 1990; 12: 199-220.
36. Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Precision and validity in epidemiologic studies. Modern epidemiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven; 1998. p. 115-134.
37. Berkson J. Limitations of the application of fourfold table analysis to hospital data. Biometrics 1946; 2: 47-53.
38. Boonstra H, Duran V, Northington Gamble V, Blumenthal P, Dominguez L, Pies C. The 'boom and bust phenomenon': the hopes, dreams, and broken promises of the contraceptive revolution. Contraception 2000; 61: 9-25.
39. Schmidt & Clark, LLP. Available at: http://www.schmidtandclark.com/ mirena?gclid=CJnlscSrwLMCFcRa4AodawMA8Q. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
40. Lawsuit for Mirena 2012 is on Facebook. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/LawsuitForMrena2012?filter=2. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
41. Sackett DL. Bias in analytic research. J Chronic Dis 1979; 32: 51-63.
42. Hubacher D, Cardenas C, Hernandez D, Cortes M, Janowitz B. The costs and benefits of IUD follow-up visits in the Mexican Social Security Institute. International Family Planning Perspectives 1999; 25: 21-6.
43. Hubacher D, Fortney J. Follow-up visits after IUD insertion. Are more better? J Reprod Med 1999; 44: 801-6.
44. Steward R, Melamed A, Granat A, Mishell DR Jr. Comparison of cervical mucus of 24/4 vs. 21/7 combined oral contraceptives. Contraception 2012; 86: 710-5.
45. Stuart GS, Grimes DA. Social desirability bias in family planning studies: a neglected problem. Contraception 2009; 80: 108-12.
46. Shapiro S. Causation, bias and confounding: a hitchhiker's guide to the epidemiological galaxy Part 2. Principles of causality in epidemiological research: confounding, effect modification and strength of association. J Fam Plann Reprod Health Care 2008; 34: 185-90.
47. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Antibiotic prophylaxis for intrauterine contraceptive device insertion. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD001327. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001327.
48. Hubacher D, Lara-Ricalde R, Taylor DJ, Guerra-Infante F, Guzman-Rodriguez R. Use of copper intrauterine devices and the risk of tubal infertility among nulligravid women. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 561-7.
49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Key statistics from the National survey of family growth. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nsfg/ abc-list-i.htm. Retrieved March 8, 2013.
50. Martinez G, Daniels K, Chandra A. Fertility of men and women aged 15-44 years in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2006-2010. Natl Health Stat Report 2012; 1-28.
51. Mosher WD, Jones J. Use of contraception in the United States: 1982-2008. Vital Health Stat 23 2010: 1-44.
52. Altman DG. The scandal of poor medical research. BMJ 1994; 308: 283-4.
53. Grimes DA, Schulz KF. False alarms and pseudo-epidemics: the limitations of observational epidemiology. Obstet Gynecol 2012; 120: 920-7.