Review of the systematics, distribution, biogeography and natural history of Moroccan amphibians

Zootaxa

Volumn 3661, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 1-60

  Beukema, Wouter ^a   De Pous, Philip ^b,c,d   Donaire Barroso, David ^e   Bogaerts, Sergé ^f   Garcia Porta, Joan ^c   Escoriza, Daniel ^g   Arribas, Oscar J ^e   El Mouden, El Hassan ^h   Carranza, Salvador ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ÉVORA   (Portugal)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LLEIDA   (Spain)

^c INSTITUTE OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY CSIC UNIVERSITAT POMPEU FABRA   (Spain)

^d Society for the Preservation of Herpetological Diversity   (Netherlands)

^e Universitat de Girona ^*  (Spain)

^f Vertebrate Biodiversity and Ecology Laboratory ^*  (Netherlands)

^g UNIVERSITY OF GIRONA   (Spain)

^h CADI AYYAD UNIVERSITY   (Morocco)

Author keywords

Amphibia; Anura; Identification key; Maghreb; North Africa; Tadpole; Urodela

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; ANURA; BUFO; BUFO BRONGERSMAI; CAUDATA; PELOBATES VARALDII; PLEURODELES; PLEURODELES WALTL; SALAMANDRA; SALAMANDRA ALGIRA;

AMPHIBIA; ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY; ANIMAL; CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; MALE; MOROCCO; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; PHYSIOLOGY; SALAMANDRA; VOCALIZATION;

AMPHIBIANS; ANIMALS; FEMALE; MALE; MOROCCO; PHYLOGEOGRAPHY; SALAMANDRA; VOCALIZATION, ANIMAL;

EID: 84878886828     PISSN: 11755326     EISSN: 11755334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3661.1.1     Document Type: Review

References (214)

1. Aellen, V. (1951) Contribution a l'herpetologie du Maroc. Bulletin de la societé des sciences natureles du Maroc, 31, 154-156.
2. Alluaud, C. (1923) Communication verbale. Bulletin de Société des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, 5/6, 89.
3. Altig, R. & McDiarmid, R. W. (1999) Body plan: development and morphology. In: McDiarmid, R. W. & Altig, R. (Eds.) Tadpoles: The Biology of Anuran Larvae. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 24-51.
4. Amor, N., Farjallah, S. & Said, K. (2009) Morphometric variation in the Tunisian green frog, Rana saharica (Anura: Ranidae). African, Zoology, 44, 194-203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3377/004.044.0207
5. Arano, B., Llorente, G. A., Montori, A., Buckely, D. & Herrero, P. (1998) Diversification in northwest African water frogs: molecular and morphological evidence. Herpetological Journal, 8, 57-64. (Pubitemid 28102253)
6. Arntzen, J. W. & García-París, M. (1995) Morphological and allozyme studies of Midwife Toads (genus Alytes), including the description of two new taxa from Spain. Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde/Contributions to Zoology, 65, 5-34. (Pubitemid 126176400)
7. Arntzen, J. W. & Szymura, J. M. (1984) Genetic differentiation between African and European midwife toads (Alytes, Discoglossidae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, 54, 157-162.
8. Audacity Team (2012) Audacity (version 2.0.1). Available from: http://audacity.sourceforge.net
9. Báez, A. M. & Nicoli, L. (2004) Bufonid toads from the Late Oligocene beds of Salla Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 24, 73-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/1900-6 (Pubitemid 38653187)
10. Bailon S. (2000) Amphibiens et reptiles du Pliocène terminal d'Ahl al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc). Geodiversitas, 22, 539-558.
11. Bailon, S. & Aouraghe, H. (2002) Amphibiens, chéloniens et squamates du Pléistocène supérieur d'El Harhoura 1 (Témara, Maroc). Geodiversitas, 24, 821-830.
12. Bailon, S., Rage, J.-C. & Stoetzel, E. (2011) First fossil representative of the salamander crown-group from a Gondwanan continent: Pleurodeles cf. waltl from the Quaternary of Morocco. Amphibia-Reptilia, 32, 245-252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353711X565501
13. Barata, M., Perera, A., Harris, D. J., Van der Meiden, A., Carranza, S., Ceacero, F., García-Muñoz, E., Gonçalves, D., Henriques, S., Jorge, F., Marshall, J. C. & Pedrajas, L. (2011) New observations of amphibians and reptiles in Morocco, with a special emphasis on the Eastern Region. Herpetological Bulletin, 116, 4-13.
14. Barnestein, J. A. M., González de la Vega, J. P., Jiménez-Cazalla, F. & Gabari-Boa, V. (2010) Contribución al atlas de la herpetofauna de Marruecos. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 21, 76-82.
15. Batista, V., Harris, D. J. & Carretero, M. A. (2003) Genetic variation in Pleurodeles waltl Michahelles, 1830 across the Strait of Gibraltar derived from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Herpetozoa, 16, 166-168.
16. Batista, V., Carranza, S., Carretero, M. A. & Harris, D. J. (2006) Genetic variation within Bufo viridis: evidence from mitochondrial 12S and 16S RRNA DNA sequences. Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d'Herpetologia, 17, 24-33.
17. Bedriaga, J. (1883) Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Amphibien und Reptilien der Fauna von Corsika. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 49, 124-273.
18. Benhachem, L. M. (1988) Taxinomie et charactérisation de deux espècies d'amphibiens anoures: Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771 et Bufo viridis Laurenti 1768, au Maroc. Doctoral Thesis, Faculty of Sciences, Rabat, Morocco, 220 pp.
19. Benhachem, L. M. & Benazzou, T. (1992) Etude du genre Rana (Amphibiens, Anoures, Ranatidae) du Maroc. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique Rabat, 16, 115-121.
20. Beukema, W., De Pous, P., Donaire, D., Escoriza, D., Bogaerts, S., Toxopeus, A. G., De Bie, C. A. J. M., Roca, J. & Carranza, S. (2010) Biogeography and contemporary climatic differentation among Moroccan Salamandra algira. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101, 626-641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01506.x
21. Blackburn, D. C., Bickford, D. P., Diesmos, A. C., Iskandar, D. T. & Brown, R. M. (2010) An ancient origin for the enigmatic Flat-headed Frogs (Bombinatoridae: Barbourula) from the islands of Southeast Asia. PLoS One, 5, 1-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0012090
22. Bosch, J. & Martínez-Solano, I. (2006). Chytrid fungus infection related to unusual mortalities of Salamandra salamandra and Bufo bufo in the Peñalara Natural Park (Central Spain). Oryx, 40, 84-89.
23. Boettger, O. (1874) Reptilien von Morocco und von den canarischen Inseln. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 9, 121-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605306000093
24. Boettger, O. (1883) Die Reptilien und Amphibien von Marocco II. Moritz Diesterweg, Frankfurt, Germany, 54 pp.
25. Bogaerts, S. (2001) Breeding Brongersma's Toad, Bufo brongersmai. Pod@arcis, 2, 81-88.
26. Bogaerts, S. & Donaire-Barroso, D. (2003) Sobre el politipismo en Salamandra algira Bedriaga, 1883. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 14, 47-51.
27. Bogaerts, S., Valkenburg, K., Donaire-Barroso, D. & Espallargas, G. (2007) New localities of the North African fire salamander (Salamandra algira) at the southern limit of it's distribution in Morocco. Zeitschrift für Feldherpetologie, 14, 238-241.
28. Bons, J. (1967) Recherches sur la biogéographique et la biologie des Amphibiens et des Reptiles du Maroc. Doctoral Thesis, CNRS, Montpellier, 321 pp.
29. Bons, J. (1970) Aperçu sur le peuplement herpétologique du Maroc Oriental. Bulletin de Société des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, 40, 53-74.
30. Bons, J. (1972) Herpetologie Marocaine 1. Liste commentee des amphibiens et reptiles du Maroc. Bulletin de Société des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, 52, 107-126.
31. Bons, J. & Bons, N. (1959) Sur la faune herpétologique des Doukkala. Société des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, 39, 117-128.
32. Bons J. & Geniez, P. (1996) Amphibiens et Reptiles du Maroc (Sahara Occidental compris), Atlas biogéographique. Asociación Herpetológica Española, Barcelona, Spain, 320 pp.
33. Bossuyt, F. & Roelants, K. (2009) Anura. In: Hedges, S. B. & Kumar, S (Eds), The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, New York, USA, pp. 357-364.
34. Boulenger, G. A. (1881 "1880") On the Palaearctic and Aethiopian species of Bufo. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1880, 545-574.
35. Boulenger, G. A. (1889) On the reptiles and batrachians obtained in Morocco by M. Henry Vaucher. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 3, 303-307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938909460337
36. Boulenger, G. A. (1891) Catalogue of the Reptiles and Batrachians of Barbary (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia) based chiefly upon the Notes and Collections made in 1880-1884 by M. Fernand Lataste. Transitions of the Zoological Society of London, 13, 93-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1891.tb00047.x
37. Boulenger, G. A. (1897) The tailless batrachiens of Europe. Adlard and Son, London, UK, 210 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5606
38. Boulenger, G. A. (1917) Sur la conformation des phalangettes chez certaines grenouilles d'Afrique. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences Paris, 165, 987-990.
39. Buckley, D., Arano, B., Herrero, P., Llorente, G. A. & Esteban, M. (1994) Moroccan water frogs vs. R. perezi: Allozyme studies show up their differences. Zoologica Poloniae, 39, 377-385.
40. Buckley, D., Arano, B., Herrero, P. & Llorente, G. (1996) Population structure of Moroccan water frogs: genetic cohesion despite a fragmented distribution. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 34, 173-179. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1996.tb00823.x (Pubitemid 126429986)
41. Busack, S. D., Maxson, L. R. & Wilson, M. A. (1985) Pelobates varaldii (Anura: Pelobatidae): a morphologically conservative species. Copeia, 1985, 107-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1444797
42. Busack, S. D. (1986) Biochemical and morphological differentiation in Spanish and Moroccan populations of Discoglossus with the description of a new species from southern Spain (Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae). Annals of Carnegie Museum, 55, 41-61.
43. Busack, S. D. & Lawson, R. (2008) Morphological, mitochondrial DNA and allozyme evolution in representative amphibians and reptiles inhabiting each side of the Strait of Gibraltar. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 94, 445-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00992.x (Pubitemid 351841667)
44. Brito, J. C. (2003) Observations of amphibians and reptiles from north and west Africa - Morocco, Mauritania and Senegal. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 14, 2-6.
45. Camerano, L. (1878) Osservazioni intorno agli Anfibi Anuri del Marocco. Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, 13, 542-558.
46. Capula, M., Nascetti, G., Lanza, B., Bullini, L. & Crespo, E. G. (1985) Morphological and genetic differentiation between the Iberian and the other West Mediterranean Discoglossus species (Amphibia, Salientia, Discoglossidae). Monitore Zoologico Italiano, Nuova Serie, Supplemento, 19, 690-90.
47. Castresana, J. (2000) Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17, 540-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev. a026334 (Pubitemid 30210700)
48. Carranza, S. & Wade, E. (2004) Taxonomic revision of Algero-Tunisian Pleurodeles (Caudata: Salamandridae) using molecular and morphological data. Revalidation of the taxon Pleurodeles nebulosus (Guichenot, 1850). Zootaxa, 488, 1-24.
49. Carretero, M. A., Harris, D. J., Pinho, C., Batista, V. & Perera, A. (2004) Pleurodeles waltl (Gallipato): nueva población meridional en Marruecos. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 15, 13.
50. Chillasse, L., Dakki, M. & Thévenot, M. (2002) Régimes alimentaires de deux espèces de Bufonidae (Bufo bufo spinosus et Bufo mauritanicus) au lac Aguelmam Azegza (Maroc). Alytes, 20, 44-54. (Pubitemid 36669030)
51. Crochet, P.-A. & Geniez, P. (2003) First live record of Pelobates varaldii PASTEUR & BONS, 1959 in the Oualidia area (Morocco). Herpetozoa, 16, 93-94.
52. Cuvier, G. L. C. F. D. (1829) Le Règne Animal Distribué d'Après son Organisation, pour Servir de Base à l'Histoire Naturelle des Animaux et d'Introduction à l'Anatomie Comparée. Nouvelle Edition, Revue et Augmentée par P. A. Latreille. Deterville, Paris, 581 pp.
53. De la Riva, I. (1992) Bufo brongersmai (Brongersma's toad). Herpetological Review, 23, 24.
54. De Pous, P., Beukema, W., Weterings, M., Dümmer, I. & Geniez, P. (2011) Area prioritization and performance evaluation of the conservation area network for the Moroccan herpetofauna: a preliminary assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation, 20, 89-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-010-9948-0
55. De Pous, P., Beukema, W., Dingemans, D., Donaire, D., Geniez, P. & El Mouden, E. H. (2012) Distributional review, habitat suitability and conservation of the endangered and endemic Moroccan spadefoot toad (Pelobates varaldii). Basic and Applied Herpetology. 26, 57-71.
56. Daudin, F.-M. (1803) Histoire Naturelle, Générale et Particulière des Reptiles; Ouvrage Faisant suit à l'Histoire Naturelle Générale et Particulière, Composée par Leclerc de Buffon; et Rédigée par C. S. Sonnini, Membre de Plusieurs Sociétés Savantes. F. Dufart, Paris, 432 pp.
57. Delfino, M., Doglio, S., Roček, Z., Seglie, D. & Kabiri, L. (2009) Osteological peculiarities of Bufo brongersmai (Anura: Bufonidae) and their possible relation to life in an arid environment. Zoological Studies, 48, 108-119.
58. Destre, R., Roux, P., Geniez, P., Thevenot, M. & Bons, J. (1989) Nouvelles observations sur l'herpétofaune Marocaine. Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de la France, 51, 19-26.
59. Doglio, S., Seglie, D., Kabiri, L. & Delfino, M. (2010) Description of the advertisement call and release calls of Bufo (Epidalea) brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972, new distribution records and an attempt to a "total" bibliography. 15th European Congress of Herpetology, Kusadasi, Turkey.
60. Donaire, D., Bogaerts, S., El Mouden, H., Slimani, T., Gonzales de la Vega, J. P., Garcia, L., Barnestein, J. A. M & Donaire, H. (2004) Avances coriologicos sobre la herpetofauna marroquí. Programa & Libro de Resúmenes, VIII Congreso Luso-Español (XII Congreso Español) de Herpetología, Málaga, Spain.
61. Donaire, D., Beukema, W., De Pous, P. & Del Canto Gonzales, R. (2011) A distributional review of Bufo boulengeri Lataste, 1879 in northern Morocco with emphasis on occurrence in the Rif Mountains. Herpetology Notes, 4, 71-74.
62. Donaire-Barroso D. & Bogaerts S. (2001) Observations on viviparity of Salamandra algira in North Morocco. In: Lymberakis, P., Valakos, E., Pafilis, P. & Mylonas, M. (eds), Herpetologica Candiana. Natural History Museum of Crete, Irakleio, Crete, pp. 147-151.
63. Donaire-Barroso, D., Bogaerts, S. & Herbert, D. (2001) Confirmación de desarrollo larvario completo intrauterino en Salamandra algira (Bedriaga, 1883) del Noroeste de Marruecos. Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d'Herpetologia, 5, 107-110.
64. Donaire-Barroso, D. & Bogaerts, S. (2003a) A new subspecies of Salamandra algira Bedriaga, 1883 from northern Morocco. Pod@rcis, 4, 84-100.
65. Donaire-Barroso, D. & Bogaerts, S. (2003b) Datos sobre taxonomía, ecología y biología de Alytes maurus (Pasteur & Bons, 1962) (Anura; Discoglossidae). Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d'Herpetologia, 16, 25-40.
66. Donaire-Barroso, D., El Mouden, E. H., Slimani, T. & Gonzalez de la Vega, J. P. (2006) On the meridional distribution of Alytes maurus Pasteur and Bons, 1962 (Amphibia, Discoglossidae). Herpetological Bulletin, 96, 12-16.
67. Donaire-Barroso, D., Salvador, A., Slimani, T., El Mouden, E. H. & Martínez-Solano, I. (2008) Alytes maurus. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2010.3. Available from www.iucnredlist.org (Accessed 10 July 2010)
68. Dorda Dorda, J. (1984) Prospeccion herpetologia en el norte de Marruecos. Boletín del Grupo Herpetológico de la Zona Centro, 1, 19-23.
69. Douady, C. J., Raman, J., Springer, M. S. & Stanhope, M. J. (2003) The Sahara as a vicariant agent, and the role of Miocene climatic events, in the diversification of the mammalian order Macroscelidea (elephant shrews). PNAS, 100, 8325-8330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0832467100 (Pubitemid 36842544)
70. Doumergue, F. (1901) Essai sur la faune erpétologique de l'Oranie: avec des tableaux analytiques et des notions pour la détermination de tous les reptiles & batraciens du Maroc, de l'Algérie et de la Tunisie. L. Fouce, Oran, 461 pp.
71. Drake, N. A., Blench, R. M., Armitage, S. J., Bristow, C. S. & White, K. H. (2011) Ancient watercourses and biogeography of the Sahara explain the peopling of the desert. PNAS, 108, 458-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas. 1012231108
72. Drummond, A. J. & Rambaut, A. (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 7, 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-7-214
73. Dubois, A. (1987 "1986") Miscellanea taxinomica batrachologica (I). Alytes, 5, 7-95
74. Dubois, A. & Raffaëlli, J. (2009) A new ergotaxonomy of the family Salamandridae Goldfuss, 1820 (Amphibia, Urodela). Alytes, 26, 1-85.
75. Dubois, A. & Bour, R. (2010) The nomenclatural status of the nomina of amphibians and reptiles created by Garsault (1764), with a parsimonious solution to an old nomenclatural problem regarding the genus Bufo (Amphibia, Anura) and comments on some nomina created by Laurenti (1768). Zootaxa, 2447, 1-52.
76. Eiselt, J. (1958) der Feuersalamander, Salamandra salamandra (L.), Beiträge zu einer taxonomischen Synthese. Abhandlungen und Berichte für Naturkunde und Vorgeschichte Magdeburg, 10, 77-154.
77. El Hamoumi, R. (1988) Etude de l'écologie et des cycles de reproduction de quelques amphibiens anoures du Maroc (Maamora et Moyen Atlas). Doctorat 3ème Cycle Ecologie, Universitée Mohammed V, Facultée Sciences, Rabat, 160 pp.
78. El Hamoumi, R., Dakki, M. & Thevenot, M. (2007) Etude écologique des larves d'anoures du Maroc. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique Rabat, 29, 27-34.
79. El Hamoumi, R. & Himmi, O. (2010) Distribution et état des lieux des peuplements d'Amphibiens dans le complexe de zones humides du bas Loukkos (Larache, Maroc). Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique Rabat, 32, 95-100.
80. El Mouden, E. H., Slimani, T., Donaire, D., Fernández-Beaskoetxea, S., Fisher, M. C. & Bosch, J. (2011) First record of the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in North Africa. Herpetological Review, 42, 71-75.
81. El Oualidi, J. & Jaziri, H. (2001) Variabilités morphologique et génétique du Crapaud vert Bufo viridis: valeurs systématiques. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique Rabat, 23, 1-8.
82. Elith, J., Phillips, S. J., Hastie, T., Dudík, M., Chee, Y. E., & Yates, C. J. (2010) A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions, 17, 43-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-4642. 2010.00725.x
83. Escoriza, D., Comas, M. M. & Donaire, D. (2006) Gigantismo larvario en Salamandra algira Bedriaga 1883, descripción de un caso. Butlletí de la Societat Catalana d'Herpetologia, 17, 59-63.
84. Escoriza, D., Comas, M. M., Donaire, D. & Carranza, S. (2006) Rediscovery of Salamandra algira. Bedriaga, 1883 from the Beni Snassen massif (Morocco) and phylogenetic relationships of North African Salamandra. Amphibia-Reptilia, 27, 448-455. (Pubitemid 44363945)
85. Escoriza, D. & Comas, M. M. (2007) Description of a new subspecies of Salamandra algira Bedriaga, 1883 (Amphibia: Salamandridae) from the Beni Snassen massif (Northeast Moroco). Salamandra, 43, 77-90.
86. Fahd, S. & Mediani, M. (2007) Herpetofaune du bassin versant de Oued Laou. Wadi 6° FP, INCO-CT2005-015226, Tétouan, 5 pp.
87. Fahd, S., Benítez, M., Brito, J. C., Caro, J., Chirosa, M., Feriche, M., Fernández-Cardanete, J. R., Martínez-Freira, F., Márquez-Ferrando, R., Nesbitt, D., Pleguezuelos, J. M., Reques, R., Paz Rodríguez, M., Santos, X. & Sicilia, M. (2005) Distribución de Vipera latasti en el Rif y otras citas herpetológicas para el norte de Marruecos. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 16, 19-25.
88. Fahd, S., Barata, M., Benítez, M., Brito, J. C., Caro, J., Carvalho, S., Chirosa, M., Feriche, M., Herrera, T., Márquez-Ferrando, R., Nesbitt, D., Pleguezuelos, J. M., Reques, R., Paz Rodríguez, M., Santos, X., Sicilia, M. & Vasconcelos, R. (2007) Presencia de la víbora hocicuda Vipera latastei en el Atlas Medio (Marruecos) y otras citas herpetológicas para la region. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 18, 26-34.
89. Fitzinger, L. J. F. J. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Fasciculus Primus. Braumüller et Seidel, Wien, 106 pp.
90. Fontanet, X. & Horta, N. (1989) Biometría y dimorfismo sexual en Pleurodeles waltli Michahelles, 1830 (Amphibia, Salamandridae) de una población del NE de la Península Ibérica. Miscellània Zoològica, 13, 202-206.
91. Fromhage, L., Vences, M. & Veith, M. (2004) Testing alternative vicariance scenarios in Western Mediterranean discoglossid frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31, 308-322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2003.07.009 (Pubitemid 38403339)
92. Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B, De Sá, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C. (2006) The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297, 1-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1206/0003-0090 (2006) 297[0001:TATOL]2.0. CO;2 (Pubitemid 44348578)
93. Frost, D. R. (2013) Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 5.6. Available from: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/ index.html (Accessed January 2013).
94. Galan, F. (1931) Batracios y reptiles del Marruecos español. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Historia Natural, 31, 361-367.
95. Gallix, T. (2002) Premières données sur la biologie de Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed1972 endémique de Maroc. MSc thesis, Laboratoire de Biogéographie et Écologie des Vertébrés de l'École Pratique des Hautes Études, Montpellier.
96. García-Muñoz, E., Ceacero, F., Pedrajas, L. (2009) Notes on the reproductive biology and conservation of Pseudoepidalea brongersmai. Herpetology Notes, 2, 231-233.
97. García-París, M., Buchholz, D. R. & Parra-Olea, G. (2003) Phylogenetic relationships of Pelobatoidea re-examined using mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 28, 12-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ S1055-7903 (03) 00036-8 (Pubitemid 36720320)
98. Garcia-Porta, J., Litvinchuk, S. N., Crochet, P. A., Romano, A., Geniez, P., Lo Valvo, M., Lymberakis, P. & Carranza, S. (2012) Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of the west-palearctic common toads (Bufo bufo species complex). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 63, 113-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2011.12.019
99. Garsault, F. A. P. de (1764) Les Figures des plantes et animaux d'usage en médecine, décrits dans la Matière Médicale de Mr. Geoffroy Médecin. Paris, [i-v] + 1-20, pl. 644-729.
100. Geniez, P. & Soto, P. (1994) Nouvelles observations sur l'herpétofauna marocaine. 5. Bulletin Société Herpetologique de France, 69-70, 33-39.
101. Geniez, P., Mateo, J.-A., Geniez, M. & Pether J. (2004) Amphibians and reptiles of the Western Sahara - An atlas and field guide. Edition Chimaira, Frankfurt, 230 pp.
102. Gervais, P. (1835) Énumération de quelques espèces de reptiles provenant de Barbarie. Annales des Sciences Naturelles. Zoologie et Biologie Animale. Paris. Serie 2, 6, 308-313.
103. Glaw, F. & Vences, M. (1991) Bioacoustic differentiation in Painted frogs (Discoglossus). Amphibia-Reptilia, 12, 385-394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ 156853891X00031
104. Gonçalves, H., Martínez-Solano, I., Ferrand, N. & García-París, M. (2007) Conflicting phylogenetic signal of nuclear vs mitochondrial DNA markers in midwife toads (Anura, Discoglossidae, Alytes): Deep coalescence or ancestral hybridization? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 44, 494-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2007.03.001 (Pubitemid 46829925)
105. Gonzalez de la Vega, J. P. (1988) Anfibios y Reptiles de la provincia de Huelva. Ertisa, Huelva, Spain.
106. Gridi-Papp, M. (2007) Sound Ruler acoustic analysis. v. 0.9.6.0. Available from http://soundruler.sourceforge.net (Accessed 17 August 2007).
107. Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. & Splechtna, H. (1988) Zur Morphologie der Larve von Tomopterna cryptotis (Boulenger, 1907) (Amphibia: Anura: Ranidae). Herpetozoa, 1, 31-46.
108. Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. & Splechtna, H. (1989) The tadpole of Bufo brongersmai Hoogmoed 1972. Amphibia-Reptilia, 10, 215-229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853889X00395
109. Grosjean, S., Vences, M. & Dubios, A. (2004) Evolutionary significance of oral morphology in the carnivorous tadpoles of tiger frogs, genus Hoplobatrachus (Ranidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 81, 171-181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2003.00272.x (Pubitemid 38231150)
110. Guarino, F. M. de Pous, P., Crottini, A., Mezzasalma, M. & Andreone, F. (2011) Age structure and growth in a population of Pelobates varaldii (Anura, Pelobatidae) from northwestern Morocco. Amphibia-Reptilia, 32, 550-556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/017353711X605678
111. Guichenot, A. (1850) Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie: Pendant les Années 1840, 1841, 1842. Volume 5. Sciences Physiques. Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles et des Poissons. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 183 pp.
112. Guillon, M., Le Liard, G. & Slimani, T. (2004) Nouvelles données sur la répartition et l'écologie de reproduction de Bufo brongersmai, B. viridis et B. mauritanicus dans le Jbilets centrales (Maroc). Bulletin de la Société Herpétologique de la France, 111-112, 37-48.
113. Günther, A. C. L. G. (1858) Neue Batrachier in der Sammlung des britischen Museums. Archiv für Naturgeschichte, 24, 319-328.
114. Günther, A. C. L. G. (1876 "1875") Third report on collections of Indian reptiles obtained by the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1875, 567-577.
115. Guzman, J. L., Ceacero, F. & García-Muñoz, E. (2007) Nuevas citas de amfibios y reptiles en Marruecos. Munibe, 25, 82-87.
116. Harris, D. J. & Carretero, M. A. (2003) Diversity of 12Smitochondrial DNA sequences in Iberian and North-west African water frogs across predicted geographic barriers. Herpetozoa, 16, 81-83.
117. Harris, D. J., Carretero, M. A., Brito, J. C., Kaliontzopoulou, A., Pinho, C., Perera, A., Vasconcelos, R., Barata, M., Barbosa, D., Carvalho, S., Fonseca, M. M., Pérez-Lanuza, G. & Rato, C. (2008) Data on the distribution of the terrestrial herpetofauna of Morocco: Records from 2001-2006. Herpetological Bulletin, 103, 19-28.
118. Harris, D. J. & Perera, A. (2009) Phylogeography and genetic relationships of North African Bufo mauritanicus Schlegel, 1841 estimated from mitochondrial DNA sequences. Biologia, 64, 356-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ s11756-009-0042-6
119. Harris, D. J., Perera, A., Barata, M., Tarroso, P. & Salvi, D. (2010) New distribution notes for terrestrial herpetofauna from Morocco. North Western Journal of Zoology, 6, 309-315.
120. Hediger, H. (1935) Herpetologische Beobachtungen in Marokko. Verhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 46, 30-31.
121. Hemmer, H., Konrad, A. & Bachmann, K. (1980) Hybridisation within the Rana ridibunda complex of North Africa. Amphibia-Reptilia, 1, 41-48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853880X00051
122. Herón-Royer, L.-F. (1884) Note sur une forme de rainette nouvelle pour la faune française (Hyla barytonus). Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 9, 221-237.
123. Herón-Royer, L.-F. (1888) Essai sur la transmission de la coloration chez les batraciens anoures. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 13, 205-206.
124. Herrmann, P. A. & Herrmann, H.-W. (2003) New records and natural history notes for amphibians and reptiles from southern Morocco. Herpetological Review, 34, 76-77. (Pubitemid 37007761)
125. Hoogmoed, M. S. (1972) On a new species of toad from southern Morocco. Zoologische Medelingen, 47, 49-64.
126. Hordies, F. & Van Hecke, A. (1982) De Marokkaanse herpetofauna. Personal publication, 39 pp.
127. Hossini, S. (2001) Les Anoures (Amphibiens) du Pléistocène inférieur (Villafranchien) du Jebel Irhoud (carrière Ocre), Maroc. Annales de Paléontologie, 87, 79-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0753- 3969 (01) 80004-5 (Pubitemid 32592976)
128. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2012) Amendment of Articles 8, 9, 10, 21 and 78 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature to expand and refine methods of publication. Zootaxa, 3450, 1-7.
129. Kaliontzopoulou, A., Brito, J. C., Carretero, M. A., Larbes, S. & Harris, D. J. (2008) Modelling the partially unknown distribution of wall lizards (Podarcis) in North Africa: ecological affinities, potential areas of occurrence, and methodological constraints. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 86, 992-1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/Z08-078
130. Krijgsman, W., Hilgen, F. J., Raffi, I., Sierro, F. J. & Wilson, D. S. (1999) Chronology, causes and progression of the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature, 400, 652-655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/23231
131. Lanza, B., Nascetti, G., Capula, M. & Bullini, L. (1986) Les Discoglosses de la region Méditerranéenne occidentale (Amphibia; Anura; Discoglossidae). Bulletin Société Herpétologique de France, 40, 16-27.
132. Lapeña, M., Barbadillo, L. J. & Martínez-Solano, I. (2011) Pelobates varaldii (Moroccan Spadefoot Toad). Herpetological Review, 42, 108.
133. Lataste, F. (1879) Sur les secours réciproques que peuvent se fournir la zoologie descriptive et la zoologie géographique. Revue Intern Sciences, 4, 434-438.
134. Laurenti, J. N. (1768) Specimen medicum, exhibens synopsin reptilium emendatum cum experimentis circa Venena et antidota reptilium Austriacorum. J. T. de Trattern, Wien, 214 pp.
135. Le Berre, C. (1989) Faune du Sahara 1. Poissons-Amphibiens-Reptiles. Raymond Chabaud-Lechevallier, Paris.
136. Leclair M. H., Leclair, R. Jr. & Gallant, J. (2005) Application of skeletochronology to a population of Pelobates cultripes (Anura: Pelobatidae) from Portugal. Journal of Herpetology, 39, 199-207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1670/ 174-04A (Pubitemid 40886854)
137. Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. L. Salvii, Stockholm, 824 pp.
138. Litvinchuk, S. N., Borkin, L. J., Skorinov, D. V. & Rosanov, J. M. (2008) A new species of common toads from the Talysh Mountains, south-eastern Caucasus: Genome size, allozyme and morphological evidences. Russian Journal of Herpetology, 15, 19-43.
139. Lizana, M., Márquez, R., Martín-Sánchez, R. (1994) Reproductive biology of Pelobates cultripes (Anura: Pelobatidae) in Central Spain. Journal of Herpetology, 28, 19-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1564675
140. Llorente, G. A., Arano, B., Carretero, M. A., García-París, M., Herrero, P. & Esteban, M. (1996) Descripción de la larva de Rana saharica Boulenger, 1913. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 7, 19-23.
141. López-Seoane, V. (1885) On two new forms of Rana from N. W. Spain. Zoologist: A Monthly Journal of Natural History. Third Series, 1885, 169-172.
142. Malkmus, R. (1983) Herpetologische Exkursionen im Hohen Atlas/Marokko. Herpetofauna, 5, 8-12.
143. Mateo, J. A., Pleguezuelos, J. M., Fahd, S., Geniez, P. & Martinez-Medina, F. J. (2003) Los Anfibios, los Reptiles y el Estrecho de Gibralter. Un ensayo sobre la Herpetofauna de Ceuta y su entorno. Instituto de Estudios Ceuties, Ceuta, 388 pp.
144. Marangoni, F. & Tejedo, M. (2008) Variation in body size and metamorphic traits of Iberian spadefoot toads over a short geographic distance. Journal of Zoology, 2, 97-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.2007.00406. x (Pubitemid 351776915)
145. Marquez, R., Francisco Beltran, J., Slimani, T., Radi, M., Llusa, D. & El Mouden H. (2011) Description of the advertisement call of the Moroccan midwife toad (Alytes maurus Pasteur & Bons, 1962). Alytes, 27, 142-150.
146. Martínez-Medina, F. J. (2001) Nuevos registros de anfibios y reptiles (Amphibia, Reptilia) en la Sierra del Haus (Noroeste de Marruecos). Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 12, 2-5.
147. Martínez-Medina, F. J. (2007) Aproximación a la corología, autoecología y estado de conservación de las subpoblaciones de Salamandra algira en Marruecos. Munibe, 25, 140-147.
148. Martínez-Solano, Í., Gonçalves, H. A., Arntzen, J. W. & García-París, M. (2004) Phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of midwife toads (Discoglossidae: Alytes). Journal of Biogeography, 31, 603-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.2003.01033.x (Pubitemid 38459059)
149. Mayol, J., Alcover, J.-A., Alomar, G., Pomar, G., Jurado, J. & Jaume, D. (1980) Supervivència de Baleaphryne (Amphibia: Anura: Discoglossidae) a les muntanyes de Mallorca. Nota preliminar. Butll. Butlletí de la Institució Catalana d'Historia Natural, 45, 115-119.
150. Mellado, J. & Dakki, M. (1988) Inventaire comment des Amphibiens et Reptiles du Maroc. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique Rabat, 12, 171-181.
151. Mellado, J. & Mateo, J. A. (1992) New records of Moroccan herpetofauna. Herpetological Journal, 2, 58-61.
152. Michahelles, C. (1830) Neue südeuropäische Amphibien. Isis von Oken, 23, 189-195.
153. Moore, H. M., Fox, H. R., Harrouni, M. C. & El Alami, A. (1998) Environmental challenges in the Rif mountains, northern Morocco. Environmental Conservation, 25, 354-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0376892998000435 (Pubitemid 29015361)
154. Otth, A. 1837. Beschreibung einer neuen europäischen Froschgattung, Discoglossus. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften, 1, 1-8.
155. Ould Sabar, M. S. & Michel, P. (1996) Les anoures (amphibiens) du Pleistocene Moyen (Amirien) et Superieur (Tensiftien et Soltanien) des carriers Doukkala I et Doukkala II (region de Temara - Maroc Atlantique). Quarternaire, 7, 39-51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/quate.1996.2056 (Pubitemid 126610156)
156. Pabijan, M., Crottini, A., Reckwell, D., Irisarri, I., Hauswaldt, S., Vences, M. (2012) A multigene species tree for Western Mediterranean painted frogs (Discoglossus). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 64, 690-696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2012.05.017
157. Pallas, P. S. (1771) Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs. Volume 1. Kayserlichen Academie der Wissenschaften, St. Petersburg, 504 pp.
158. Pasteur, G. (1958) Sur la systématique des espèces du genre Pleurodeles (Salamandridés). Bulletin de Société des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc, 38, 157-165.
159. Pasteur, G. & Bons, J. (1959) Les Batraciens du Maroc. Travaux de l'Institut Scientifique Chérifien, Serie Zoologique, Rabat, 241 pp.
160. Pasteur, G. & Bons, J. (1962) Note préliminaire sur Alytes maurus: gemellarité ou polytopisme? Remarques biogéographiques, génétiques et taxinomiques. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France, 87, 71-79.
161. Pellegrin, M. J. (1912) Reptiles, batrachiens et poissons du Maroc. Bulletin Societée Zoologique de France, 37, 262-264.
162. Pellegrin, J. (1925) Sur la presence au Maroc du Pelobate cultripede. Les Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, 181, 431-432.
163. Pleguezuelos, J. M., Fahd, S. & Carranza, S. (2008) El papel del Estrecho de Gibraltar en la conformación de la actual fauna de anfibios y reptiles en el Mediterráneo Occidental. Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 19, 1-16.
164. Pleguezuelos, J. M., Brito, J. C., Fahd, S., Feriche, M., Mateo, J. A., Moreno-Rueda, G., Reques, R. & Santos, X. (2010) Setting conservation priorities for the Moroccan herpetofauna: the utility of regional red lists. Oryx, 44, 501-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0030605310000992
165. Plötner, J. (1998) Genetic diversity in mitochondrials 12S rDNA of western Palearctic water frogs (Anura, Ranidae) and implications for their systematics. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 36, 191-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0469.1998.tb00842.x (Pubitemid 128505750)
166. Pramuk, J. B., Robertson, T., Sites Jr., J. W. & Noonan, B. (2008) Around the world in 10 million years: biogeography of the nearly cosmopolitan true toads (Anura: Bufonidae). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 17, 72-83. (Pubitemid 350215130)
167. Pyron, R. A. & Wiens, J. J. (2011) A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 61, 543-583. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2011.06.012
168. Rafinesque, C. S. (1815) Analyse de la nature ou Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés. Palerme, Jean Barravecchia, 1-124.
169. Ramos, J. J. & Díaz-Portero, M. Á. (2008) Aportaciones al conocimiento de la herpetofauna del Jebel Saghro (Antiatlas Oriental, Marruecos). Boletín de la Asociación Herpetológica Española, 19, 90-93.
170. Recuero, E., Iraola, A., Rubio, X., Machordomi, A. & García-París, M. (2007) Mitochondrial differentiation and biogeography of Hyla meridionalis (Anura: Hylidae): an unusual phylogeographical pattern. Journal of Biogeography, 34, 1207-1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j. 1365-2699.2007.01688.x (Pubitemid 46955460)
171. Recuero, E., Canestrelli, D., Vörös, J., Szabó, K., Poyarkov, N. A., Arntzen, J. W., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Kidov, A. A., Cogalniceanu, D., Caputo, F. P., Nascetti, G. & Martínez-Solano, I. (2012) Multilocus species tree analyses resolve the radiation of the widespread Bufo bufo species group (Anura, Bufonidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 62, 71-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2011.09.008
172. Roelants, K., Gower, D. J., Wilkinson, M., Loader, S. P., Biju, S. D., Guillaume, K., Moriau, L. & Bossuyt, F. (2007) Global patterns of diversification in the history of modern amphibians. PNAS, 104, 887-892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608378104 (Pubitemid 46154706)
173. Rosenbaum, G. & Lister, G. S. (2002) Reconstruction of the evolution of the Alpine-Himalayan Orogen. Journal of the Virtual Explorer, 8, 107-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3809/jvirtex.2002.00051
174. Rouchy, J. M., Pierre, C., Et-Touhami, M., Kerzazi, K., Caruso, A. & Blanc-Valleron, M. M. (2003) Late Messinian to Early Pliocene paleoenvironmental changes in the Melilla Basin (NE Morocco) and their relation to Mediterranean evolution. Sedimentary Geology, 163, 1-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738 (03) 00157-X (Pubitemid 37554369)
175. Salvador, A. (1996) Amphibians of northwest Africa. Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service, 109, 1-43.
176. Salvador, A., Donaire-Barroso, D., Slimani, T., El Mouden, E. H. & Geniez, P. (2006a) Pelobates varaldii. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2010.3. Available from www.iucnredlist.org (Accessed 10 July 2010)
177. Salvador, A., Donaire-Barroso, D., Slimani, T., El Mouden, E. H. & Geniez, P. (2006b) Pseudepidalea brongersmai. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2010.3. Available from www.iucnredlist.org (Accessed 10 July 2010)
178. Sanchíz, B. & Adrover, R. (1979 "1977") Anfibios fosiles del Pleistoceno de Mallorca. Doñana Acta Vertebrata, 4, 5-25.
179. Schlegel, H. (1841) Bemerkungen über die in der Regentschaft Algier gesammelten Amphibien. In: Wagner, M. F. (Ed.), Reisen in der Regentschaft Algier in den Jahren 1836-1838. Volume 3. Leopold Voss, Leipzig, 106-139.
180. Schleich, H. H., Kästle, W. & Kabisch, K. (1996) Amphibians and Reptiles of North Africa. Koeltz Scientific Books, Koenigstein, Germany, 630 pp.
181. Schmid, M. (1978) Chromosome Banding in Amphibia. I. Constitutive Heterochromatin and Nucleolus Organizer Regions in Bufo and Hyla. Chromosoma, 66, 361-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00328536
182. Schmid, M. (1980) Chromosome Banding in Amphibia. I V. Differentiation of GC and AT-Rich Chromosome Regions in Anura. Chromosoma, 77, 83-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00292043 (Pubitemid 10162625)
183. Schneider, H. (1968) Structure of the mating calls and relationships of the European Tree Frogs (Hylidae, Anura). Oecologia, 14, 99-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00344901
184. Schneider, H. (2001) Bioacoustic demonstration of the Tree Frog, Hyla arborea, (Amphibia: Anura) in Western Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 21, 77-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09397140.2000.10637835 (Pubitemid 32675954)
185. Schweiger, M. (1992) Herpetologische Beobachtungen im Gebiet von Ouarzazate (Marokko). Herpetozoa, 5, 13-31.
186. Smith, S. A. & Dunn, C. W. (2008) Phyutility: a phyloinformatics tool for trees, alignments, and molecular data. Bioinformatics, 24, 715-716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btm619 (Pubitemid 351321218)
187. Speybroeck, J., Beukema, W. & Crochet, P.-A. (2010) A tentative species list of the European herpetofauna (Amphibia and Reptilia) - an update. Zootaxa, 2492, 1-27.
188. Steinwarz, D. & Schneider, H. (1991) Distribution and bioacoustics of Rana perezi Seoane, 1885 (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) in Tunisia. Bonner zoologische Beiträge, 42, 283-297.
189. Stemmler, O. (1965) Herpetologische Beobachtungen in Marokko VI. An einem Dayet im Mittleren Atlas (ca. 800 m ü. M.). Aquaterra, 2, 94-100.
190. Stöck, M., Moritz, C., Hickerson, M., Frynta, D., Dujsebayeva, T., Eremchenko, V., Macey, J. R., Papenfuss, T. J. & Wake, D. B. (2006) Evolution of mitochondrial relationships and biogeography of Palearctic green toads (Bufo viridis subgroup) with insights in their genomic plasticity. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 41, 663-689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. ympev. 2006.05.026 (Pubitemid 44755421)
191. Stöck, M., Sicilia, A., Belfiore, N. M., Buckley, D., Lo Brutto, S., Lo Valvo, M. & Arculeo, M. (2008a) Post-Messinian evolutionary relationships across the Sicilian channel: Mitochondrial and nuclear markers link a new green toad from Sicily to African relatives. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 8, 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-8-56
192. Stöck, M., Dubey, S., Klütsch, C., Litvinchuk, S. N., Scheidt, U. & Perrin, N. (2008b) Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogeny of circum-Mediterranean tree frogs from the Hyla arborea group. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 49, 1019-1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2008.08.029
193. Stöck, M., Dufresnes, C., Litvinchuk, S. N., Lymberakis, P., Biollay, S., Berroneau, M., Borzée, A., Ghali, K., Ogielska, M. & Perrin, N. (2012) Cryptic diversity among Western Palearctic tree frogs Postglacial range expansion, range limits, and secondary contacts of three European tree frog lineages (Hyla arborea group). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 65, 1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev. 2012.05.014
194. Stoetzel, E., Bailon, S., Nespoulet, R., Hajraoui, M. A. & Denys, C. (2010a) Pleistocene and holocene small vertebrates of El Harhoura 2 cave (Rabat-Témara, Morocco): an annotated preliminary taxonomic list. Historical Biology, 22, 303-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08912960903461288
195. Stoetzel, E., El Agbani, M. A., Qninba, A., Mouna, M., Mataame, A., El Brini, H. & Denys, C. (2010b) Inventaire taxonomique préliminaire des petits vertébrés terrestres du Nord du Maroc. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique Rabat, 32, 17-24.
196. Stuart, S. N., Chanson, J. S., Cox, N. A., Young, B. E., Rodrigues, A. S. L., Fischmann, D. L. & Waller, R. W. (2004) Status and trends of amphibian declines and extinctions worldwide. Science, 306, 1783-1786. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1103538 (Pubitemid 39601397)
197. Talavera, M.-R. (1990) Evolucion de peloditidos: morphologia y desarollo del sistema esqueletico. Ph. D. Dissertation, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid.
198. Tandy, M., Tandy, J., Keith, R. & Duff-MacKay, A. (1976) A new species of Bufo (Anura: Bufonidae) from Africa's dry savannas. Pearce-Sellards Series. Texas Memorial Museum, 24, 1-20.
199. Thiesmeier, B & Günther, R. (1996) Feuersalamander - Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Günther, R. (Ed.), Die Amphibien und Reptilien Deutschlands. Fisher, Jena, 82-104.
200. Thiesmeier, B. (2004) der Feuersalamander. Laurenti Verlag, Bielefeld, 192 pp.
201. Thompson, R. T & Fleming, R. F. (1996) Middle Pliocene vegetation: reconstructions, paleoclimatic inferences and boundary conditions for climate modelling. Marine Micropaleontology, 27, 27-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377- 8398 (95) 00051-8
202. Ugurtaş, i. H., Ljubisavljevic, K., Sidorovska, V., Kalezic, M. L. & Dzukic, G. (2002) Morphological differentiation of eastern spadefoot toad (Pelobates syriacus) populations. Israel Journal of Zoology, 48, 13-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1560/UMHA-6J3N-FUG9-D7EV (Pubitemid 34763367)
203. Uzzell, T (1982) Immunological relationship of western Palearctic water frogs (Salientia: Ranidae). Amphibia-Reptilia, 3, 135-143. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1163/156853882X00365
204. Van Bocxlaer, I., Biju, S. D., Loader, S. P. & Bossuyt, F. (2009) Toad radiation reveals into-India dispersal as a source of endemism in the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 9, 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-9-131
205. Van Bocxlaer, I., Loader, S. P., Roelants, K., Biju, S. D., Menegon, M., Bossuyt, F (2010) Gradual adaptation toward a rangeexpansion phenotype initiated the global radiation of toads. Science, 327, 679-682. http://dx.doi.org/10. 1126/science.1181707
206. Veith, M., Mayer, C., Samraoui, B., Donaire-Barroso, D. & Bogaerts, S. (2004) From Europe to Africa and vice versa: evidence for multiple intercontinental dispersal in ribbed salamanders (Genus Pleurodeles). Journal of Biogeography 31, 159-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.00957.x (Pubitemid 38106658)
207. Veith, M., Fromhage, L., Kosuch, J. & Vences, M. (2006) Historical biogeography of Western Palaearctic pelobatid and pelodytid frogs: a molecular phylogenetic perspective. Contributions to Zoology, 75, 109-120. (Pubitemid 46293887)
208. Vences, M. & Glaw, F (1996) Further investigations on Discoglossus bioacoustics: Relationships between D. galganoi, D. g. jeanne and D. pictus scovazzi. Amphibia-Reptilia, 17, 334-340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/ 156853896X00063
209. Vences, M., Guayasamin, J. M., Miralles, A. & De la Riva, I. (2013) To name or not to name: Criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes. Zootaxa, 3636, 201-244. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/ zootaxa.3636.2.1
210. Wagler, J. (1830) Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugthiere und Vogel. Ein Beitrag zur vergleichenden Zoologie. J. G Cotta, München, Stuttgart and 354 pp. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.58730
211. Werner, F (1929) Wissenschaftlige Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise nach Westalgerien und Marokko. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 138, 1-34.
212. Werner, F (1931) Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise nach Marokko. III. Unternommen 1930 mit Unterstützung der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien von Franz Werner und Richard Ebner. III. Amphibien und Reptilien. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 140, 272-318.
213. Zangari, F., Cimmaruta, R. & Nascetti, G (2006) Genetic relationships of the western Mediterranean painted frogs based on allozymes and mitochondrial markers: evolutionary and taxonomic inferences (Amphibia, Anura, Discoglossidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 87, 515-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00585.x
214. Zimkus, B. M. & Larson, J. G. (2011) Examination of the molecular relationships of sand frogs (Anura: Pyxicephalidae: Tomopterna) and resurrection of two species from the Horn of Africa. Zootaxa, 2933, 27-45.