An exploration of multilevel modeling for estimating access to drinking-water and sanitation

Journal of Water and Health

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 64-77

  Wolf, Jennyfer ^a   Bonjour, Sophie ^a   Prüss Ustün, Annette ^a  

^a WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

Indicator; Millennium development goals; Modeling; Monitoring; Sanitation; Water

Indexed keywords

DRINKING WATER;

DRINKING WATER; HEALTH IMPACT; MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL; MONITORING; NUMERICAL MODEL; REGULATORY FRAMEWORK; RURAL AREA; SANITATION; TIME SERIES; URBAN AREA; WATER QUALITY; WATER RESOURCE; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ARTICLE; HOUSEHOLD; HYGIENE; LOWEST INCOME GROUP; MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD METHOD; MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION; MULTILEVEL ANALYSIS; RURAL POPULATION; SAFETY; SANITATION; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS; URBAN POPULATION; WATER CONTAMINATION; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER QUALITY; WATER SUPPLY;

DRINKING WATER; HUMANS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; SANITATION; WATER SUPPLY;

EID: 84878835856     PISSN: 14778920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2166/wh.2012.107     Document Type: Article

References (34)

1. Amnesty International 2010 Kenya: Insecurity and Indignity: Women's Experiences in the Slums of Nairobi, Kenya. Amnesty International Publications, London, UK.
2. Bain, R., Gundry, S., Wright, J., Yang, H., Pedley, S. & Bartram, J. 2012 Accounting for water quality in monitoring access to safe drinking-water as part of the Millennium Development Goals: lessons from five countries. Bull. World Health Org. 90 (3), 228-235.
3. Bapat, M. & Agarwal, I. 2003 Our needs, our priorities; women and men from the slums in Mumbai and Pune talk about their needs for water and sanitation. Environ. Urban. 15 (2), 71-86. (Pubitemid 37375317)
4. Bureau of Indian Standards 2005 Indian Standard, Drinking Water Specification, Second Revision (No. 13.060.20). New Delhi.
5. Cairncross, S. & Valdmanis, V. 2006 Water supply, sanitation, and hygiene promotion. In: Jamison, D. T., Breman, J. G., Measham, A. R., Alleyne, G., Claeson, M., Evans, D. B., Jha, P., Mills, A. & Musgrove, P., editors. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, Washington, pp. 771-792.
6. Cairncross, S., Hunt, C., Boisson, S., Bostoen, K., Curtis, V., Fung, I. C. H. & Schmidt, W. P. 2010 Water, sanitation and hygiene for the prevention of diarrhoea. Int. J. Epidemiol. 39 (suppl. 1), i193-i205.
7. De Onis, M., Blössner, M., Borghi, E., Morris, R. & Frongillo, E. A. 2004 Methodology for estimating regional and global trends of child malnutrition. Int. J. Epidemiol. 33 (6), 1260-1270. (Pubitemid 40124927)
8. Esrey, S. A., Potash, J. B., Roberts, L. & Shiff, C. 1990 Health Benefits from Improvements in Water Supply and Sanitation: Survey and Analysis of the Literature on Selected Diseases (WASH Technical Report No. 66). Environmental Health Project, USAID, Washington.
9. Goldstein, H. 2010 Multilevel Statistical Models, 4th edn. Wiley, UK.
10. Harvard University, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, John Hopkins University, University of Queensland, World Health Organization 2009 Chapter 8: Analysis and Presentation of Regions. In: GBD Study Operations Manual, Final Draft.
11. Hox, J. 2010 Multilevel Analysis, Techniques and Applications, 2nd edn. Quantitative Methodology Series. Routledge, New York.
12. International Household Survey Network 2012 Accelerated Data Program. Available from: www.ihsn.org/adp/.
13. JMP 2010a Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water, 2010 Update. UNICEF, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
14. JMP 2010b JMP Sanitation and Method Task Force Meeting Report (Technical Task Force Meeting). New York.
15. JMP 2010c JMP Monitoring Drinking-water Quality Task Force Meeting Report (Technical Task Force Meeting). France.
16. JMP 2011 Drinking Water: Equity, Safety and Sustainability, JMP Thematic Report in Drinking Water. UNICEF, World Health Organization.
17. JMP 2012a Progress on Drinking Water and Sanitation: 2012 Update. UNICEF, World Health Organization.
18. JMP 2012b JMP > Welcome to the WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: documents. Available from: www.wssinfo.org/documents-links/documents/ ?tx-displaycontroller[type]=water-quality-reports.
19. JMP 2012c JMP > Welcome to the WHO & UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme: method. Available from: www.wssinfo.org/definitions-methods/method/.
20. Khan, M. U. 1987 Limitation of communal latrines in changing the prevalence of parasites and diarrhoeal attack rate in Dhaka peri-urban slums. Environ. Pollut. 47 (3), 187-194. (Pubitemid 18051844)
21. Montgomery, M. A., Desai, M. M. & Elimelech, M. 2010 Comparing the effectiveness of shared versus private latrines in preventing trachoma in rural Tanzania. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82 (4), 693-695.
22. Onda, K., LoBuglio, J. & Bartram, J. 2012 Global access to safe water: accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on MDG progress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 9 (3), 880-894.
23. Quené, H. & van den Bergh, H. 2004 On multi-level modeling of data from repeated measures designs: a tutorial. Speech Commun. 43 (1-2), 103-121.
24. Satterthwaite, D. 2008 Urbanization and sustainable development; Some notes for the presentation by David Satterthwaite for the UN Population Division.
25. Saywell, D. & Shaw, R. 1999 On-plot Sanitation in Urban Areas (Technical Brief No. 61). WELL, London.
26. Steele, F. 2011 Module 5: Introduction to Multilevel Modelling Concepts. Available from: www.bristol.ac.uk/cmm/learning/course.html.
27. United Nations 2012 United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Available from: www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml
28. United Nations Population Division 2012 United Nations Population Division Home Page. Available from: www.un. org/esa/population/.
29. Waddington, H., Snilstveit, B., White, H. & Fewtrell, L. 2009 Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Combat Childhood Diarrhoea in Developing Countries. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, New Delhi, India.
30. WHO 2009 Global Health Risks, Mortality and Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risks. Geneva, Switzerland.
31. WHO 2011 Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 4th edn. Geneva, Switzerland.
32. WHO 2012 World Health Statistics 2012. Geneva, Switzerland.
33. World Bank 2006 Kenya, Inside Informality: Poverty, Jobs, Housing and Services in Nairobi's Slums (No. 36347-KE). Water and Urban Unit 1, Africa Region, World Bank.
34. Ziegelbauer, K., Speich, B., Mäusezahl, D., Bos, R., Keiser, J. & Utzinger, J. 2012 Effect of sanitation on soil-transmitted helminth infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 9 (1), e1001162.