What is digital labour? What is digital work? What's their difference? And why do these questions matter for understanding social media?

TripleC

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 237-293

  Fuchs, Christian ^a   Sevignani, Sebastian ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WESTMINSTER   (United Kingdom)

^b Unified Theory of Information Research Group (UTI)   (Austria)

Author keywords

Digital labour; Facebook; Karl marx; Political economy of the media and communication; Social media

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878834131     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1726670X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.31269/triplec.v11i2.461     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Althusser, Louis. 1969. For Marx. London: Verso.
2. Andrejevic, Mark. 2009. iSpy. Surveillance and Power in the Interactive Era. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
3. Andrejevic, Mark. 2011. Social Network Exploitation. In A Networked Self, ed. Zizi Papacharissi, 82-101. New York: Routledge.
4. Andrejevic, Mark. 2012. Exploitation in the Data Mine. In Internet and Surveillance, edited by Christian Fuchs, Kees Boersma, Anders Albrechtslund and Marisol Sandoval, 71-88. New York: Routledge.
5. Arvidsson, Adam and Elanor Colleoni 2012. Value in Informational Capitalism on the Internet. The Information Society 28 (3): 135-150.
6. Beecher, Jonathan F. 1990. Charles Fourier: The Visionary and his World. Berkeley: University of California Press.
7. Black, Bob. 1996. The Abolition of Work (1996 revised version). http://www.inspiracy.com/black/abolition/abolitionofwork.html
8. Boltanski, Luc and Ève Chiapello. 2007. The New Spirit of Capitalism. London: Verso.
9. Boutang, Yann Moulier. 2012. Cognitive Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity.
10. Böhm, Steffen, Chris Land, and Armin Beverungen. 2012. The Value of Marx: Free Labour, Rent and 'Primitive' Accumulation in Facebook. http://essex.academia.edu/SteffenBoehm/Papers/1635823/The_Value_of_Marx_Free_Labour_Rent_and_Primitive_Accumulation_in_Facebook.
11. Burston, Jonathan, Nick Dyer-Witheford and Alison Hearn, eds. 2010. Digital Labour: Workers, Authors, Citizens. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization 10 (3).
12. Caffentzis, George. 2013. In Letters of Blood and Fire. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
13. Cleaver, Harry. 1992. The Inversion of Class Perspective in Marxian Theory: From Valorisation to Self-Valorisation. In Open Marxism. Volume II: Theory and Practice, edited by Werner Bonefeld, Richard Gunn and Kosmas Psychopedis, 106-144. London: Pluto Press.
14. Cleaver, Harry. 2000. Reading Capital Politically. Leeds: Anti/Theses.
15. Cleaver, Harry. 2002. Work is Still the Central Issue! New Words for New Worlds. In The Labour Debate. An Investigation into the Theory and Reality of Capitalist Work, edited by Ana Dienrstein and Michael Leary, 135-148. Hampshire: Ashgate.
16. Cleaver, Harry. 2003. Marxian Categories, the Crisis of Capital and the Constitution of Subjectivity Today. In Revolutionary Writing. Common Sense Essays in Post-Political Politics, edited by Werner Bonefeld, 39-72. New York: Autonomedia.
17. Cleaver, Harry. 2011. Work Refusal and Self-Organisation. In Life without Money. Building Fair and Sustainable Economies, edited by Anitra Nelson and Frans Timmerman, 48-68. London: Pluto Press.
18. Cvijanović, Vladimir, Andrea Fumagallo, and Carlo Vercellone, ed. 2010. Cognitive Capitalism and Its Reflections in South-Eastern Europe. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
19. Deleuze, Gilles. 1995. Postscript on the Societies of Control. In Negotiations, 177-182. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
20. Eatwell, John, Murray Milgate and Peter Newman. 1987. The New Palgrave. A Dictionary of Economics. Volume 3: K to P. London: Macmillan Press.
21. Engels, Friedrich. 1847. The Principles of Communism. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1847/11/prin-com.htm
22. Engels, Friedrich. 1880. Socialism: Utopian and Scientific. In Selected works in One Volume, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, 378-410. London: Lawrence & Wishart.
23. Engels, Friedrich. 1886a. Engels to August Bebel in Plauen near Dresden. August 18, 1886. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1886/letters/86_08_18.htm
24. Engels, Friedrich. 1886b. Engels to Laura Lafargue in Paris. September 13, 1886. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1886/letters/86_09_13.htm
25. Engels, Friedrich. 1895/96. The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1876/part-played-labour/index.htm
26. Federici, Silvia. 2012. Revolution at Point Zero. Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
27. Fine, Ben, Heesang Jeon, and Gong H. Gimm. 2010. Value Is as Value Does: Twixt Knowledge and the World Economy. Capital & Class 34 (1): 69-83.
28. Fourier, Charles. 1851. The Passions of the Human Soul and their Influence on Society and Civilization: Volume Two. London: Hippolyte Bailliere.
29. Freud, Sigmund. 1961. Beyond the Pleasure Principle. New York: Norton.
30. Fuchs, Christian. 2010. Labour in Informational Capitalism. The Information Society 26 (3): 176-196.
31. Fuchs, Christian. 2011. Foundations of Critical Media and Information Studies. New York: Routledge.
32. Fuchs, Christian. 2012a. Dallas Smythe Today: The Audience Commodity, the Digital Labour Debate, Marxist Political Economy, and Critical Theory. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 10 (2): 692-740.
33. Fuchs, Christian. 2012b. With or without Marx? With or without Capitalism? A Rejoinder to Adam Arvidsson and Eleanor Colleoni. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 10 (2): 633-645.
34. Fuchs, Christian. 2014. Social Media. A Critical Introduction. London: Sage.
35. Fuchs, Christian and Wolfgang Hofkirchner. 2005. Self-Organization, Knowledge, and Responsibility. Kybernetes 34 (1-2): 241-260.
36. Fuchs, Christian, Wolfgang Hofkirchner, Matthias Schafranek, Celina Raffl, Marisol Sandoval and Robert Bichler. 2010. Theoretical Foundations of the Web: Cognition, Communication, and Cooperation. Towards an Understanding of Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0. Future Internet 2 (1): 41-59.
37. Garnham, Nicholas. 1990. Capitalism and Communication. London: Sage.
38. Garnham, Nicholas. 2000. Emancipation, the Media, and Modernity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
39. Gauntlett, David. 2011. Making is Connecting. The Social Meaning of Creativity, from DIY and Knitting to YouTube and Web 2.0. Cambridge: Polity.
40. Gill, Rosalind. 2002. Cool, Creative and Egalitarian? Exploring Gender in Project-Based New Media Work in Europe. Information, Communication & Society 5 (1): 70-89.
41. Gill, Rosalind. 2006. Technobohemians or the New Cybertariat? Amsterdam: Institute of Network Cultures.
42. Gorz, André. 1982. Farewell to the Working Class. An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism. London: Pluto Press.
43. Habermas, Jürgen. 1969. Technik und Wissenschaft als "Ideologie". Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
44. Habermas, Jürgen. 1984. The Theory of Communicative Action. Volume 1. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
45. Habermas, Jürgen. 1987. The Theory of Communicative Action. Volume 1. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
46. Hampton, Paul. 2008. William Morris: Romantic or Revolutionary? http://www.workersliberty.org/story/2008/12/04/william-morris-romantic-or-revolutionary
47. Hardt, Michael. 2010. The Common in Communism. In The Idea of Communism, edited by Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Žižek, 131-144. London: Verso.
48. Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. 2004. Multitude. New York: Penguin.
49. Harvie, David. 2005. All Labour Produces Value for Capital: And We All Struggle Against Value. The Commoner 10: 132-171.
50. Hegel, Georg Willhelm Friedrich. 1991. The Encyclopaedia Logic. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
51. Hesmondhalgh, David and Sarah Baker. 2011. Creative Labour. Media Work in Three Cultural Industries. London: Routledge.
52. Hofkirchner, Wolfgang. 2002. Projekt Eine Welt: Kognition - Kommunikation - Kooperation. Münster: LIT.
53. Holloway, John. 1995. From Scream of Refusal to Scream of Power: The Centrality of Work. In Open Marxism, Volume III: Emancipating Marx, edited by Werner Bonefeld, Richard Gunn, John Hol-loway and Kosmas Psychopedis, 155-181. London: Pluto Press.
54. Hund, Wulf D. 1976. Ware Nachricht und Informationsfetisch. Zur Theorie der gesellschaftlichen Kommunikation. Darmstadt: Luchterhand.
55. Hund, Wulf D. and Bärbel Kirchhoff-Hund 1980. Soziologie der Kommunikation. Arbeitsbuch zu Struktur und Funktion der Medien. Grundbegriffe und exemplarische Analysen. Hamburg: Rowohlt.
56. Huws, Ursula. 1999/2003. Material World: The Myth of the Weightless Economy. In The Making of the Cypertariat: Virtual Work in a Real World, 126-151. New York: Monthly Review Press.
57. Huws, Ursula. 2010. Expression and Expropriation: The Dialectics of Autonomy and Control in Creative Labour. Ephemera: Theory & Politics in Organization 10 (3/4): 504-521.
58. Jenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence culture. New York: New York University Press.
59. Jeon, Heesang. 2010. Cognitive Capitalism or Cognition in Capitalism? A Critique of Cognitive Capitalism Theory. Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies 2 (3): 89-116.
60. Jhally, Sut and Bill Livant. 1986/2006. Watching as Working. The Valorization of Audience Consciousness. In The Spectacle of Accumulation. Essays in Culture, Media, & Politics, 24-43. New York: Peter Lang.
61. Lazzarato, Maurizio. 1996. Immaterial Labour. In Radical Thought in Italy, ed. Paolo Virno and Michael Hardt, 133-146. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
62. Lenin, Vladimir I. 1917. State and Revolution. In Essential Works of Lenin, 271-364. New York: Dover.
63. Leontjew, Alexei Nikolajewitsch. 1978. Activity, Consciousness, and Personality. http://www.marxists.org/archive/leontev/works/1978/index.htm
64. Linebaugh, Peter. 2011. Foreword to the 2011 Edition. In William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary, Edward P. Thompson, vii-xliii. Pontypool: The Merlin Press. Reprinted with a New Foreword.
65. Marcuse, Herbert. 1941. Some Social Implications of Modern Technology. In Technology, War and Fascism: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 1, edited by Douglas Kellner, 41-65. London: Routledge.
66. Marcuse, Herbert. 1955. Eros and Civilization. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
67. Marcuse, Herbert. 1958. Soviet Marxism. A Critical Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
68. Marcuse, Herbert. 1964. One-Dimensional Man. Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society. London: Routledge.
69. Marcuse, Herbert. 1965. Remarks on a Redefinition of Culture. In The Essential Marcuse. Selected Writings of Philosopher and Social Critic Herbert Marcuse, edited by Andrew Feenberg and William Leiss, 13-31. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
70. Marcuse, Herbert. 1967a. Art in the One-Dimensional Society. In Art and Liberation: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 4, edited by Douglas Kellner, 113-122. London: Routledge.
71. Marcuse Herbert. 1967b. Society as a Work of Art. In Art and Liberation: Collected Papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 4, edited by Douglas Kellner, 123-129. London: Routledge.
72. Marcuse, Herbert. 1979. Children of Prometheus: 25 Theses on Technology and Society. In Philosophy, Psychoanalysis and Emancipation. Collected papers of Herbert Marcuse, Volume 5, 222-225. London: Routledge.
73. Marx, Karl. 1844. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. Mineola, NY: Dover. [German edition: Ökonomisch-philosophische Manuskripte. In Marx Engels Werke, 465-588. Berlin: Dietz].
74. Marx, Karl. 1857/58a. Grundrisse der Kritik der politischen Ökonomie. MEW, Band 42. Berlin: Dietz.
75. Marx, Karl. 1857/58b. Grundrisse. London: Penguin.
76. Marx, Karl. 1859. A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1859/critique-pol-economy/index.htm
77. Marx, Karl. 1861-63. Economic Manuscripts of 1861-1863. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1861/economic/index.htm
78. Marx, Karl. 1865. Value, Price, and Profit. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1865/value-price-profit/index.htm
79. Marx, Karl. 1867. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy: Volume One. London: Penguin.
80. Marx, Karl. 1875. Critique of the Gotha Programme. http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/index.htm
81. Marx, Karl. 1894. Capital: A Critique of Political Economy: Volume Three. London: Penguin.
82. Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels (MEW). 1968ff. Marx Engels Werke. Berlin: Dietz.
83. Marx, Karl and Friedrich Engels. 1845/46. The German Ideology. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
84. Mezzadra, Sandro, and Andrea Fumagalli, ed. 2010. Crisis in the Global Economy: Financial Markets, Social Struggles, and New Political Scenarios. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
85. Mies, Maria, Veronika Bennholdt-Thomsen and Claudia von Werlhof. 1988. Women: The Last Colony. London: Zed Books.
86. Morris, William. 1884a. A Factory As It Might Be I. Justice, May 17. http://www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1884/justice/10fact1.htm
87. Morris, William. 1884b. Useful Work Versus Useless Toil. In The Collected Works of William Morris. Volume 23: Signs of Changes: Lectures on Socialism, 98-120. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
88. Morris, William. 1884c. Work in a Factory As It Might Be III. Justice, June 28: 2. http://www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/1884/justice/13fact3.htm
89. Morris, William. 1885. How We Live and How We Might Live. In The Collected Works of William Morris. Volume 23: Signs of Changes: Lectures on Socialism, 3-26. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
90. Morris, William. 1893. Communism. In The Collected Works of William Morris. Volume 23: Signs of Changes: Lectures on Socialism, 264-276. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
91. Morris, William. 1894. How I Became a Socialist. In The Collected Works of William Morris. Volume 23: Signs of Changes: Lectures on Socialism, 277-281. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
92. Mosco, Vincent. 2011. Communication and Cultural Labour. In The Renewal of Cultural Studies, edited by Paul Smith, 230-237. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
93. Negri, Antonio. 1971/1988. Crisis of the Planner-State. Communism and Revolutionary Organisation. In Revolution Retrieved. Selected Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis & New Social Subjects 1967-83, 91-148. London: Red Notes.
94. Negri, Antonio. 1979/1988. Marx beyond Marx. Working Notebooks on the Grundrisse. In Revolution Retrieved. Selected Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis & New Social Subjects 1967-83, 149-176. London: Red Notes.
95. Negri, Antonio. 1982/1988. Archaeology and Project. The Mass Worker and the Social Worker. In Revolution Retrieved. Selected Writings on Marx, Keynes, Capitalist Crisis & New Social Subjects 1967-83, 199-228. London: Red Notes.
96. Negri, Antonio. 1991. Marx beyond Marx. Lessons on the Grundrisse. New York: Autonomedia.
97. Scholz, Trebor, ed. 2012. Digital Labour. The Internet as Playground and Factory. New York: Routledge.
98. Sevignani, Sebastian. 2012. The Problem of Privacy in Capitalism and the Alternative Social Networking Site Diaspora*. tripleC: Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 10 (2): 600-617.
99. Smythe, Dallas W. 1977. Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 1 (3): 1-27.
100. Smythe, Dallas W. 1981. The Audience Commodity and its Work. In Dependency Road. Communications, Capitalism, Consciousness, and Canada, 22-51. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
101. Stalin, Josef V. 1938. Dialectical and Historical Materialism. http://www.marx2mao.com/Stalin/DHM38.html
102. Thompson, Edward P. 1994. Persons & Polemics. Historical Essays. London: Merlin Press.
103. Thompson, Edward P. 2011. William Morris: Romantic to Revolutionary. Pontypool: The Merlin Press. Reprinted with a New Foreword.
104. Vercellone, Carlo. 2007. From Formal Subsumption to General Intellect: Elements for a Marxist Reading of the Thesis of Cognitive Capitalism. Historical Materialism 15 (1): 13-36.
105. Vercellone, Carlo. 2010. The Crisis of the Law of Value and the Becoming-rent of the Profit. In Crisis in the Global Economy: Financial Markets, Social Struggles, and New Political Scenarios, edited by Sandro Mezzadra and Andrea Fumagalli, 85-119. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e).
106. Weeks, Kathi. 2011. The Problem with Work. Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics and Postwork Imaginaries. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
107. Weingart, Brigitte. 1997. Arbeit - ein Wort mit langer Geschichte. http://www.ethikprojekte.ch/texte/arbeit.htm
108. Williams, Raymond. 1980. Culture and Materialism. London: Verso.
109. Williams, Raymond. 1983. Keywords. New York: Oxford University Press.
110. Special Eurobarometer 359. Attitudes on Data Protection and Electronic Identity in the European Union. http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_359_en.pdf
111. Žižek, Slavoj. 2010. How to Begin from the Beginning. In The Idea of Communism, edited by Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Žižek, 209-226. London: Verso.