Health of China's rural-urban migrants and their families: A review of literature from 2000 to 2012

British Medical Bulletin

Volumn 106, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 19-43

  Mou, Jin ^a   Griffiths, Sian M ^b   Fong, Hildy ^b   Dawes, Martin G ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

China; health equity; public health; rural urban migration

Indexed keywords

CHINA; CHRONIC DISEASE; EMOTION; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; HEALTH CARE ACCESS; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH CARE UTILIZATION; HEALTH INSURANCE; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH; MIGRATION; OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RURAL AREA; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE; SOCIAL ASPECT; SOCIOECONOMICS; TUBERCULOSIS; URBAN AREA; URBANIZATION; WOMEN'S HEALTH; HEALTH SERVICE; INFECTION; INFLUENZA; MEASLES; MIGRANT; OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM; RESEARCH PRIORITY; RISK FACTOR;

CHINA; HEALTH EQUITY; PUBLIC HEALTH; RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION;

CHINA; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; HEALTH CARE REFORM; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; POPULATION DYNAMICS; PUBLIC HEALTH; TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS; URBAN HEALTH;

EID: 84878831154     PISSN: 00071420     EISSN: 14718391     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/bmb/ldt016     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Molloy R, Smith CL, Wozniak AK. Internal migration in the United States. NBER Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. http://www.nber.org/papers/w17307.pdfnew-window=1;2011 (22 February 2013, date last accessed).
2. Zhang L. Migration and privatization of space and power in late socialist China. Am Ethnol 2001;28:179-205.
3. Gong P, Liang S, Carlton EJ et al. Urbanisation and health in China. Lancet 2012;379:843-52.
4. Peng X. China's demographic history and future challenges. Science 2011;333:581-7.
5. Fang C, Dewen W. Impacts of internal migration on economic growth and urban development in China. http://essays.ssrc.org/acrossborders/wp-content/ uploads/2009/08/ch11.pdf;2009 (8 March 2013, date last accessed).
6. The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China. Release of the '2012 Report on China's Migrant Population Development' by the department of migrant population management. The National Population and Family Planning Committee, 2013. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2012-08/07/content-2199409.htm (18 March 2013, date last accessed).
7. Cai F, Wang D. Migration as marketization: What can we learn from China's 2000 census data China Rev 2003;3:73-93.
8. Liu S, Griffiths S. From economic development to public health improvement: China faces equity challenges. Public Health 2011;125:669-74.
9. Wang L, Wang Y, Jin S et al. Emergence and control of infectious diseases in China. Lancet 2008;372:1598-605.
10. Wang L, Wang X. Influence of temporary migration on the transmission of infectious diseases in a migrants' home village. J Theor Biol 2012;300:100-9.
11. Zhang L, Wilson DP. Trends in notifiable infectious diseases in China: implications for surveillance and population health policy. PloS One 2012;7:e31076.
12. Fu C, Xu J, Liu W et al. Low measles seropositivity rate among children and young adults: a sero-epidemiological study in southern China in 2008. Vaccine 2010;28:8219-23.
13. Zhang L, Chow EPF, Jahn HJ et al. High HIV prevalence and risk of infection among rural-to-urban migrants in various migration stages in china: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sex Transm Dis 2013;40:136-47.
14. Dye C, Williams BG. The population dynamics and control of tuberculosis. Science 2010;328:856-61.
15. Wang W, Wang J, Zhao Q et al. Contribution of rural-to-urban migration in the prevalence of drug resistant tuberculosis in China. Eur J Clin Microbiol 2011;30:581-6.
16. Mou J, Griffiths SM, Fong HF et al. Seroprevalence of rubella in female migrant factory workers in Shenzhen, China. Vaccine 2010;28:7844-51.
17. Abdulraheem IS. Health needs assessment and determinants of health-seeking behaviour among elderly Nigerians: a house-hold survey. Ann Afr Med 2007;6:58-63.
18. Zheng Z, Lian P. Health Vulnerability among Temporary Migrants in Urban China, 2005 http://demoscope.ru/weekly/knigi/tours-2005/papers/iussp2005s51980. pdf;2005 (2 March 2013, date last accessed).
19. Zhang D, Mou J, Cheng JQ et al. Public health services in Shenzhen: a case study. Public Health 2011;125:15-9.
20. Shi D, Li H, Zhao Y et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, Central China, 2007-2009. Emerg Infect Dis 2012;18:1904-5.
21. China Tuberculosis Control Collaboration. The effect of tuberculosis control in China. Lancet 2004;364:417-22.
22. Hu J, Wang L, Chen Wet al. Analysis on status and trend of tuberculosis mortality from 2004 to 2008 in China. Chinese J Antituberc 2011;33:232-7.
23. Liu J, Yao H, Liu E. Analysis of factors affecting the epidemiology of tuberculosis in China. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:450-4.
24. Wei X, Chen J, Chen P et al. Barriers to TB care for rural-to-urban migrant TB patients in Shanghai: a qualitative study. Trop Med Int Health 2009;14:754-60.
25. Long Q, Li Y, Wang Y et al. Barriers to accessing TB diagnosis for rural-to-urban migrants with chronic cough in Chongqing, China: a mixed methods study. BMC Health Serv Res 2008;8:202.
26. Tobe RG, Xu L, Song P et al. The rural-to-urban migrant population in China: gloomy prospects for tuberculosis control. Biosci Trends 2011;5:226-30.
27. Jia Z, Cheng S, Wang L. Tuberculosis control in China: striving for sustainability. Lancet 2012;379:2149.
28. Yang T, Cottrell RR, Yang X et al. Commercial sex worker use among male Chinese rural-urban migrants. Am J Health Behav 2012;36:116-23.
29. Sudhinaraset M, Astone N, Blum RW. Migration and unprotected sex in Shanghai, China: correlates of condom use and contraceptive consistency across migrant and nonmigrant youth. J Adolesc Health 2012;50:S68-74.
30. Chen XS, Peeling RW, Yin YP et al. The epidemic of sexually transmitted infections in China: implications for control and future perspectives. BMC Med 2011;9:111.
31. Li X, Stanton B, Fang X et al. HIV/STD risk behaviors and perceptions among rural-to-urban migrants in China. AIDS Educ Prev 2004;16:538.
32. Wang B, Li X, Stanton B et al. HIV-related risk behaviors and history of sexually transmitted diseases among male migrants who patronize commercial sex in China. Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:1.
33. He D, Zhou Y, Ji N et al. Study on sexual and reproductive health behaviors of unmarried female migrants in China. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2012;38:632-8.
34. Wang W, Wei C, Buchholz M et al. Prevalence and risks for sexually transmitted infections among a national sample of migrants versus non-migrants in China. Int J STD AIDS 2010;21:410-5.
35. Pirkle C, Soundardjee R, Stella A. Female sex workers in China: vectors of disease Sex Transm Dis 2007;34:695-703.
36. Yang X. Temporary migration and the spread of STDs/HIV in China: is there a Link? Int Migration Rev 2004;38:212-35.
37. Hesketh T, Li L, Ye X et al. HIV and syphilis in migrant workers in eastern China. Sex Transm Infect 2006;82:11-4.
38. Hesketh T, Jun YX, Lu L et al. Health status and access to health care of migrant workers in China. Public Health Rep 2008;123:189.
39. Yang X. Temporary migration and HIV risk behaviors in China. Environ Plann A 2006;38:1527.
40. Guo Y, Li X, Song Y et al. Bisexual behavior among Chinese young migrant men who have sex with men: implications for HIV prevention and intervention. AIDS Care 2012;24:451-8.
41. Anderson A, Qingsi Z, Hua X et al. China's floating population and the potential for HIV transmission: a social-behavioural perspective. AIDS Care 2003;15:177-85.
42. Chen ZQ, Zhang GC, Gong XD et al. Syphilis in China: results of a national surveillance programme. Lancet 2007;369:132-8.
43. Cheng JQ, Zhou H, Hong FC et al. Syphilis screening and intervention in 500,000 pregnant women in Shenzhen, the People's Republic of China. Sex Transm Infect 2007;83:347-50.
44. Chen KT, Qian HZ. Mother to child transmission of HIV in China: the numbers are small but rising, and two provinces have worrying HIV prevalence rates in pregnant women. BMJ 2005;330:1282.
45. Todrys KW, Amon JJ. Within but without: human rights and access to HIV prevention and treatment for internal migrants. Global Health 2009;5:17.
46. Mason KA. Mobile migrants, mobile germs: migration, contagion, and boundary-building in Shenzhen, China after SARS. Med Anthropol 2012;31:113-31.
47. Sun M, Ma R, Zeng Y et al. Immunization status and risk factors of migrant children in densely populated areas of Beijing, China. Vaccine 2010;28:1264-74.
48. Peng ZQ, Chen WS, He Q et al. Evaluation of the mass measles vaccination campaign in Guangdong Province, China. Int J Infect Dis 2011;16:e99-103.
49. Zeng M, Li YF, Wang XH et al. Epidemiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease in children in Shanghai 2007-2010. Epidemiol Infect 2012;1:1-9.
50. Li X, Zhang L, Fang X et al. Stigmatization experienced by rural-to-urban migrant workers in China: findings from a qualitative study.World Health Popul 2007;9:29-43.
51. Zhang J, Li X, Fang X et al. Discrimination experience and quality of life among rural-to-urban migrants in China: the mediation effect of expectation-reality discrepancy. Qual Life Res 2009;18:291-300.
52. Lin D, Li X, Wang B et al. Discrimination, perceived social inequity, and mental health among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Community Ment Health J 2011;47:171-80.
53. Gui Y, Berry JW, Zheng Y. Migrant worker acculturation in China. Int J Intercult Rel 2011;36:598-610.
54. Chen J. Internal migration and health: re-examining the healthy migrant phenomenon in China. Soc Sci Med 2011;72:1294-301.
55. Abas MA, Punpuing S, Jirapramukpitak T et al. Rural-urban migration and depression in ageing family members left behind. Br J Psychiatry 2009;195:54-60.
56. Li L, Wang HM, Ye XJ et al. The mental health status of Chinese rural-urban migrant workers: comparison with permanent urban and rural dwellers. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2007;42:716-22.
57. Mou J, Cheng J, Griffiths SM et al. Internal migration and depressive symptoms among migrant factory workers in Shenzhen, China. J Community Psychol 2011;39:212-30.
58. Qiu P, Caine E, Yang Y et al. Depression and associated factors in internal migrant workers in China. J Affect Disord 2011;134:198-207.
59. Hu P, Mason WM, Song S et al. Differential of insomnia symptoms between migrants and nonmigrants in China. California Center for Population Research. On-line Working Paper Series, 2007. http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3c15w75k (8 March 2013, date last accessed).
60. Lau JTF, Cheng Y, Gu J et al. Suicides in a mega-size factory in China: poor mental health among young migrant workers in China. Occup Environ Med 2012;69:526.
61. Bhat MA, Rather TA. Socio-economic factors and mental health of young people in India and China: an elusive link with globalization. Asian SocialWork Policy Rev 2012;6:1-22.
62. Chan J, Pun N. Suicide as protest for the new generation of Chinese migrant workers:Foxconn, global capital, and the state. Asia-Pacific J 2010;37. http://sacom.hk/wp-content/uploads/2010/the-asia-pacific-journal-sep2010- suicide-as-protest-jcpn1.pdf (9 March 2013, date last accessed).
63. Jiang S, Zhang L, Wang W. The mental health of migrant workers in Chongqing City. Psychol Sci 2007;30:216-8.
64. Shen Q, Lu Y, Hu C et al. A preliminary study of the mental health of young migrant workers in Shenzhen. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1998;52:S370.
65. Chen L, Li W, He J et al. Mental health, duration of unemployment, and coping strategy: a cross-sectional study of unemployed migrant workers in eastern China during the economic crisis. BMC Public Health 2012;12:597.
66. Wong FKD, Chang YL, He XS. Correlates of psychological wellbeing of children of migrant workers in Shanghai, China. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2009;44:815-24.
67. Lu Y, Hu P, Treiman DJ. Migration and depressive symptoms in migrant-sending areas: findings from the survey of internal migration and health in China. Intl J Public Health 2012;57:691-8.
68. Gao Y, Li L, Kim J et al. The impact of parental migration on health status and health behaviours among left behind adolescent school children in China. BMC Public Health 2010;10:56.
69. Mao Z, Zhao X. The effects of social connections on self-rated physical and mental health among internal migrant and local adolescents in Shanghai, China. BMC Public Health 2012;12:97.
70. Liu Z, Li X, Ge X. Left too early: the effects of age at separation from parents on Chinese rural children's symptoms of anxiety and depression. Am J Public Health 2009;99:2049.
71. Lee L, Park A. Parental migration and child development in China. Working Paper: Gansu Survey on Children and Families, 2010. http://repository.upenn. edu/gansu-papers/24/(10 March 2013, date last accessed).
72. Pyakuryal A, Tausig M, Subedi S et al. Strangers in a familiar land: the psychological consequences of internal migration in a developing country. Stress Health 2011;27:e199-208.
73. Xia Q, Jiang Y, Yin N et al. Injury among migrant workers in Changning district, Shanghai, China. Int J Injury Contr Saf Promot 2012;19:81-5.
74. Chan EYY, Griffiths SM. The epidemiology of mine accidents in China. Lancet 2010;376:575-7.
75. Ciottone GR, (eds). Disaster Medicine, 3rd edn. Mosby: Elsevier, 2006.
76. Gransow B, Zhou D, (eds). Migrants and Health in Urban China. Germany: LIT Verlag Münster, 2012.
77. Mou J, Cheng J, Zhang D et al. Health care utilisation amongst Shenzhen migrant workers: does being insured make a difference? BMC Health Serv Res 2009;9:214.
78. Liang Y, Xiang Q. Occupational health services in PR China. Toxicology 2004;198:45-54.
79. Parry J. Workers behind China's economic miracle are paying a heavy price. BMJ 2010;340: c2396.
80. Zhao Q, Huang ZJ, Yang S et al. The utilization of antenatal care among rural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai: a hospital-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:1012.
81. Shaokang Z, Zhenwei S, Blas E. Economic transition and maternal health care for internal migrants in Shanghai, China. Health Policy Plan 2002;17:47-55. 86 , .-.2005;16:53-9.
82. Zhan S, Sun Z, Blas E. Economic transition and maternal health care for internal migrants in Shanghai, China. Health Policy Plan 2002;17:47-55.
83. Decat P, Zhang WH, Moyer E et al. Determinants of unmet need for contraception among Chinese migrants: a worksite-based survey. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2011;16:26-35.
84. Lu C, Xu L, Wu J et al. Sexual and reproductive health status and related knowledge among female migrant workers in Guangzhou, China: a cross-sectional survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;160:60-5.
85. Zheng Z, Zhou Y, Zheng L et al. Sexual behaviour and contraceptive use among unmarried, young women migrant workers in five cities in China. Reprod Health Matters 2001;9:118-27.
86. Zhao Q, Kulane A, Gao Y et al. Knowledge and attitude on maternal health care among rural-to-urban migrant women in Shanghai, China. BMCWomens Health 2009;9:5.
87. Magnani E, Zhu R. Gender wage differentials among rural-urban migrants in China. Reg Sci Urban Econ 2011;42:779-93.
88. The Chinese community patient's life satisfaction, assessment of community medical service, and trust in community health delivery system. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2013;11:18.
89. Chen Z. Launch of the health-care reform plan in China. Lancet 2009;373:1322-4.
90. Van Dijk CE, van den Berg B, Verheij RA et al. Moral hazard and supplier-induced demand: empirical evidence in general practice. Health Econ 2012;22:340-52.
91. Guo Y, Zakus D, Liang H. China: policy and practice of MCH since the early 1990s. Matern Child Health J 2008;12:139-48.
92. Cheung NF, Pan A. Childbirth experience of migrants in China: a systematic review. Nurs Health Sci 2012;14:362-71.
93. Klemetti R, Regushevskaya E, ZhangWHet al. Unauthorised pregnancies and use of maternity care in rural China. Eur J Contracep Reprod Health Care 2011;16:359-68.
94. Chan F, Adamo S, Coxson P et al. Projected impact of urbanization on cardiovascular disease in China. Int J Public Health 2012;57:849-54.
95. He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK et al. Migration, blood pressure pattern, and hypertension:the Yi Migrant Study. Am J Epidemiol 1991;134:1085-101.
96. Simsek E, Akpinar S, Bahcebasi T et al. The prevalence of overweight and obese children aged 6-17 years in theWest Black Sea region of Turkey. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:1033-8.
97. Poskitt E. Countries in transition: underweight to obesity non-stop Ann Trop Paediatr Int Child Health 2009;29:1-11.
98. Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women. JAMA 2009;302:401-11.
99. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: an overview of world patterns of change. Nutr Rev 2008;62:S140-3.
100. Deckelbaum RJ, Williams CL. Childhood obesity: the health issue. Obes Res 2012; 9:239S-43S.
101. Valery PC, Ibiebele T, Harris M et al. Diet, physical activity, and obesity in school-aged indigenous youths in Northern Australia. J Obes 2012;2012:1-12.
102. Waters E, de Silva Sanigorski A, Hall BJ et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children (review). Cochrane Collaboration 2011;12:1-212.
103. Yang T, Wu J, Rockett IR et al. Smoking patterns among Chinese rural-urban migrant workers. Public Health 2009;123:743-9.
104. Cui X, Rockett IRH, Yang T et al. Work stress, life stress, and smoking among rural-urban migrant workers in China. BMC Public Health 2012;12:979.
105. Mou J, Fellmeth G, Griffiths S et al. Tobacco smoking among migrant factory workers in Shenzhen, China. Nicot Tob Res 2013;15:69-76.
106. Chen X, Stanton B, Li X et al. A comparison of health-risk behaviors of rural migrants with rural residents and urban residents in China. Am J Health Behav 2009;33:15-25.
107. Lin D, Li X, Yang H et al. Alcohol intoxication and sexual risk behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China. Drug Alcohol Depend 2005;79:103-12.
108. Miranda JJ, Gilman RH, Smeeth L. Differences in cardiovascular risk factors in rural, urban and rural-to-urban migrants in Peru. Heart 2011;97:787-96.
109. Bowen L, Ebrahim S, De Stavola B et al. Dietary intake and rural-urban migration in India: a cross-sectional study. PloS One 2011;6:e14822.
110. Hernández AV, Pasupuleti V, Deshpande A et al. Effect of rural-to-urban within-country migration on cardiovascular risk factors in low-and middle-income countries:a systematic review. Heart 2012;98:185-94.
111. YipW, Hsiao WC. The Chinese health system at a crossroads. Health Aff 2008;27:460-8.
112. Nielsen I, Nyland C, Smyth R et al. Which rural migrants receive social insurance in Chinese cities Evidence from Jiangsu survey data. Global Social Policy 2005;5:353-81.
113. Sun X, Jackson S, Carmichael G et al. Catastrophic medical payment and financial protection in rural China: evidence from the New Cooperative Medical Scheme in Shandong Province. Health Econ 2009;18:103-19.
114. Ma J, Lu M, Quan H. From a national, centrally planned health system to a system based on the market: lessons from China. Health Aff 2008;27:937-48.
115. Zhu Y. A case study on social security coverage extension in China. Working Paper. Geneva: ISSA Project on Examining the Existing Knowledge of Social Security Coverage. 2009. http://www.issa.int/Observatory/In-Focus/In- Focus-International-strategies-to-extend-socialsecurity-coverage/ Extension-study (28 December 2012, date last accessed).
116. You X, Kobayashi Y. The new cooperative medical scheme in China. Health Policy 2009;91:1-9.
117. Wang J, Zhou HW, Lei YX et al. Financial protection under the new rural cooperative medical schemes in China. Med Care 2012;50:700-4.
118. Hou Z, Van de Poel E, Van Doorslaer E et al. Effects of NCMS coverage on access to care and financial protection in China. Social Science Network Papers, 2012. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfmabstract-id=2040701 (2 March 2013, date last accessed).
119. Qiu P, Yang Y, Zhang J et al. Rural-to-urban migration and its implication for new cooperative medical scheme coverage and utilization in China. BMC Public Health 2011;11:520.
120. Lin W, Liu GG, Chen G. The urban resident basic medical insurance: a landmark reform towards universal coverage in China. Health Econ 2009;18:S83-96.
121. Hu S, Tang S, Liu Y et al. Reform of how health care is paid for in China:challenges and opportunities. Lancet 2008;372:1846-53.
122. The State Council of People's Republic of China. The guidance of the development of the basic medical insurance for urban residents, 2007. http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2007-07/24/content-695118.htm (12 December 2012, date last accessed).
123. Guangdong Provincial Government. Principles on the establishment of a basic medical insurance system for urban residents ([2007]No. 2007. http://search.gd.gov.cn/detailrecord=142&channelid=8907 (8 January 2013, date last accessed).
124. Lu M, Zhang J, Ma J et al. Child health insurance coverage: a survey among temporary and permanent residents in Shanghai. BMC Health Serv Res 2008;8:238.
125. Bärnighausen T, Liu Y, Zhang X et al.Willingness to pay for social health insurance among informal sector workers in Wuhan, China: a contingent valuation study. BMC Health Serv Res 2007;7:114.
126. Peng Y, Chang W, Zhou H et al. Factors associated with health-seeking behavior among migrant workers in Beijing, China. BMC Health Serv Res 2010;10:69.
127. Shenzhen Social Insurance Bureau. List of designated health facilities for Shenzhen's medical insurance system for migrant employees, 2011. http://www.szsi.gov.cn/zxbs/wscx/ddyb/dg/201111/P020120706417068597872.xls (12 December 2012, date last accessed).
128. Xu Y, Zhang X, Zhu X. Medical financial assistance in rural China: policy design and implementation, 2008. http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/ 0809/Medical%20financial% 20assistance%20in%20rural%20China%20- %20policy%20design%20and% 20implementation.pdf (9 March 2013, date last accessed).
129. China CSR. China removes barriers to medical insurance transfer for migrants, 2010. http://www.chinacsr.com/en/2010/01/21/7019-china-removes- barriers-to-medical-insurance-transferfor-migrants/(16 January 2013, date last accessed).
130. Dong K. Medical insurance system evolution in China. China Econ Rev 2009;20:591-7.
131. Wang Y, Long Q, Liu Q et al. Treatment seeking for symptoms suggestive of TB: comparison between migrants and permanent urban residents in Chongqing, China. Trop Med Int Health 2008;13:927-33.
132. Wagstaff A, Yip W, Lindelow M et al. China's health system and its reform: a review of recent studies. Health Econ 2009;18:S7-23.
133. Amnesty International. People's Republic of China. Internal migrants: discrimination and abuse. The human cost of an economic 'miracle', 2007. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ASA17/008/2007/en/c0c38728-d3af-11dd- a329-2f46302a8cc6/asa170082007en.pdf (8 February 2013, date last accessed).
134. Hong Y, Li X, Stanton B et al. Too costly to be ill: health care access and health seeking behaviors among rural-to-urban migrants in China.World Health Popul 2006;8:22-34.
135. Li X, Stanton B, Chen X et al. Health indicators and geographic mobility among young rural-to-urban migrants in China.World Health Popul 2006;8:5-21.
136. The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China. Interim measures on transfer and continuation of basic medical insurance for migrant workers: a guiding document jointly signed by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Development, Ministry of Health and Ministry of Finance [2009, No. 191], 2009. http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-01/19/content-1513824.htm.(12 February 2013, date last accessed).
137. Cheng T. Early results of China's historic health reforms: the view from Minister Chen Zhu. Health Aff 2012;31:2536-44.
138. Yi Y, Maynard A, Liu G et al. Equity in health care financing: evaluation of the current urban employee health insurance reform in China. J Asia Pacific Econ 2005;10:506-27.
139. Meng Q, Tang S. Universal coverage of health care in China: challenges and opportunities. World Health Report Background Paper, 2010. http://www.who.int/healthsystems/topics/financing/healthreport/7ChinaM-T.pdf (2 March 2013, date last accessed).
140. Wang HQ, Liu ZH, Zhang YZ et al. Integration of current identity-based district-varied health insurance schemes in China: implications and challenges. Front Med 2012;6:79-84.
141. Tu H, Yu Y, Yang P et al. Building clinical data groups for electronic medical record in China. J Med Syst 2012;36:723-36.
142. Zutshi A, Creed A, Sohal A. Child labour and supply chain: profitability or (mis) management. Eur Bus Rev 2009;21:42-63.
143. Pang L, De Brauw A, Rozelle S. Working until you drop: the elderly of rural China. China J 2004;52:73-94.
144. Biao X. How far are the left-behind left behind A preliminary study in rural China. Popul Space Place 2007;13:179-91.
145. Su S, Li X, Lin D et al. Psychological adjustment among left-behind children in rural China: the role of parental migration and parent-child communication. Child Care Health Dev 2012;39:162-70.
146. Chang H, Dong X, MacPhail F. Labor migration and time use patterns of the left-behind children and elderly in rural China.World Dev 2011;39:2199-210.
147. Massey DS, Capoferro C. Measuring undocumented migration. Int Migration Rev 2004;38:1075-102.
148. Bruce Newbold K. Self-rated health within the Canadian immigrant population:risk and the healthy immigrant effect. Soc Sci Med 2005;60:1359-70.
149. Kennedy S, McDonald JT, Biddle N. The healthy immigrant effect and immigrant selection: evidence from four countries, 2006. http://www5.carleton. ca/sppa/ccms/wp-content/ccms-files/chesg-mcdonald.pdf (2 March 2013, date last accessed)