Within- and between-stand variation in selected properties of Sitka spruce sawn timber in the UK: Implications for segregation and grade recovery

Annals of Forest Science

Volumn 70, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 403-415

  Moore, John R ^a,b   Lyon, Andrew J ^a,c   Searles, Gregory J ^a   Lehneke, Stefan A ^a   Ridley Ellis, Daniel J ^a  

^a EDINBURGH NAPIER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b SCION   (New Zealand)

^c Forest Products Commission   (Australia)

Author keywords

Acoustics; Modulus of elasticity; Segregation; Structural timber; Timber properties; Wood quality

Indexed keywords

ACOUSTIC DATA; CONIFEROUS TREE; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FOREST RESOURCE; INSTRUMENTATION; STAND STRUCTURE; TIMBER HARVESTING; WOOD QUALITY;

UNITED KINGDOM;

PICEA SITCHENSIS;

EID: 84878683906     PISSN: 12864560     EISSN: 1297966X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s13595-013-0275-y     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. Amishev D, Murphy GE (2008) Implementing resonance-based acoustic technology on mechanical harvesters/processors for real-time wood stiffness measurement: opportunities and considerations. Int J Forest Eng 19:48-56
2. Auty D, Weiskittel AR, Achim A, Moore JR, Gardiner BA (2012) Influence of early re-spacing on Sitka spruce branch structure. Ann For Sci 69:93-104
3. Brüchert F, Gardiner B (2006) The effect of wind exposure on the tree aerial architecture and biomechanics of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis, Pinaceae). Am J Bot 93:1352-1360
4. Brüchert F, Becker G, Speck T (2000) The mechanics of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]: mechanical properties of standing trees from different thinning regimes. Forest Ecol Manag 135:45-62
5. Carter P, Briggs D, Ross RJ, Wang X (2005) Acoustic testing to enhance western forest values and meet customer wood quality needs. PNW-GTR-642, Productivity of western forests: a forest products focus. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon, pp. 121-129
6. Carter P, Chauhan S, Walker J (2006) Sorting logs and lumber for stiffness using director HM200. Wood Fiber Sci 38:49-54
7. CEN (1997) Round and sawn timber - Method of measurement of features. EN1310. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, p 15
8. CEN (2002) Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 1: Determination by oven dry method. EN13183-1:2002. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, p 5
9. CEN (2003) Timber structures - structural timber and glued laminated timber - Determination of some physical and mechanical properties EN408:2003. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, p 13
10. CEN (2009a) Structural timber - Strength classes. EN338:2009. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, Belgium, p 10
11. CEN (2009b) Timber structures - strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section. Part 4: Machine grading - grading machine settings for machine controlled systems. EN 14081-4:2009. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, p 69
12. CEN (2010a) Structural timber - determination of characteristic values of mechanical properties and density. EN 384:2010. Brussels, European Committee for Standardisation, p 19
13. CEN (2010b) Timber structures - strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section. Part 2: Machine grading; additional requirements for initial type testing. EN 14081-2:2010. European Committee for Standardisation, Brussels, 21 p
14. Cherry ML, Vikram V, Briggs D, Cress DW, Howe GT (2008) Genetic variation in direct and indirect measures of wood stiffness. Can J For Res 38:2476-2486
15. Clark A III, McAlister RH, Saucier JR, Reitter K (1996) Effect of rotation age on lumber grade, yield, and strength of unthinned loblolly pine. Forest Prod J 46:63-68
16. Cown DJ (1999) New Zealand pine and Douglas-fir: suitability for processing. Forest Research Bulletin No. 216. New Zealand Forest Research Institute Limited: Rotorua. 72p
17. Cown DJ, McConchie DL (1982) Rotation age and silvicultural effects on wood properties of four stands of Pinus radiata. N Z J Forestry Sci 12:71-85
18. Dickson RL, Joe B, Harris P, Holtorf S, Wilkinson C (2004) Acoustic segregation of Australian-grown Pinus radiata logs for structural board production. Austral For 67:261-266
19. Duchesne I (2006) Effect of rotation age on lumber grade yield, bending strength and stiffness in Jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) natural stands. Wood Fiber Sci 38:84-94
20. Edlund J, Lindström H, Nilsson F, Reale M (2006) Modulus of elasticity of Norway spruce sawlogs vs. structural lumber grade. Holz Roh Werkst 64:273-279
21. Forestry Commission (1993) Classification and presentation of softwood sawlogs - second edition. Forestry Commission Field Book 9, HMSO, London. 16 p
22. Forestry Commission (2010) Forestry Statistics 2010 - a compendium of statistics about woodland, forestry and primary wood processing in the United Kingdom (available from http://www.forestry.gov.uk/statistics), 208 p
23. Green DW, Ross RJ (1997) Linking log quality with product performance. In: Barbour RJ, Skog KE (eds.). Role of wood production in ecosystem management Proceedings of the sustainable forestry working group at the IUFRO All Division 5 Conference, Pullman, Washington, July 1997. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-100. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. pp 53-58
24. ISO (1975) Wood - determination of density for physical and mechanical tests. ISO 3131: 1975. International Organization for Standardisation, Geneva
25. Lachenbruch B, Moore JR, Evans R (2011) Radial variation in wood structure and function in woody plants, and hypotheses for its occurrence. In: Meinzer FC, Dawson T, Lachenbruch B (eds) Size and age-related variation in tree structure and function. Springer, New York
26. Larson PR (1969) Wood formation and the concept of wood quality. Yale University School of Forestry Bulletin 74. Yale University, New Haven, CT, p 54
27. Lei YC, Zhang SY, Jiang Z (2005) Models for predicting lumber bending MOR and MOE based on tree and stand characteristics in black spruce. Wood Sci Technol 39:37-47
28. Macdonald E, Mochan S, Connolly T (2009) Validation of a stem straightness scoring system for Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.). Forestry 81:419-429
29. Maun KW (1992) Sitka spruce for construction timber: the relationship between wood growth characteristics and machine grade yields of Sitka spruce. Forestry Commission Research Information Note No. 212. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh
30. McIntosh R (1997) Timber quality creates marketing challenge. Forestry and British Timber 26:17-20
31. McLean JP (2007) Wood properties of four genotypes of Sitka spruce. PhD Thesis, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom. 269 p
32. Moore JR (2011) Sitka spruce in Great Britain: wood properties and uses. Forestry Commission Research Report 15. Forestry Commission, Edinburgh. 48 p
33. Moore J, Achim A, Lyon A, Mochan S, Gardiner B (2009a) Effects of early re-spacing on the physical and mechanical properties of Sitka spruce structural timber. Forest Ecol Manag 258:1174-1180
34. Moore JR, Lyon AJ, Searles GJ, Vihermaa LE (2009b) The effects of site and stand factors on the tree and wood quality of Sitka spruce growing in the United Kingdom. Silva Fenn 43:383-396
35. Moore JR, Lyon AJ, Lehneke SA (2012) Effects of rotation length on the grade recovery and wood properties of Sitka spruce structural timber grown in Great Britain. Ann For Sci 69:353-362
36. Pinheiro JC, Bates DM (2000) Mixed-effects models in S and S-plus. Springer, New York, NY, 528 p
37. R Development Core Team (2012) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org
38. Riddout BG, Whealleans KR, Booker RE, McConchie DL, Ball RD (1999) Comparison of log segregation methods for structural lumber yield improvement. Forest Prod J 49:63-66
39. Rinnhofer A, Petutschnigg A, Andreu J-P (2003) Internal log scanning for optimizing breakdown. Comput Electron Agr 41:7-21
40. Ross RJ, McDonald KA, Green DW, Schad KC (1997) Relationship between log and lumber modulus of elasticity. Forest Prod J 47:89-92
41. Searles GJ (2012) Acoustic segregation and structural timber production. PhD thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
42. Tseheye A, Buchanan AH, Walker JCF (2000) Sorting of logs using acoustics. Wood Sci Technol 34:337-344
43. Uusitalo J, Kokko S, Kivinen V-P (2004) The effect of two bucking methods on Scots pine lumber quality. Silva Fenn 38:291-303
44. Vikram V, Cherry ML, Briggs D, Cress DW, Evans R, Howe GT (2011) Stiffness of Douglas-fir lumber: effects of wood properties and genetics. Can J For Res 41:1160-1173
45. Wagner F, Gorman T, Wu S (2003) Assessment of intensive stress-wave scanning of Douglas-fir trees for predicting lumber MOE. Forest Prod J 53:36-39
46. Walker JCF, Butterfield BG (1995) The importance of microfibril angle for the processing industries. New Zeal J Forest 40:34-40
47. Walker JCF, Nakada R (1999) Understanding corewood in some softwoods: a selective review on stiffness and acoustics. Int Forest Rev 1:251-259
48. Wang X, Ross RJ, McClellan M, Barbour MJ, Erickson JR, Forsman JW, McGinnis GD (2000) Strength and stiffness assessment of standing trees using a non-destructive stress wave technique. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Research Paper, FPL-RP-585. Madison, WI. 9 p
49. Wang X, Ross RJ, Mattson JA, Erickson JR, Forsman JW, Geske EA, Wehr MA (2001) Several non-destructive evaluation techniques for assessing stiffness and MOE of small-diameter logs. USDA Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory, Research Paper, FPL-RP-600. Madison, WI. 12 p
50. Wang X, Ross RJ, Mattson JA, Erickson JR, Forsman JW, Geske EA, Wehr MA (2002) Nondestructive evaluation techniques for assessing modulus of elasticity and stiffness of small-diameter logs. Forest Prod J 52:79-85
51. Wang X, Ross RJ, Brashaw BK, Punches J, Erickson JR, Forsman JW, Pellerin RF (2004a) Diameter effect on stress-wave evaluation of modulus of elasticity of logs. Wood Fiber Sci 36:368-377
52. Wang X, Ross RJ, Green DW, Brashaw BK, Englund K, Wolcott M (2004b) Stress wave sorting of red maple logs for structural quality. Wood Sci Technol 37:531-537
53. Wang X, Carter P, Ross RJ, Brashaw BK (2007) Acoustic assessment of wood quality of forest raw materials - a path to increased profitability. Forest Prod J 57:6-14
54. Xu P, Walker JCF (2004) Stiffness gradients in radiata pine trees. Wood Sci Technol 38:1-9
55. Zobel BJ, Sprague JR (1998) Juvenile wood in forest trees. Springer, Berlin