Life cycle assessment of single use thermoform boxes made from polystyrene (PS), polylactic acid, (PLA), and PLA/starch: Cradle to consumer gate

International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment

Volumn 18, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 401-417

  Suwanmanee, Unchalee ^a   Varabuntoonvit, Viganda ^b   Chaiwutthinan, Phasawat ^c   Tajan, Monchai ^c   Mungcharoen, Thumrongrut ^b   Leejarkpai, Thanawadee ^c  

^a SRINAKHARINWIROT UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^b KASETSART UNIVERSITY   (Thailand)

^c NATIONAL METAL AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY CENTER   (Thailand)

Author keywords

Energy sources; Environmental impacts; Land use change (LUC) emission; Life cycle assessment (LCA); PLA based (PLA and PLA starch) boxes; Polystyrene (PS) box

Indexed keywords

COAL; NATURAL GAS; PETROLEUM; POLYLACTIC ACID; POLYSTYRENE; STARCH;

ACIDIFICATION; ARTICLE; CASSAVA; COAL GASIFICATION; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENERGY RESOURCE; ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; GREENHOUSE EFFECT; GREENHOUSE GAS; LAND USE; LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT; MAIZE; PACKAGING MATERIAL; PHOTOCHEMICAL OZONE FORMATION; POWER SUPPLY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY CONTROL; RENEWABLE ENERGY; THERMOFORM BOX;

MANIHOT ESCULENTA; ZEA MAYS;

EID: 84878482186     PISSN: 09483349     EISSN: 16147502     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11367-012-0479-7     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Andrae ASG, Zou G, Liu J (2004) LCA of electronic products, an environmental assessment of gallium arsenide monolitthic microwave integrated circuit system-in-a-package (SIP) switch product. Int J Life Cycle Assess 9(1):45-52
2. Avella M, Vlieger JJD, Errico ME, Fischer S, Vacca P, Volpe MG (2005) Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications. Food Chem 93:467-474
3. Bohlmann GM (2004) Biodegradable packaging life cycle assessment. Environ Prog 23:342-346
4. Chen CC, Chueh JY, Tseng H, Huang HM, Lee SY (2003) Preparation and characterization of biodegradable PLA polymeric blends. Biomaterials 24:1167-1173
5. Chen L, Qiu X, Xie Z, Hong Z, Sun J, Chen X, Jing X (2006) Poly(l-lactide)/starch blends compatibilized with poly(l-lactid)-g-starch copolymer. Biomaterials 65:75-80
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2006) Guidelines for national greenhouse gas inventories, in agriculture, forestry and other land use volume4. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/vol4. html. Accessed 30 December 2011
7. Department of Alternative Energy Development and Efficiency (2007) Thailand's Enegy Consumption. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.dede.go.th. Accessed 30 April 2010
8. Department of Energy Development and Promotion (2000) Source emission inventory. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.dedp.go.th. Accessed 20 April 2010
9. Department of Highway (2010) Distance between provinces in Thailand. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://map-server.doh.go.th. Accessed 15 March 2010
10. Department of Provincial Administration (2007) Query database for population and house statistics at the present time. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.dopa.go.th/English/. Accessed 3 April 2010
11. Dornburg V, Faaij A, Meuleman B (2006) Optimising waste treatment systems: part A: methodology and technological data for optimising energy production and economic performance. Resour Conserv Recycl 49:68-88
12. Duke Energy (2007) Edwardsport integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) station. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.duke-energy.com. Accessed 2 June 2010
13. ETH-ESU (1996) Database
14. Fang Q, Hanna A (2001) Characteristics of biodegradable matter-Bi(R)-starch based foams as affected by ingredient formulations. Ind Crops Prod 13(3):219-227
15. FAO (2006) Maize: international market profile 2006. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.fao.org Accessed 23 May 2012
16. Gajria AM, Dave V, Gross RA, McCarthy SP (1996) Miscibility and biodegradability of blends of poly(lactic acid) and poly(vinyl acetate). Polymer 37(3):437-444
17. Ganjyal GM, Weber R, Hanna MA (2007) Laboratory composting of extruded starch acetate and poly lactic acid blended foams. Bioresour Technol 98:3176-3179
18. Groot WM, Boren T (2010) Life cycle assessment of manufacture of lactide and PLA biopolymer from sugarcane Thailand. Int J Life Cycle Assess 9:970-984
19. Hauschild M, Potting J (2005) Spatial differentiation in life cycle impact assessment - the EDIP 2003 methodology. Institute for Production Development Technical University of Denmark
20. Huneault MA, Li H (2007) Morphology and properties of compatibilized polylactide/thermoplastic starch blends. Polymer 48:270-280
21. Iovio R, Zullo R, Rao MA, Cassar L, Gianfreda L (2008) Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid)/starch/coir biocomposites under controlled composting conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 93:147-157
22. ISO14040 (2006) Environmental management-life cycle assessment-principles and framework
23. ISO14044 (2006) Environmental management-life cycle assessment- requirement and guidelines
24. Jeong KM, Hong SJ, Lee JY, Hur T (2007) Life cycle assessment on end-of-life vehicle treatment system in Korea. J Ind Eng Chem 13(4):624-630
25. Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (2010) Final report technical, economic and environmental evaluation of biofuel production in Thailand. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th. Accessed 30 December 2011
26. Khoo HH, Tan RBH, Chng KWL (2010) Environmental impacts of conventional plastic and bio-based carrier bags part 1: life cycle production. Int J Life Cycle Assess 15:284-293
27. Klopffer W (2005) Life cycle assessment as part of sustainability assessment for chemicals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 12(3):173-177
28. x of IGCC power plant integrated with air separation unit. Int Energy J 8:37-44
29. Leejarkpai T, Suwanmanee U, Rudeekit Y, Mungcharoen T (2010) Biodegradable kinetic of plastics under controlled composting conditions. Waste Manage 31:1153-1161
30. Lim LT, Auras R, Rubino M (2008) Processing technologies for poly(lactic acid). Prog Polym Sci 33:820-852
31. Madival S, Auras R, Singh SP, Narayan R (2009) Assessment of the environmental profile of PLA, PET and PS clamshell container using LCA methodology. J Clean Prod 17:1183-1194
32. Narayan R (2004) Drivers and rationale for use of bio-based materials based on life cycle assessment (LCA). Global Plastics Environmental Conference, Atlanta. March 2004
33. 2 emissions manufacturing commodity plastics in Japan. Int J Life Cycle Assess 7:277-282
34. National Innovation Agency (2008) National roadmap for the development of bioplastics industry. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.nia.or.th/bioplastics/ download/bioplast-roadmap-en.pdf. Accessed 30 December 2011
35. NatureWork LLC (2011) Natureworks attracts $150 million equity investment from leading Thailand company PTT Chemical: Thailand preferred location for next state-of-art Ingeo™ manufacturing facility. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.natureworksllc.com/News-and-Events/Press-Releases/2011/ 10-12-11-NatureWorks-attracts-PTT-Chemical-equity-investment.aspx
36. OECD-FAO (2006) Agricultural outlook 2009-2018. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.fao.org Accessed 23 May 2012
37. PAS 2050 (2008) Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services
38. Phumpradab K, Gheewala SH, Sagisaka M (2009) Life cycle assessment of natural gas power plants in Thailand. Int J Life Cycle Assess 14:354-363
39. Piemonte V, Gironi F (2011) Land-use change emissions: how green are the bioplastics? Environ Prog Sustain Energy 30(4):685-691
40. Energy Policy and Planning Office (2003) EPPO annual report 2003. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://www.eppo.go.th/doc/report-2546/3-thai-energy. Accessed 12 May 2010
41. Plastic Intelligence Unit (2007) Plastics consumption in Thailand. Publishing PhysicsWeb. http://plastic.oie.go.th/SizingThaiMarket.aspx. Accessed 30 December 2011
42. Razza F, Fieschi M, Innocenti FD, Bastioli C (2009) Compostable cutlery and waste management: an LCA approach. Waste Manage 29:1424-1433
43. Ren J, Fu H, Ren T, Yuan W (2009) Preparation, characterization and properties of binary and ternary blends with thermoplastic starch, poly(lactic acid) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate). Carbohydr Polym 77:576-582
44. Ross S, Evans D (2003) The environmental effect of reusing and recycling a plastic-based packaging system. J Clean Prod 11:561-567
45. Sarazin P, Li G, Orts WJ, Favis BD (2008) Binary and ternary blends of polylactide, polycaprolactone and thermoplastic starch. Polymer 49:599-609
46. Sheehan J, Camobreco V, Duffield J, Graboski M. Shapouri H (1998) Life cycle inventory of biodiesel and petroleum diesel for use in the urban bus. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/SR-580-24089 UC Category 1503
47. Shen L, Patel MK (2008) Life cycle assessment of polysaccharide materials: a review. J Polym Environ 16:154-167
48. Sheth M, Ananda KR, Dave V, Gross RA, McCarthy SP (1997) Biodegradable polymer blends of poly (lactic acid) and poly(ethylene glycol). J Appl Polym Sci 66:1495-1505
49. Signori F, Coltelli MB, Bronco S (2008) Thermal degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and their blends upon melt processing. Polym Degrad Stab 94:74-82
50. Silalertruksa T, Gheewala SH (2009) Environmental sustainability assessment of bio-ethanol production in Thailand. Energy 34:1933-1946
51. Singh A, Berghorn G, Joshi S, Syal M (2011) Review of life-cycle assessment applications in building construction. J Archit Eng. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)AE.1943-5568.0000026
52. Smith R (2005) Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications. CRC Press, New York
53. Spath PL, Mann MK (2000a) Life cycle assessment of national gas combined-cycle power generation system. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NREL/TP-570-27715
54. Spath PL, Mann MK (2000b) Life cycle assessment of national gas combined-cycle power generation system. Report no. NREL/TP-570-27715. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Washington
55. Suwanmanee U, Leejarkpai T, Rudeekit Y, Mungcharoen T (2010) Life cycle energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission of polylactic (PLA) and polystyrene (PS) trays. Nat Sci 44(4):703-716
56. Tan RBH, Khoo HH (2005) Life cycle assessment of EPS and CPB inserts: design consideration and end of life scenarios. J Environ Manage 74:195-205
57. United Nations Statistics Division (2007) Environment statistics country snapshot. UN Publication Board, Thailand
58. Varabuntoonvit V (2008) Development of life cycle assessment tool with environmental cost accounting based on NETs method. PhD. Thesis, Kasetsart University, Thailand
59. Vink ETH, Rabago KR, Glassner DA, Gruber PR (2003) Application of life cycle assessment to NatureWork™ polylactide (PLA) production. Polym Degrad Stab 80:403-419
60. Vink ETH, Glassner DA, Kolstad JJ, Wooley RJ, O'Connor RP (2007) The eco-profile for current and near-future NatureWorks® polylactide (PLA) production. Ind Biotechnol 3(1):58-81
61. Vink ETH, Davies S, Kolstad JJ (2010) The eco-profile for current Ingeo® polylactide production. Ind Biotechnol 6(4):212-224
62. Wang N, Yu J, Chang PR, Ma X (2008) Influence of formamide and water on the properties of thermoplastic starch/poly(lacticacid) blends. Carbohydr Polym 71(1):109-118
63. Xing S, Xu Z, Jun G (2008) Inventory analysis of LCA on steel- and concrete-construction office building. Energy Build 40:1188-1193
64. Yokensahachart C, Yoksan R (2011) Effect of amphiphilic molecules on characteristics and tensile properties of thermoplastic starch and its blends with poly(lactic acid). Carbohydr Polym 83:22-31
65. Yokohara T, Yamaguchi M (2008) Structure and properties for biomass-based polyester blends of PLA and PBS. Eur Polym J 44:677-685
66. Yu L, Dean K, Li L (2006) Polymer blends and composites from renewable resources. Prog Polym Sci 31:576-602