Functional anatomy of the caudal thoracolumbar and lumbosacral spine in the horse

Equine Veterinary Journal

Volumn 38, Issue SUPPL.36, 2006, Pages 393-399

  Stubbs, N C ^a   Hodges, P W ^a   Jeffcott, L B ^b   Cowin, G ^a   Hodgson, D R ^b   Mcgowan, C M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Back pain; Biomechanics; Horse; Multifidus; Vertebral formula

Indexed keywords

EQUIDAE;

EID: 84878439286     PISSN: 04251644     EISSN: 20423306     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05575.x     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Bergmark, A. (1989) Stability of the lumbar spine. A study in mechanical engineering. Acta orthop. Scand Suppl. 230, 1-54.
2. Bogduk, N. and Twomey, L. (1987) The lumbar muscles and their fascia. In: Clinical Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine, Eds: N. Bogduk and L. Twomey, Churchill and Livingston Publications. pp 75-116.
3. Budras, K., Sack, W. and Rock, S. (2001) Anatomy of the Horse: An Illustrated Text 3rd edn., Iowa State University Press.
4. Cholewicki, J., Panjabi, M. M. and Khachatryan, A. (1997) Stabilizing function of trunk flexor-extensor muscles around a neutral spine posture. Spine 22, 2207-12.
5. Cholewicki, J., Silfies, S. P., Shah, R. A., Greene, H. S., Reeves, N. P., Alvi, K. and Goldberg, B. (2005) Delayed trunk muscle reflex responses increase the risk of low back injuries. Spine 30, 2614-2620.
6. Denoix, J. M. (1987) Kinematics of the thoracolumbar spine in the horse during dorsoventral movements, a preliminary report. In: Equine Exercise Physiology 2. Eds: J. R. Gillespie and N. E. Robinson, ICEEP Publications, Davis. pp 607-614.
7. Denoix, J. M. (1998) Diagnosis of the cause of back pain in horses. Conference on Equine Sports Medicine & Science. pp 97-110.
8. Denoix, J.M. (1999) Spinal Biomechanics and Functional Anatomy. Vet. Clin. N. Am.: Equine Pract. 15, 27-60.
9. Evans, H. E. (1993) Millers Anatomy of the Dog, 3rd edn., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. pp 292-318.
10. Gellman, K. (1998) An integrated approach to diagnosing and treating back pain in horses. Conference on Equine Sports Medicine and Science, Cordoba. pp 119-139.
11. Getty, R., Sisson, S. and Grossman, J. D. (1975) In: The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals. vol 1 5th edn., Ed: R. Getty, W. B. Saunders Co., London, pp 281-379.
12. Haussler, K. K. (1999) Anatomy of the Thoracolumbar Vertebral region. Vet. Clin. N. Am: Equine Pract. 15, 13-24.
13. Haussler, K.K., Stover, S. M., and Willits, N. H. (1997), Developmental variation in lumbosacropelvic anatomy of Thoroughbred racehorses. Am. J. vet. Res. 58, 1083-1091.
14. Hides, J., Cooper, D. and Stokes, M. (1992) Diagnostic ultrasound imaging for measurement of the lumbar multifidus muscle in normal young adults. Physiother. Theory Pract. 8, 19-26.
15. Hides, J., Stokes, M., Saide, M., Jull, G. and Cooper, D. (1994) Evidence of Lumbar Multifidus Wasting Ipsilateral to Symptoms in Patients with Acute/Subacute Low Back Pain. Spine 19, 165-172.
16. Hides, J., Richardson, C. and Jull, G. (1996) Multifidus muscle recovery is not automatic after resolution of acute, first-episode low back pain. Spine 21, 2763-2769.
17. Hides, J. A., Jull, G. A. and Richardson, C. A. (2001) Long-term effects of specific stabilizing exercises for first-episode low back pain. Spine. 26, 243-248.
18. Hodges, P. W. (2003) Neuromechanical Control of the Spine. (Thesis) Kongl Carlinska Medico Chirurgiska institiutet Stockholm Sweden.
19. Hodges, P. W., Cresswell, A. G., Daggfeldt, K., and Thorstensson, A. (2001) In vivo measurement of the effect of intra-abdominal pressure on the human spine. J. Biomech. 34, 347-353.
20. Hodges, P. W., Kaigle Holm, A., Holm, S., Ekstrom, L., Cresswell, A. G., Hanson, T., and Thorstensson, A. (2003) Intervertebral stiffness of the spine is increased by evoked contraction of transverse abdominus and the diaphragm: in vivo porcine studies. Spine 28, 2594-2601.
21. Hodges, P. W. and Richardson, C. A. (1996) Inefficient muscular stabilization of the lumbar spine associated with low back pain. A motor control evaluation of transversus abdominus. Spine. 21, 2640-2650.
22. Jeffcott, L. B. (1975) The diagnosis of the diseases of the horses back. Equine vet. J. 7, 69-78.
23. Jeffcott, L. B. (1979) 'Back problems in the horse - a look at past, present and future progress'. Equine vet. J. 11, 129-136.
24. Jeffcott, L. B. (1980) Disorders of the thoracolumbar Spine of the horse - a survey of 443 cases. Equine vet. J. 12, 197-210.
25. Jeffcott, L. B. (1999) 'Historic perspective and clinical indications'. Vet. Clin. N. Am.: Equine Pract. 15, 1-11.
26. Jeffcott, L. B. and Dalin, G. (1980) Natural rigidity of the horse's backbone. Equine vet. J. 12, 101.
27. Jeffcott, L. B., Dalin, G., Drevemo, S., Fredricson, I., Bjorne, K. and Berquist, A. (1982) Effect of induced back pain on gait and performance of trotting horses. Equine vet. J. 14, 129-133.
28. Kaigle, A. M., Sten, M. S., Holm, H. and Hansson, T. H. (1995) Experimental Instability in the lumbar spine. Spine 20, 421-430.
29. Kaigle, A., Ekstrom, L., Holm, S., Rostedt, M. and Hansson, T. (1998) In vivo dynamic stiffness of the porcine lumbar spine exposed to cyclic loading: influence of load and degeneration. J. Spinal Disord. 11, 65-70.
30. Lee, D. G. (2004) The Pelvic Girdle; An Approach to the Examination and Treatment of the Lumbo-Pelvic-Hip Region, 3rd edn., Churchill Livingston, Edinburgh.
31. Licka, T. F., Peham, C. and Frey, A. (2004) Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses during trotting on a treadmill. Am. J. vet. Res. 65, 155-158.
32. Moseley, G. L., Hodges, P. W. and Gandevia, S. C. (2002) Deep and superficial Fibres of the lumbar multifidus muscles are differentially active during voluntary arm movement. Spine 27, 29-36.
33. Macintosh, J. E. and Bogduk, N. (1986a) The morphology of the human lumbar multifidus. Clin. Biomech. 1, 196-204.
34. Macintosh, J. E. and Bogduk, N. (1986b) The biomechanics of the lumbar multifidus. Clin. Biomech. 1, 205-213.
35. Ng, J. K., Richardson, C. A., Parnianpour, M. and Kippers, V. (2002) EMG activity of trunk muscles and torque output during isometric axial rotation exertion: a comparison between back pain patients and matched controls. J. Orthop. Res. 20, 112-121.
36. Nickel, R. (1986) The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals vol 1. The Locomotor Systems of the Domestic Mammals. Paul Parey, New York. pp. 266-413.
37. Panjabi, M. M. (1992) The stabilizing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and instability hypothesis. J. spinal Disord. 5, 390-6.
38. Panjabi, M. M., Abumi, K., Duranceau, J. and Oxland, T. (1989) Spinal stability and intersegmental muscle forces: a biomechanical model. Spine 14, 194-200.
39. Peham, C., Frey, A., Licka, T. and Scheidl, M. (2001) Evaluation of the EMG activity of the long back muscle during induced back movements in stance. Equine vet. J., Suppl. 33, 165-168.
40. Robert, C., Valette, J. P. and Denoix, J. M. (2001) The effects of treadmill inclination and speed on the activity of three trunk muscles in the trotting horse. Equine vet. J. 33, 466-472.
41. Rooney, J. R. (1969), Congenital equine scoliosis and lordosis. Clin. Orthop. 62, 25.
42. Townsend, H. G. G. (1987) Pathogenesis of back pain in the horse. Equine sports Med. 6, 29-32.
43. Townsend, H. G. G. and Leach, D. H. (1984) Relationship between intervertebral joint morphology and mobility in the equine thoracolumbar spine. Equine vet. J. 16, 461.
44. Valberg, S. J. (1999) Spinal muscle pathology. Vet. Clin. N. Am.: Equine Pract. 15, 87-97.
45. Wilke, H. J., Wolf, S., Claes, L. E., Arand, M. and Wiesend, A. (1995) Stability increase of the lumbar spine with different muscle groups. A biomechanical in vitro study. Spine. 20, 192-198.