Insomnia with objective short sleep duration: The most biologically severe phenotype of the disorder

Sleep Medicine Reviews

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 241-254

  Vgontzas, Alexandros N ^a   Fernandez Mendoza, Julio ^a   Liao, Duanping ^a   Bixler, Edward O ^a  

^a PENN STATE COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Actigraphy; Insomnia; Morbidity; Mortality; Physiological hyperarousal; Polysomnography; Short sleep duration

Indexed keywords

HYDROCORTISONE;

AROUSAL; BODY MASS; DEPRESSION; DISEASE MARKER; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEART RATE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE BLOOD LEVEL; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTHALAMUS HYPOPHYSIS ADRENAL SYSTEM; INSOMNIA; MEDICAL HISTORY; MENTAL PERFORMANCE; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NARCOLEPSY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; REM SLEEP; REVIEW; SELF REPORT; SLEEP DISORDERED BREATHING; SLEEP TIME;

HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; PHENOTYPE; POLYSOMNOGRAPHY; SLEEP; SLEEP INITIATION AND MAINTENANCE DISORDERS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 84878394930     PISSN: 10870792     EISSN: 15322955     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.005     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. National Institutes of Health NIH state of the science statement on manifestations and management of chronic insomnia in adults. J Clin Sleep Med 2005, 1:412-421.
2. Léger D., Bayon V. Societal costs of insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2010, 14(6):379-389.
3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, text revision 2000, American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. 4th ed.
4. American Academy of Sleep Medicine The International classification of sleep disorders (ICSD-2): diagnostic and coding manual 2005, American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Westchester. 2nd ed.
5. Chesson A., Hartse K., Anderson W.M., Davila D., Johnson S., Littner M., et al. Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report standards of practice committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 2000, 23:237-241.
6. Buysse D.J., Ancoli-Israel S., Edinger J.D., Lichstein K.L., Morin C.M. Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia. Sleep 2006, 29:1155-1173.
7. Lichstein K.L., Durrence H.H., Taylor D.J., Bush A.J., Riedel B.W. Quantitative criteria for insomnia. Behav Res Ther 2003, 41:427-445.
8. Vgontzas A.N., Kales A. Sleep and its disorders. Annu Rev Med 1999, 50:387-400.
9. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Kales A., Criley C., Vela-Bueno A. Differences in nocturnal and daytime sleep between primary and psychiatric hypersomnia: diagnostic and treatment implications. Psychosom Med 2000, 62:220-226.
10. Jacobs E.A., Reynolds C.F., Kupfer D.J., Lovine P.A., Ehrenpreis A.B. The role of polysomnography in the differential diagnosis of chronic insomnia. Am J Psychiatry 1988, 145:346-349.
11. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Kales A., Manfredi R.L., Tyson K. Validity and clinical utility of sleep laboratory criteria for insomnia. Int J Neurosci 1994, 77(1-2):11-21.
12. Vgontzas A.N., Kales A., Bixler E.O., Manfredi R.L., Vela-Bueno A. Usefulness of polysomnographic studies in the differential diagnosis of insomnia. Int J Neurosci 1995, 82:47-60.
13. Buysse D.J., Reynolds C.F., Hauri P.J., Roth T., Stepanski E.J., Thorpy M.J., et al. Diagnostic concordance for insomnia patients among sleep specialists using proposed DSM-IV, proposed ICD-10, and ICSD diagnostic systems: report from the APA/NIMH DSM-IV field trial. DSM-IV sourcebook 1998, vol. 4:869-889. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
14. Littner M., Hirshkowitz M., Kramer M., Kapen S., Anderson W.M., Bailey D., et al. Practice parameters for using polysomnography to evaluate insomnia: an update. Sleep 2003, 26:754-760.
15. Reite M., Buysse D., Reynolds C., Mendelson W. The use of polysomnography in the evaluation of insomnia. Sleep 1995, 18:58-70.
16. Vgontzas A.N., Tsigos C., Bixler E.O., Stratakis C.A., Zachman K., Kales A., et al. Chronic insomnia and activity of the stress system: a preliminary study. J Psychosom Res 1998, 45:21-31.
17. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Lin H.M., Prolo P., Mastorakos G., Vela-Bueno A., et al. Chronic insomnia is associated with nyctohemeral activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:3787-3794.
18. Kales A., Kales J.D. Evaluation and treatment of insomnia 1984, Oxford University Press, New York.
19. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. Hyperarousal and insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 1997, 1(2):97-108.
20. Monroe L.J. Psychological and physiological differences between good and poor sleepers. J Abnorm Psychol 1967, 72(3):255-264.
21. Johns M.W., Gay T.J.A., Masterton J.P., Bruce D.W. Relationship between habits, adrenocortical activity and personality. Psychosom Med 1971, 33:499-508.
22. Frankel B.L., Buchbinder R., Coursey R., Snyder F. Sleep patterns and psychological test characteristics of chronic primary insomniacs. Sleep Res 1973, 2:149.
23. Adam K., Tomeny M., Oswald I. Physiological and psychological differences between good and poor sleepers. J Psychiatr Res 1986, 20(4):301-316.
24. Rodenbeck A., Huether G., Ruether E., Hajak G. Interactions between evening and nocturnal cortisol secretion and sleep parameters in patients with severe chronic primary insomnia. Neurosci Lett 2002, 324:163-459.
25. Shaver J.L., Johnston S.K., Lentz M.J., Landis C.A. Stress exposure, psychological distress, and physiological stress activation in midlife women with insomnia. Psychosom Med 2002, 64:793-802.
26. Rodenbeck A., Cohrs S., Jordan W., Huether G., Rüther E., Hajak G. The sleep-improving effects of doxepin are paralleled by a normalized plasma cortisol secretion in primary insomnia. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized, cross-over study followed by an open treatment over 3 weeks. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003, 170(4):423-428.
27. Irwin M., Clark C., Kennedy B., Christian Gillin J., Ziegler M. Nocturnal catecholamines and immune function in insomniacs, depressed patients, and controls subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2003, 17(5):365-372.
28. Riemann D., Klein T., Rodenbeck A., Feige B., Horney A., Hummel R., et al. Nocturnal cortisol and melatonin secretion in primary insomnia. Psychiatry Res 2002, 113:17-27.
29. Varkevisser M., Van Dongen H.P., Kerkhof G.A. Physiologic indexes in chronic insomnia during a constant routine: evidence for general hyperarousal?. Sleep 2005, 28:1588-1596.
30. Bonnet M.H. Hyperarousal as the basis for insomnia: effect size and significance. Sleep 2005, 28:1500-1501.
31. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. Hyperarousal and insomnia: state of the science. Sleep Med Rev 2010, 14(1):9-15.
32. Riemann D., Spiegelhalder K., Feige B., Voderholzer U., Berger M., Perlis M., et al. The hyperarousal model of insomnia: a review of the concept and its evidence. Sleep Med Rev 2010, 14(1):19-31.
33. Freedman R.R., Sattler H.L. Physiological and psychological factors in sleep-onset insomnia. J Abnorm Psychol 1982, 91(5):380-389.
34. Stepanski E., Glinn M., Zorick F., Roehrs T., Roth T. Heart rate changes in chronic insomnia. Stress Med 1994, 10(4):261-266.
35. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. Heart rate variability in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Psychosom Med 1998, 60(5):610-615.
36. Lichstein K., Johnson R.S. Pupillometric discrimination of insomniacs. Behav Res Ther 1994, 32(1):123-129.
37. Lichstein K.L., Johnson R.S., Sen Gupta S., O'Laughlin D.L., Dykstra T.A. Are insomniacs sleepy during the day? A pupillometric assessment. Behav Res Ther 1992, 30(3):283-292.
38. Lichstein K.L., Wilson N.M., Noe S.L., Aguillard R.N., Bellur S.N. Daytime sleepiness in insomnia: behavioral, biological and subjective indices. Sleep 1994, 17(8):693-702.
39. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. 24:00-hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Sleep 1995, 18(7):581-588.
40. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. Physiological activation in patients with sleep state misperception. Psychosom Med 1997, 59(5):533-540.
41. Nofzinger E.A., Nissen C., Germain A., Moul D., Hall M., Price J.C., et al. Regional cerebral metabolic correlates of WASO during NREM sleep in insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med 2006, 2(3):316-322.
42. Winkelman J.W., Buxton O.M., Jensen J.E., Benson K.L., O'Connor S.P., Wang W., et al. Reduced brain GABA in primary insomnia: preliminary data from 4T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Sleep 2008, 311(11):1499-1506.
43. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. Cardiovascular implications of poor sleep. Sleep Med Clin 2007, 2:529-538.
44. Suka M., Yoshida K., Sugimori H. Persistent insomnia is a predictor of hypertension in Japanese male workers. J Occup Health 2003, 45:344-350.
45. Laugsand L.E., Vatten L.J., Platou C., Janszky I. Insomnia and the risk of acute myocardial infarction: a population study. Circulation 2011, 124:2073-2081.
46. Kawakami N., Takatsuka N., Shimizu H. Sleep disturbance and onset of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:282-283.
47. Nilsson P.M., Rööst M., Engström G., Hedblad B., Berglund G. Incidence of diabetes in middle-aged men is related to sleep disturbances. Diabetes Care 2004, 27:2464-2469.
48. Meisinger C., Heier M., Loewel H. Sleep disturbance as a predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in men and women from the general population. Diabetologia 2005, 48:235-241. MONICA/KORA Augsburg Cohort Study.
49. Mallon L., Broman J.E., Hetta J. High incidence of diabetes in men with sleep complaints or short sleep duration: a 12-year follow-up study of a middle-aged population. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:2762-2767.
50. Phillips B., Mannino D.M. Do insomnia complaints cause hypertension or cardiovascular disease?. J Clin Sleep Med 2007, 3:489-494.
51. Bonnet M.H. Evidence for the pathophysiology of insomnia. Sleep 2009, 32:441-442.
52. Kripke D.F., Garfinkel L., Wingard D.L., Klauber M.R., Marler M.R. Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002, 59:131-136.
53. Bixler E.O., Vgontzas A.N., Ten Have T., Tyson K., Kales A. Effects of age on sleep apnea in men: I. Prevalence and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998, 157:144-148.
54. Bixler E.O., Vgontzas A.N., Lin H.M., Ten Have T., Rein J., Vela-Bueno A., et al. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 163:608-613.
55. Bixler E.O., Vgontzas A.N., Lin H.M., Vela-Bueno A., Kales A. Insomnia in central Pennsylvania. J Psychosom Res 2002, 53(1):589-592.
56. Vgontzas A.N., Liao D., Bixler E.O., Chrousos G.P., Vela-Bueno A. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with a high risk for hypertension. Sleep 2009, 32(4):491-497.
57. Lanfranchi P.A., Pennestri M.H., Fradette L., Dumont M., Morin C.M., Montplaisir J. Nighttime blood pressure in normotensive subjects with chronic insomnia: implications for cardiovascular risk. Sleep 2009, 32:760-766.
58. Fernandez-Mendoza J., Vgontzas A.N., Liao D., Shaffer M.L., Vela-Bueno A., Basta M., et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration and incident hypertension: the Penn State Cohort. Hypertension 2012, 60(929-35).
59. Vgontzas A.N., Liao D., Pejovic S., Calhoun S., Karataraki M., Bixler E.O. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with type 2 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Care 2009, 32(11):1980-1985.
60. Fortier-Brochu E., Beaulieu-Bonneau S., Ivers H., Morin C.M. Insomnia and daytime cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2012, 16(1):83-94.
61. Fernandez-Mendoza J., Calhoun S., Bixler E.O., Pejovic S., Karataraki M., Liao D., et al. Insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with deficits in neuropsychological performance: a general population study. Sleep 2010, 33(4):459-465.
62. Ríos M., Periáñez J.A., Muñoz-Céspedes J.M. Attentional control and slowness of information processing after severe traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2004, 18(3):257-272.
63. Sánchez-Cubillo I., Periáñez J.A., Adrover-Roig D., Rodríguez-Sánchez J.M., Ríos-Lago M., Tirapu J., et al. Construct validity of the trail making test: role of task-switching, working memory, inhibition/interference control, and visuomotor abilities. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2009, 15(3):438-450.
64. Edinger J.D., Glenn D.M., Bastian L.A., Marsh G.R. Slow-wave sleep and waking cognitive performance II: findings among middle-aged adults with and without insomnia complaints. Physiol Behav 2000, 70(1-2):127-134.
65. Szelenberger W., Niemcewicz S. Severity of insomnia correlates with cognitive impairment. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2000, 60(3):373.
66. Varkevisser M., Kerkhof G.A. Chronic insomnia and performance in a 24-h constant routine study. J Sleep Res 2005, 14(1):49-59.
67. Haimov I., Hanuka E., Horowitz Y. Chronic insomnia and cognitive functioning among older adults. Behav Sleep Med 2008, 6(1):32-54.
68. Edinger J.D., Means M.K., Carney C.E., Krystal A.D. Psychomotor performance deficits and their relation to prior nights' sleep among individuals with primary insomnia. Sleep 2008, 31(5):599-607.
69. Rosa R.R., Bonnet M.H. Reported chronic insomnia is independent of poor sleep as measured by electroencephalography. Psychosom Med 2000, 62(4):474-482.
70. Bastien C.H., Fortier-Brochu E., Rioux I., LeBlanc M., Daley M., Morin C.M. Cognitive performance and sleep quality in the elderly suffering from chronic insomnia. Relationship between objective and subjective measures. J Psychosom Res 2003, 54(1):39-49. Erratum in: J Psychosom Res. 2003;55(5):475.
71. Orff H.J., Drummond S.P., Nowakowski S., Perils M.L. Discrepancy between subjective symptomatology and objective neuropsychological performance in insomnia. Sleep 2007, 30(9):1205-1211.
72. Fang S.C., Huang C.J., Yang T.T., Tsai P.S. Heart rate variability and daytime functioning in insomniacs and normal sleepers: preliminary results. J Psychosom Res 2008, 65(1):23-30.
73. Backhaus J., Junghanns K., Born J., Hohaus K., Faasch F., Hohagen F. Impaired declarative memory consolidation during sleep in patients with primary insomnia: influence of sleep architecture and nocturnal cortisol release. Biol Psychiatry 2006, 60(12):1324-1330.
74. Nissen C., Kloepfer C., Feige B., Piosczyk H., Spiegelhalder K., Voderholzer U., et al. Sleep-related memory consolidation in primary insomnia. J Sleep Res 2011, 20(1 Pt 2):129-136.
75. Broman J.E., Lundh L.G., Aleman K., Hetta J. Subjective and objective performance in patients with primary insomnia. Scand J Behav Ther 1992, 21:115-126.
76. Lundh L.G., Froding A., Gyllenhammar L., Broman J.E., Hetta J. Cognitive bias and memory performance in patients with persistent insomnia. Scand J Behav Ther 1997, 26:27e35.
77. Varkevisser M., Van Dongen H.P., Van Amsterdam J.G., Kerkhof G.A. Chronic insomnia and daytime functioning: an ambulatory assessment. Behav Sleep Med 2007, 5(4):279-296.
78. Vgontzas A.N., Liao D., Pejovic S., Calhoun S., Karataraki M., Basta M., et al. Insomnia with short sleep duration and mortality: the Penn state cohort. Sleep 2010, 33(9):1159-1164.
79. Seidel W.F., Ball S., Cohen S., Patterson N., Yost D., Dement W.C. Daytime alertness in relation to mood, performance, and nocturnal sleep in chronic insomniacs and noncomplaining sleepers. Sleep 1984, 7(3):230-238.
80. Stepanski E., Zorick F., Roehrs T., Young D., Roth T. Daytime alertness in patients with chronic insomnia compared with asymptomatic control subjects. Sleep 1988, 11(1):54-60.
81. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. Activity, arousal, and the MSLT in patients with insomnia. Sleep 2000, 23(2):205-212.
82. Sugerman J.L., Stern J.A., Walsh J.K. Daytime alertness in subjective and objective insomnia: some preliminary findings. Biol Psychiatry 1985, 20(7):741-750.
83. Dorsey C.M., Bootzin R.R. Subjective and psychophysiologic insomnia: an examination of sleep tendency and personality. Biol Psychiatry 1997, 41(2):209-216.
84. Roehrs T.A., Randall S., Harris E., Maan R., Roth T. MSLT in primary insomnia: stability and relation to nocturnal sleep. Sleep 2011, 34(12):1647-1652.
85. Bonnet M.H., Arand D.L. Clinical effects of sleep fragmentation versus sleep deprivation. Sleep Med Rev 2003, 7(4):297-310.
86. Vgontzas A.N., Zoumakis E., Bixler E.O., Lin H.M., Follett H., Kales A., et al. Adverse effects of modest sleep restriction on sleepiness, performance, and inflammatory cytokines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89(5):2119-2126.
87. Moldofsky H., Lue F.A., Davidson J.R., Gorczynski R. Effects of sleep deprivation on human immune functions. FASEB J 1989, 3(8):1927-1977.
88. Scheen A.J., Byrne M.M., Plat L., Leproult R., Van Cauter E. Relationships between sleep quality and glucose regulation in normal humans. Am J Physiol 1997, 271(2 Pt 1):E261-E270.
89. Brun J., Chamba G., Khalfallah Y., Girard P., Boissy I., Bastuji H., et al. Effect of modafinil on plasma melatonin, cortisol and growth hormone rhythms, rectal temperature and performance in healthy subjects during 36:00 h sleep deprivation. J Sleep Res 1998, 7(2):105-114.
90. Vgontzas A.N., Mastorakos G., Bixler E.O., Kales A., Gold P.W., Chrousos G.P. Sleep deprivation effects on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and growth axes: potential clinical implications. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1999, 51(2):205-215.
91. Vgontzas A.N., Pejovic S., Zoumakis E., Lin H.M., Bixler E.O., Basta M., et al. Daytime napping after a night of sleep loss decreases sleepiness, improves performance, and causes beneficial changes in cortisol and interleukin-6 secretion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007, 292(1):E253-E261.
92. Leproult R., Copinschi G., Buxton O., Van Cauter E. Sleep loss results in an elevation of cortisol levels the next evening. Sleep 1997, 20(10):865-870.
93. Spiegel K., Lerpoult R., Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet 1999, 354(9188):1435-1439.
94. Luyster F.S., Strollo P.J., Zee P.C. Walsh JK on behalf of the Boards of Directors of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society. Sleep A Health Imperative Sleep 2012, 35:727-734.
95. Taheri S., Lin L., Austin D., Young T., Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLoS Med 2004, 1:e62.
96. Spiegel K., Tasali E., Penev P., Van Cauter E. Brief communication: sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Ann Intern Med 2004, 141:846-850.
97. Knutson K.L. Sleep duration and cardiometabolic risk: a review of the epidemiologic evidence. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 24(5):731-743.
98. Lauderdale D.S., Knutson K.L., Yan L.L., Rathouz P.J., Hulley S.B., Sidney S., et al. Objectively measured sleep characteristics among early-middle-aged adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Epidemiol 2006, 164:5-16.
99. Vgontzas A.N., Lin H.M., Papaliaga M., Calhoun S., Vela-Bueno A., Chrousos G.P., et al. Short sleep duration and obesity: the role of emotional stress and sleep disturbances. Int J Obes (Lond) 2008, 32:801-809.
100. Stamatakis K.A., Kaplan G.A., Roberts R.E. Short sleep duration across income, education, and race/ethnic groups: population prevalence and growing disparities during 34 years of follow-up. Ann Epidemiol 2007, 17:948-955.
101. Schoenborn C.A., Adams P.F. Sleep duration as a correlate of smoking, alcohol use, leisure time physical inactivity, and obesity among adults: United States, 2004-2006. Department of health and human services, center for disease control and Prevention 2008, National Center for Health Statistics. http://www.cdc/gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/sleep04-6.htm.
102. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O. Short sleep and obesity: are poor sleep, chronic stress, and unhealthy behaviors the link?. Sleep 2008, 31(9):1203.
103. Bliwise D.L., Young T.B. The parable of parabola: what the U-shaped curve can and cannot tell us about sleep. Sleep 2007, 30(12):1614-1615.
104. King C.R., Knutson K.L., Rathouz P.J., Sidney S., Liu K., Lauderdale D.S. Short sleep duration and incident coronary artery calcification. JAMA 2008, 300(24):2859-2866.
105. Knutson K.L., Van Cauter E., Rathouz P.J., Yan L.L., Hulley S.B., Liu K., et al. Association between sleep and blood pressure in midlife: the CARDIA sleep study. Arch Intern Med 2009, 169(11):1055-1061.
106. Flint J., Kothare S.V., Zihlif M., Suarez E., Adams R., Legido A., et al. Association between inadequate sleep and insulin resistance in obese children. J Pediatr 2007, 150:364-369.
107. Theorell-Haglöw J., Berne C., Janson C., Sahlin C., Lindberg E. Associations between short sleep duration and central obesity in women. Sleep 2010, 33:593-598.
108. Ohayon M.M. Epidemiology of insomnia: what we know and what we still need to learn. Sleep Med Rev 2002, 6:97-111.
109. Morin C.M., LeBlanc M., Daley M., Gregoire J.P., Mérette C. Epidemiology of insomnia: prevalence, self-help treatments, consultations, and determinants of help-seeking behaviors. Sleep Med 2006, 7:123-130.
110. Vgontzas A.N., Fernandez-Mendoza J., Bixler E.O., Singareddy R., Shaffer M.L., Calhoun S.L., et al. Persistent insomnia: the role of objective short sleep duration and mental health. Sleep 2012, 35(1):61-68.
111. Singareddy R., Vgontzas A.N., Fernandez-Mendoza J., Liao D., Calhoun S., Shaffer M.L., et al. Risk factors for incident chronic insomnia: a general population prospective study. Sleep Med 2012, 13(4):346-353.
112. Fernandez-Mendoza J., Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Singareddy R., Shaffer M.L., Calhoun S.L., et al. Clinical and polysomnographic predictors of the natural history of poor sleep in the general population. Sleep 2012, 35(5):689-697.
113. Reynolds C.F., Kupfer D.J., Buysse D.J., Coble P.A., Yeager A. Subtyping DSM-III-R primary insomnia: a literature review by the DSM-IV Work Group on Sleep Disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1991, 148:432-438.
114. Edinger J.D., Krystal A.D. Subtyping primary insomnia: is sleep state misperception a distinct clinical entity?. Sleep Med Rev 2003, 7:203-214.
115. Fernandez-Mendoza J., Calhoun S.L., Bixler E.O., Karataraki M., Liao D., Vela-Bueno A., et al. Sleep misperception and chronic insomnia in the general population: role of objective sleep duration and psychological profiles. Psychosom Med 2011, 73(1):88-97.
116. Harvey A.G., Tang N.K. (Mis)perception of sleep in insomnia: a puzzle and a resolution. Psychol Bull 2012, 138(1):77-101.
117. Hall M., Buysse D.J., Nowell P.D., Nofzinger E.A., Houck P., Reynolds C.F., et al. Symptoms of stress and depression as correlates of sleep in primary insomnia. Psychosom Med 2000, 62(2):227-230.
118. Hall M., Thayer J.F., Germain A., Moul D., Vasko R., Puhl M., et al. Psychological stress is associated with heightened physiological arousal during NREM sleep in primary insomnia. Behav Sleep Med 2007, 5(3):178-193.
119. Perlis M.L., Smith M.T., Andrews P.J., Orff H., Giles D.E. Beta/Gamma EEG activity in patients with primary and secondary insomnia and good sleeper controls. Sleep 2001, 24(1):110-117.
120. Krystal A.D., Edinger J.D., Wohlgemuth W.K., Marsh G.R. NREM sleep EEG frequency spectral correlates of sleep complaints in primary insomnia subtypes. Sleep 2002, 25:630-640.
121. Feige B., Al-Shajlawi A., Nissen C., Voderholzer U., Hornyak M., Spiegelhalder K., et al. Does REM sleep contribute to subjective wake time in primary insomnia? A comparison of polysomnographic and subjective sleep in 100 patients. J Sleep Res 2008, 17:180-190.
122. Parrino L., Milioli G., De Paolis F., Grassi A., Terzano M.G. Paradoxical insomnia: the role of CAP and arousals in sleep misperception. Sleep Med 2009, 10:1139-1145.
123. Turcotte I., St-Jean G., Bastien C.H. Are individuals with paradoxical insomnia more hyperaroused than individuals with psychophysiological insomnia? Event-related potentials measures at the peri-onset of sleep. Int J Psychophysiol 2011, 81(3):177-190.
124. Perlis M.L., Giles D.E., Mendelson W.B., Bootzin R.R., Wyatt J.K. Psychophysiological insomnia: the behavioural model and a neurocognitive perspective. J Sleep Res 1997, 6:179-188.
125. Spiegelhalder K., Fuchs L., Ladwig J., Kyle S.D., Nissen C., Voderholzer U., et al. Heart rate and heart rate variability in subjectively reported insomnia. J Sleep Res 2011, 20(1 Pt 2):137-145.
126. De Zambotti M., Covassin N., De Min Tona G., Sarlo M., Stegagno L. Sleep onset and cardiovascular activity in primary insomnia. J Sleep Res 2011, 20(2):318-325.
127. Chandola T., Ferrie J.E., Perski A., Akbaraly T., Marmot M.G. The effect of short sleep duration on coronary heart disease risk is greatest among those with sleep disturbance: a prospective study from the Whitehall II cohort. Sleep 2010, 33:739-744.
128. Knutson K.L., Van Cauter E., Zee P., Liu K., Lauderdale D.S. Cross-sectional associations between measures of sleep and markers of glucose metabolism among subjects with and without diabetes: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Sleep Study. Diabetes Care 2011, 34(5):1171-1176.
129. Troxel W.M., Kupfer D.J., Reynolds C.F., Frank E., Thase M.E., Miewald J.M., et al. Insomnia and objectively measured sleep disturbances predict treatment outcome in depressed patients treated with psychotherapy or psychotherapy-pharmacotherapy combinations. J Clin Psychiatry 2012, 73:478-485.
130. Wohlgemuth W.K., Edinger J.D., Fins A.I., Sullivan R.J. How many nights are enough? the short-term stability of sleep parameters in elderly insomniacs and normal sleepers. Psychophysiology 1999, 36:233-244.
131. Sánchez-Ortuño M.M., Edinger J.D., Means M.K., Almirall D. Home is where sleep is: an ecological approach to test the validity of actigraphy for the assessment of insomnia. J Clin Sleep Med 2010, 6(1):21-29.
132. Buysse D.J., Cheng Y., Germain A., Moul D.E., Franzen P.L., Fletcher M., et al. Night-to night sleep variability in older adults with and without chronic insomnia. Sleep Med 2010, 11(1):56-64.
133. Mezick E.J., Matthews K.A., Hall M., Kamarck T.W., Buysse D.J., Owens J.F., et al. Intra-individual variability in sleep duration and fragmentation: associations with stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2009, 34(9):1346-1354.
134. Ancoli-Israel S., Cole R., Alessi C., Chambers M., Moorcroft W., Pollack C.P. The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep 2003, 26:342-392.
135. Borbély A.A. A two process model of sleep regulation. Hum Neurobiol 1982, 1(3):195-204.
136. Fung M.M., Peters K., Redline S., Ziegler M.G., Ancoli-Israel S., Barrett-Connor E., et al. Decreased slow wave sleep increases risk of developing hypertension in elderly men. Hypertension 2011, 58(4):596-603.
137. Pigeon W.R., Perlis M.L. Sleep homeostasis in primary insomnia. Sleep Med Rev 2006, 10(4):247-254.
138. Soldatos C.R., Lugaresi E. Nosology and prevalence of sleep disorders. Semin Neurol 1987, 7(3):236-242.
139. Edinger J.D., Wyatt J.K., Stepanski E.J., Olsen M.K., Stechuchak K.M., Carney C.E., et al. Testing the reliability and validity of DSM-IV-TR and ICSD-2 insomnia diagnoses. Results of a multitrait-multimethod analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011, 68(10):992-1002.
140. Cano G., Mochizuki T., Saper C.B. Neural circuitry of stress-induced insomnia in rats. J Neurosci 2008, 28(40):10167-10184.
141. Vgontzas A.N., Bixler E.O., Wittman A.M., Zachman K., Lin H.M., Vela-Bueno A., et al. Middle-aged men show higher sensitivity of sleep to the arousing effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone than young men: clinical implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86:1489-1495.
142. Fernández-Mendoza J., Vela-Bueno A., Vgontzas A.N., Ramos-Platón M.J., Olavarrieta-Bernardino S., Bixler E.O., et al. Cognitive-emotional hyperarousal as a premorbid characteristic of individuals vulnerable to insomnia. Psychosom Med 2010, 72:397-403.
143. Morin C.M., Colecchi C., Stone J., Sood R., Brink D. Behavioral and pharmacological therapies for late-life insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999, 281(11):991-999.
144. Edinger J.D., Wohlgemuth W.K., Radtke R.A., Marsh G.R., Quillian R.E. Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of chronic primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001, 285(14):1856-1864.