Soil food web controls on nitrogen mineralization are influenced by agricultural practices in humid temperate climates

CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources

Volumn 8, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Whalen, Joann K ^a   Kernecker, Maria L ^a   Thomas, Ben W ^a   Sachdeva, Vanita ^a   Ngosong, Christopher ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Soil fauna; Soil nitrogen cycle; Soil nitrogen supply

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI;

EID: 84878301051     PISSN: None     EISSN: 17498848     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1079/PAVSNNR20138023     Document Type: Review

References (130)

1. Herridge DF, Peoples MB, Boddey RM. Global inputs of biological nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. Plant and Soil 2008;311:1-18.
2. Carlsson G, Huss-Danell K. Nitrogen fixation in perennial forage legumes in the field. Plant and Soil 2003;253:353-72. (Pubitemid 37002292)
3. Jones DL, Shannon D, Junvee-Fortune T, Farrar JF. Plant capture of free amino acids is maximized under high soil amino acid concentrations. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2005;37:179-81. (Pubitemid 39408730)
4. Sauheitl L, Glaser B, Weigelt A. Uptake of intact amino acids by plants depends on soil amino acid concentrations. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2009;66:145-52.
5. Galloway JN, Cowling EB. Reactive nitrogen and the world: two hundred years of change. Ambio 2002;31:64-71. (Pubitemid 34414222)
6. Maene LM. International fertilizer supply and demand. In: Proceedings of the Australian Fertilizer Industry Conference, 6-10 August, 2007, Hamilton Island, Queensland.
7. FAO. Current World Fertilizer Trends and Outlook to 2012. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy; 2008. Available from: URL: ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/ agll/docs/cwfto12.pdf [accessed 9 July 2012]
8. Liu J, You L, Amini M, Obersteiner M, Herrero M, Zehnder AJB, et al. A high-resolution assessment on global nitrogen flows in cropland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2010;107:8035-40.
9. Vitousek PM, Howarth RW, Likens GE, Matson PA, Schindler D, Schlesinger WH, et al. Human alterations of the global nitrogen cycle: cause and consequences. Issues in Ecology 1997;1:1-17.
10. Canfield DE, Glazer AN, Falkowski PG. The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle. Science 2010;330:192-6.
11. International Plant Nutrition Institute. 4R Plant Nutrition: A Manual for Improving the Management of Plant Nutrition. International Plant Nutrition Institute, Norcross, Georgia, USA; 2012.
12. Vanlauwe B, Bationo A, Chianu J, Giller KE, Merckx R, Mokwunye U, et al. Integrated soil fertility management: operational definition and consequences for implementation and dissemination. Outlook on Agriculture 2010;39:17-24.
13. Anderson RV, Coleman DC, Cole DV, Elliott ET. Effect of the nematodes Acrobeloides sp. and Mesodiplogaster lheritieri on substrate utilization and nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization in soil. Ecology 1981;62:549-55.
14. Verhoef HA, De Goede RGM. Effects of collembola grazing on nitrogen dynamics in a coniferous forest. In: Fitter AH, Atkinson D, Read DJ, Usher MB, editors. Ecological Interactions in Soil. Blackwell, Oxford, UK; 1985. p. 367-77.
15. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. Fertilizer Manual (RB 209). 8th ed. TSO Pub Information Services, London, UK; 2010.
16. Zebarth BJ, Drury CF, Tremblay N, Cambouris AN. Opportunities for improved fertilizer nitrogen management in production of arable crops in eastern Canada: a review. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 2009;89:113-32.
17. Angers DA, Bolinder MA, Carter MR, Gregorich EG, Drury CF, Liang BC, et al. Impact of tillage practices on organic carbon and nitrogen storage in cool, humid soils of eastern Canada. Soil and Tillage Research 1997;41:191-201.
18. Dessureault-Rompré J, Zebarth BJ, Chow TL, Burton DL, Sharifi M, Georgallas A, et al. Prediction of soil nitrogen supply in potato fields in a cool humid climate. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2011;75:626-37.
19. Sharifi M, Zebarth BJ, Burton DL, Rodd V, Grant CA. Long-term effects of semisolid beef manure application to foliage grass on soil mineralizable nitrogen. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2011;75:649-58.
20. St. Luce M, Whalen JK, Ziadi N, Zebarth BJ. Nitrogen dynamics and indices to predict soil nitrogen supply in humid temperate soils. Advances in Agronomy 2011;112:55-102.
21. Schimel JP, Bennett J. Nitrogen mineralization: challenges of a changing paradigm. Ecology 2004;85:591-602. (Pubitemid 38398271)
22. Kemmitt SJ, Lanyon CV, Waite IS, Wen Q, Addiscott TM, Bird NRA, et al. Mineralization of native soil organic matter is not regulated by the size, activity or composition of the soil microbial biomass - a new perspective. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2008;40:61-73. (Pubitemid 47588310)
23. Cooper JM, Burton D, Daniell TJ, Griffiths BS, Zebarth BJ. Carbon mineralization kinetics and soil biological characteristics as influenced by manure addition in soil incubated at a range of temperatures. European Journal of Soil Biology 2011;47:392-9.
24. Burns RG. Enzyme activity in soil: location and a possible role in microbial ecology. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1982;14:423-7.
25. Geisseler D, Horwath WR, Doane TA. Significance of organic nitrogen uptake from plant residues by soil microorganisms as affected by carbon and nitrogen availability. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2009;41:1281-8.
26. Barraclough D. The direct or MIT route for nitrogen immobilization: a 15N mirror image study with leucine and glycine. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1977;29:101-8.
27. Hadas A, Sofer M, Molina JAE, Barak P, Clapp CE. Assimilation of nitrogen by soil microbial population: NH4 versus organic N. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1992;24:137-43. (Pubitemid 23396464)
28. Geisseler D, Horwath WR, Joergensen RG, Ludwig B. Pathways of nitrogen utilization by soil microorganisms - a review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2010;42:2058-67.
29. Bonkowski M. Protozoa and plant growth: the microbial loop in soil revisited. New Phytologist 2004;162:617-31. (Pubitemid 38700175)
30. Verhoef HA, Brussaard L. Decomposition and nitrogen mineralization in natural and agro-ecosystems: the contribution of soil animals. Biogeochemistry 1990;11:175-211.
31. Griffiths BS. Soil nutrient flow. In: Darbyshire JF, editor. Soil Protozoa. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK; 1994. p. 65-91.
32. Ferris H, Venette RC, Lau SS. Population energetics of bacterial-feeding nematodes: carbon and nitrogen budgets. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1997;29:1183-94. (Pubitemid 27307519)
33. Bengtsson G, Hedlund K, Rundgren S. Patchiness and compensatory growth in a fungus-collembola system. Oecologia 1993;93:296-302. (Pubitemid 24408657)
34. Kandeler E, Kampichler C, Joergensen RG, Mö lter K. Effects of mesofauna in a spruce forest on soil microbial communities and N cycling in field mesocosms. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1999;31:1783-92. (Pubitemid 29485424)
35. Mamilov AS, Byzov BA, Zvyagintsev DG, Dilly OM. Predation on fungal and bacterial biomass in a soddy-podzolic soil amended with starch, wheat straw and alfalfa meal. Applied Soil Ecology 2001;16:131-9. (Pubitemid 32100000)
36. Liiri M, Setä lä H, Haimi J, Pennanen T, Fritze H. Soil processes are not influenced by the functional complexity of soil decomposer food webs under disturbance. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2002;34:1009-20. (Pubitemid 34731334)
37. Norton JM, Stark JM. Regulation and measurement of nitrification in terrestrial systems. In: Klotz MG, editor. Methods in Enzymology, Vol 486. Academic Press, Burlington; 2011. p. 343-68.
38. Whalen JK, Sampedro L. Soil Ecology and Management. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK; 2010.
39. de Ruiter PC, Neutel AM, Moore JC. Biodiversity in soil ecosystems: the role of energy flow and community stability. Applied Soil Ecology 1998;10:217-28. (Pubitemid 128410687)
40. Brown GG, Barois I, Lavelle P. Regulation of soil organic matter dynamics and microbial activity in the drilosphere and the role of interactions with other edaphic functional domains. European Journal of Soil Biology 2000;36:177-98. (Pubitemid 32108924)
41. Bailey VL, Bilskis CL, Fansler SJ, McCue L, Smith JL, Konopka A. Measurements of microbial community activities in individual soil macroaggregates. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2012;48:192-5.
42. Ingham RE, Trofymow JA, Ingham ER, Coleman DC. Interactions of bacteria, fungi, and their nematode grazers: effects on nutrient cycling and plant growth. Ecological Monographs 1985;55:119-40.
43. Hunt HW, Coleman DC, Ingham ER, Ingham RW, Elliott ET, Moore JC, et al. The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1987;3:57-68.
44. Coleman DC. The microbial loop concept as used in terrestrial soil ecology studies. Microbial Ecology 1994;28:245-50.
45. Elliott ET, Horton K, Moore JC, Coleman DC, Cole CV. Mineralization dynamics in fallow dryland wheat plots, Colorado. Plant and Soil 1984;76:149-55.
46. Clarholm M. Interactions of bacteria, protozoa and plants leading to mineralization of soil nitrogen. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1985;17:181-7.
47. Ingham RE, Detling JK. The impact of root-feeding nematodes on aboveground net primary production in an ungrazed mixed grass prairie. Plant and Soil 1990;121:279-81.
48. Setä lä H, Huhta V. Soil fauna increase Betula pendula growth: laboratory experiments with coniferous forest floor. Ecology 1991;72:665-71.
49. Setä lä H, Marshall VG, Trofymow JA. Influence of body size of soil fauna on litter decomposition and 15N uptake by poplar in a pot trial. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1996;28:1661-75.
50. Hahn MW, Moore ERB, Hö fle MG. Bacterial filament formation, a defense mechanism against flagellate grazing, is growth rate controlled in bacteria of different phyla. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 1999;65:25-35. (Pubitemid 29029614)
51. Bonkowski M, Cheng W, Griffiths BS, Alphei J, Scheu S. Microbial-faunal interactions in the rhizosphere and effects on plant growth. European Journal of Soil Biology 2000;36:135-47. (Pubitemid 32108920)
52. Phillips DA, Ferris H, Cook DR, Strong DR. Molecular control points in rhizosphere food webs. Ecology 2003;84:816-26. (Pubitemid 36893011)
53. Daniels R, Vanderleyden J, Michiels J. Quorum sensing and swarming migration in bacteria. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2004;28:261-89. (Pubitemid 38721406)
54. DeAngelis KM, Lindow SE, Firestone MK. Bacterial quorum sensing and nitrogen cycling in rhizosphere soil. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2008;66:197-207.
55. van der Putten WH, Anderson JM, Bardgett RD, Behan-Pelletier V, Bignell DE, Brown GG, et al. The sustainable delivery of goods and services provided by soil biota. In: Wall DH, editor. Sustaining Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in Soils and Sediments. SCOPE 64, Island Press, Washington, DC, USA; 2004. p. 15-44.
56. Ali A, Sivakami S, Raghuram N. Effect of nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, glutamate, glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate on the RNA levels and enzyme activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in rice. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 2007;13:17-25. (Pubitemid 46980034)
57. De Jong R, Drury CF, Yang JY, Campbell CA. Risk of water contamination by nitrogen in Canada as estimated by the IROWC-N model. Journal of Environmental Management 2009;90:3169-81.
58. Smith W, Grant BB, Desjardins RL, Worth D, Li C, Boles SH, et al. A tool to link agricultural activity data with the DNDC model to estimate GHG emission factors in Canada. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 2010;136:301-9.
59. Bardgett RD, McAlister E. The measurement of soil fungal: bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem selfregulation in temperate meadow grasslands. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1999;29:282-90. (Pubitemid 29358158)
60. de Vries FT, van Groenigen JW, Hoffland E, Bloem J. Nitrogen losses from two grassland soils with different fungal biomass. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2011;43:997-1005.
61. de Vries FT, Bardgett RD. Plant-microbial linages and ecosystem nitrogen retention: lessons for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2012;10:425-32.
62. de Boer W, Folman LB, Summerbell RC, Boddy L. Living in a fungal world: impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development. FEMS Microbiology Reviews 2005;29:795-811. (Pubitemid 41139182)
63. Hayatsu M, Tago K, Saito M. Various players in the nitrogen cycle: diversity and functions of the microorganisms involved in nitrification and denitrification. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 2008;54:33-45.
64. Tourna M, Stieglmeier M, Spang A, Kö nneke M, Schintlmeister A, Urich T, et al. Nitrososphaera viennensis, an ammonia oxidizing archaeon from soil. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America 2011;108:8420-5.
65. de Ruiter PC, van Veen JA, Moore JC, Brussard L, Hunt HW. Calculation of N mineralization in soil food webs. Plant and Soil 1993;157:263-72.
66. Zimmer M, Topp W. Microorganisms and cellulose digestion in the gut of Porcellio scaber (Isopoda: Oniscidea). Journal of Chemical Ecology 1998;24:1397-408. (Pubitemid 28362224)
67. Heredia RB, Dueñ as S, Castillo L, Ventura JJ, Briano MS, del Rio FP, et al. Autofluorescence as a tool to study mucus secretion in Eisenia foetida. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A,Molecular & Integrative Physiology 2008;151:407-14.
68. Parkin TB, Berry EC. Nitrogen transformations associated with earthworm casts. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1994;26:1233-8. (Pubitemid 2124926)
69. Sampedro L, Whalen JK. Changes in the fatty acid profiles through the digestive tract of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris L. Applied Soil Ecology 2007;35:226-36. (Pubitemid 44712039)
70. Wickings K, Grandy AS. The oribatid mite Scheloribates moestus (Acari: Oribatida) alters litter chemistry and nutrient cycling during decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2011;43:351-8.
71. Scheu S. Microbial activity and nutrient dynamics in earthworm casts (Lumbricidae). Biology and Fertility of Soils 1987;5:230-4.
72. Kharin SA, Kurakov AV. Transformation of nitrogen compounds and dynamics of microbial biomass in fresh casts of Aporrectodea caliginosa. Eurasian Soil Science 2009;42:75-81.
73. Subler S, Kirsch AS. Spring dynamics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and microbial activity in earthworm middens in a no-till cornfield. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1998;26:243-9. (Pubitemid 28107311)
74. Parkin TB, Berry EC. Microbial nitrogen transformations in earthworm burrows. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1999;31:1765-71. (Pubitemid 29485422)
75. Lal R, Pierce FJ (editors). Soil Management for Sustainability. Soil and Water Conservation Society, Ankeny, Iowa, USA; 1991.
76. Kladivko EJ. Tillage systems and soil ecology. Soil and Tillage Research 2001;61:61-76. (Pubitemid 32623847)
77. Edwards CA, Lofty Jr. The influences of cultivation on soil animal populations. In: Vanek J, editor. Progress in Soil Zoology. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 1975. p. 399-407.
78. Capowiez Y, Cadoux S, Bouchant P, Ruy S, Roger-Estrade J, Richard G, et al. The effect of tillage type and cropping system on earthworm communities, macroporosity and water infiltration. Soil and Tillage Research 2009;105:209-16.
79. House GJ, Parmelee RW. Comparison of soil arthropods and earthworms from conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems. Soil and Tillage Research 1985;5:351-60. (Pubitemid 19317446)
80. Boström U. Earthworm populations (Lumbricidae) in ploughed and undisturbed leys. Soil and Tillage Research 1995;35:125-33. (Pubitemid 3010107)
81. Chan KY, Bowman AM, Smith W, Ashley R. Restoring soil fertility of degraded hardsetting soils in semi-arid areas with different pastures. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 2001;41:507-14. (Pubitemid 32620813)
82. Roger-Estrade J, Anger C, Bertrand M, Richard G. Tillage and soil ecology: partners for sustainable agriculture. Soil and Tillage Research 2010;111:33-40.
83. Wardle DA. Impacts of disturbance on detritus food webs in agro-ecosystems of contrasting tillage and weed management practices. Advances in Ecological Research 1995;26:105-85.
84. Sanchez-Moreno S, Nicola NL, Ferris H, Zalom F. Effects of agricultural management on nematode-mite assemblages: soil food web indices as predictors of mite community composition. Applied Soil Ecology 2009;41:107-17.
85. Wang K-H, Hooks CRR, Marahatta SP. Can using a strip-tilled living mulch system enhance organisms higher up in the soil food web hierarchy? Applied Soil Ecology 2011;49:107-17.
86. Larink O, Werner D, Langmaack M, Schrader S. Regeneration of compacted soil aggregates by earthworm activity. Biology and Fertility of Soils 2001;33:395-401. (Pubitemid 33658086)
87. Giller KE, Beare MH, Lavelle P, Izac AMN, Swift MJ. Agricultural intensification, soil biodiversity and agroecosystem function. Applied Soil Ecology 1997;6:3-16.
88. Vian JF, Peigne J, Chaussod R, Roger-Estrade J. Effects of four tillage systems on soil structure and soil microbial biomass in organic farming. Soil Use and Management 2009;25:1-10.
89. André n O, Paustian K, Rosswall T. Soil biotic interactions in the functioning of agroecosystems. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 1988;24:57-67.
90. Wienhold BJ, Halvorson AD. Nitrogen mineralization responses to cropping, tillage, and nitrogen rate in the Northern Great Plains. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1999;63:192-6. (Pubitemid 29172751)
91. Sharifi M, Zebarth BJ, Burton DL, Grant CA, Bittman S, Drury CF, et al. Response of potentially mineralizable soil nitrogen and indices of nitrogen availability to tillage system. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2008;72:1124-31. (Pubitemid 351988194)
92. Halpern MT, Whalen JK, Madramootoo CA. Long-term tillage and residue management influences soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Soil Science Society of America Journal 2010;74:1211-7.
93. Cherr CM, Scholberg JMS, McSorley R. Green manure approaches to crop production: a synthesis. Agronomy Journal 2006;98:302-19.
94. Fließbach A, Oberholzer H-R, Gunst L, Mä der P. Soil organic matter and biological soil quality indicators after 21 years of organic and conventional farming. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2007;118:273-84. (Pubitemid 44802826)
95. Metting FB. Structure and physiological ecology of soil microbial communities. In: Metting FB, editor. Soil Microbial Ecology-Application in Agricultural and Environmental Management. Marcel Dekker, New York; 1993. p. 3-24.
96. Esperschü tz J, Gattinger A, Mä der P, Schloter M, Fließbach A. Response of soil microbial biomass and community structures to conventional and organic farming systems under identical crop rotations. Microbial Ecology 2007;61:26-37. (Pubitemid 46889822)
97. Stark CH, Condron LM, O'Callaghan M, Stewart A, Di HJ. Differences in soil enzyme activities, microbial community structure and short-term nitrogen mineralisation resulting from farm management history and organic matter amendments. Biology and Biochemistry 2008;40:1352-63. (Pubitemid 351695520)
98. Whalen JK, Parmelee RW, Edwards CA. Population dynamics of earthworm communities in corn agroecosystems receiving inorganic and organic fertilizer amendments. Biology and Fertility of Soils 1998;27:400-7. (Pubitemid 28456452)
99. Axelsen JA, Kristensen KT. Collembola and mites in plots fertilized with different types of green manure. Pedobiologia 2000;44:556-66.
100. Leroy BLMM, Bommele L, Reheul D, Moens M, De Neve S. The application of vegetable, fruit and garden waste (VFG) compost in addition to cattle slurry in a silage maize monoculture: effects on soil fauna and yield. European Journal of Soil Biology 2007;43:91-100. (Pubitemid 46428590)
101. Binh CTT, Heuer H, Kaupenjohann M, Smalla K. Diverse aadA gene cassettes on class 1 integrons introduced into soil via spread manure. Research in Microbiology 2009;160:427-33.
102. Centre de ré fé rence en agriculture et agroalimentaire du Qué bec. Guide de ré fé rence en fertilisation. 2nd é d. CRAAQ, Ste Foy, QC; 2011.
103. Reeves DW. The role of soil organic matter in maintaining soil quality in continuous cropping systems. Soil and Tillage Research 1997;43:131-67. (Pubitemid 28029127)
104. Delgado JA, Ristau RJ, Dillon MA, Duke HR, Stuebe A, Follett RF, et al. Use of innovative tools to increase nitrogen use efficiency and protect environmental quality in crop rotations. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2001;32:1321-54. (Pubitemid 32646115)
105. Fiscus DA, Neher DA. Distinguishing sensitivity of free-living soil nematode genera to physical and chemical disturbances. Ecological Applications 2002;12:565-75. (Pubitemid 36516676)
106. Bloem J, Lebbnik G, Zwart KB, Bouwman LA, Burgers SLEG, de Vos JA, et al. Dynamic of microorganisms, microbivores and nitrogen mineralisation in winter wheat field under conventional and integrated management. Agriculture Ecosystem and Environment 1994;51:129-43.
107. Haney RL, Senseman SA, Hons FM, Zuberer DA. Effect of glyphosate on soil microbial activity and biomass. Weed Science 2000;48:89-93. (Pubitemid 30166102)
108. Minet E, Coxon CE, Goodhue R, Richards KG, Kalin RM, Meier-Augenstein W. Evaluating the utility of N-15 and O-18 isotope abundance analyses to identify nitrate sources: a soil zone study. Water Research 2012;46:3723-36.
109. Bouman OT, Curtin D, Campbell CA, Biederbeck VO, Ukrainetz H. Soil acidification from long-term use of anhydrous ammonia and urea. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1995;59:1488-94. (Pubitemid 26444195)
110. Dancer WS, Peterson LA, Chester G. Ammonification and nitrification of N as influenced by soil pH and previous N treatments. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 1973;37:67-9.
111. Biederbeck VO, Campbell CA, Ukrainetz H, Curtin D, Bouman OT. Soil microbial and biochemical properties after ten years of fertilization with urea and anhydrous ammonia. Canadian Journal of Soil Science 1996;76:7-14.
112. Allison SM, Prosser JI. Ammonia oxidation at low pH by attached populations of nitrifying bacteria. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1993;25:935-41.
113. Jia Z, Conrad R. Bacteria rather than Archaea dominate microbial ammonia oxidation in an agricultural soil. Environmental Microbiology 2009;11:1659-71.
114. Environment Canada, 2011. [cited 9 July 2012]. Available from: URL: http://www.ec.gc.ca/Publications/FAFE8474-C360-46CC-81AB- 30565982E897%5CPresence And LevelsOfPriorityPesticidesIn SelectedCanadianAquatic Ecosystems.pdf
115. De Neve S, Csitá ri G, Salomez J, Hofman G. Quantification of the effect of fumigation on short- and long-term nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in different soils. Journal of Environmental Quality 2004;33:1647-52. (Pubitemid 39238218)
116. Rueppel ML, Brightwell BB, Schaeffer J, Marvel JT. Metabolism and degradation of glyphosate in soil and water. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 1977;25:517-28. (Pubitemid 8123088)
117. Weaver MA, Krutz LJ, Zablotowicz RM, Reddy KN. Effects of glyphosate on soil microbial communities and its mineralization in a Mississippi soil. Pest Management Science 2007;63:388-93. (Pubitemid 46479969)
118. Hart MR, Brookes PC. Soil microbial biomass and mineralisation of soil organic matter after 19 years of cumulative field applications of pesticides. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1996;28:1641-9.
119. Helwig T, Jannasch R, Samson R, DeMaio A, Caumartin D. 2002. [cited 9 July 2012]. Available from: URL: http://www.reap-canada.com/online-library/ feedstock-biomass/7- Agricultural%20Biomass%20Residue%20Inventories% 20and%20Conversion. .Samson%20et%20al.%202002.pdf
120. Gergós V, Hufnagel L. Application of oribatid mites as indicators (Review). Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 2009;7:79-98.
121. Darbyshire JF, Zwart KB, Elston DA. Growth and nitrogenous excretion of a common soil flagellate, Cercomonas sp. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1993;25:1583-9.
122. De Vries FT, Liiri M, Bjørnlund L, Setä lä H, Christensen S, Bardgett RD. Legacy effects of drought on plant growth and the soil food web. Oecologia 2012;170:821-33.
123. Neher DA. Soil community composition and ecosystem processes: comparing agricultural ecosystems with natural ecosystems. Agroforestry Systems 1999;45:159-85.
124. Kieft LT, Soroker E, Firestone MK. Microbial biomass response to a rapid increase in water potential when a dry soil is wetted. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 1987;19:119-26.
125. Schimel J, Balser TC, Wallenstein M. Microbial stressresponse physiology and its implications for ecosystem function. Ecology 2007;88:1386-94. (Pubitemid 351345214)
126. Gordon H, Haygarth PM, Bardgett RD. Drying and rewetting effects on soil microbial community composition and nutrient leaching. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2008;40:302-11. (Pubitemid 350087150)
127. Linn DM, Doran JW. Effect of water-filled pore space on carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide production in tilled and nontilled soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 1984;48:1267-72. (Pubitemid 16534837)
128. Mä der P, Fließbach A, Dubois D, Gunst L, Fried P, Niggli U. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 2002;296:1694-7. (Pubitemid 34579169)
129. Birkhofer K, Bezemer TM, Bloem J, Bonkowski M, Christensen S, Dubois D, et al. Long-term organic farming fosters below and aboveground biota: implications for soil quality, biological control and productivity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 2008;40:2297-308.
130. Addiscott TM. Soil mineralization: an emergent process? Geoderna 2010;160:31-5.