메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 1286, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 92-107

Bounded ranges of variation as a framework for future conservation and fire management

Author keywords

Conservation planning; Disturbance ecology; Ecosystem thresholds; Fire ecology and management; Historical range of variation; Resilience and climate change

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BIODIVERSITY; BOUNDED RANGES OF VARIATION; CARBON SEQUESTRATION; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONSERVATION BIOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM FIRE HISTORY; ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE; ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT; FIRE ECOLOGY; SCRUB; VEGETATION;

EID: 84878189611     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12104     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (36)

References (132)
  • 1
    • 0003135313 scopus 로고
    • Using the past to plan the future in the Pacific Northwest
    • Cissel, J.H., F.J. Swanson, W.A. McKee & A.L. Burditt 1994. Using the past to plan the future in the Pacific Northwest. J. For. 92: 30-46.
    • (1994) J. For. , vol.92 , pp. 30-46
    • Cissel, J.H.1    Swanson, F.J.2    McKee, W.A.3    Burditt, A.L.4
  • 2
    • 0004062493 scopus 로고
    • Gen. Tech. Rep. RM 246. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
    • Kaufmann, M.R., R.T. Graham, D.A.J. Boyce, et al. 1994. An Ecological Basis for Ecosystem Management. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM 246. Fort Collins, CO: USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
    • (1994) An Ecological Basis for Ecosystem Management
    • Kaufmann, M.R.1    Graham, R.T.2    Boyce, D.A.J.3
  • 3
    • 0000151265 scopus 로고
    • Natural variability: implications for ecosystem management
    • M.E. Jensen & P.S. Bourgeron, Eds. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station
    • Swanson, F.J., J.A. Jones, D.O. Wallin & J.H. Cissel 1994. "Natural variability: implications for ecosystem management." In Volume II: Ecosystem Management: Principles and Applications. M.E. Jensen & P.S. Bourgeron, Eds: 80-94. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
    • (1994) Volume II: Ecosystem Management: Principles and Applications , pp. 80-94
    • Swanson, F.J.1    Jones, J.A.2    Wallin, D.O.3    Cissel, J.H.4
  • 4
    • 0002544842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of historical range of variability concepts to biodiversity conservation
    • R.K. Baydack, H. Campa & J.B. Haufler, Eds. New York, NY: Island Press
    • Aplet, G. & W.S. Keeton 1999. "Application of historical range of variability concepts to biodiversity conservation." In Practical Approaches to the Conservation of Biological Diversity. R.K. Baydack, H. Campa & J.B. Haufler, Eds.: 71-86. New York, NY: Island Press.
    • (1999) Practical Approaches to the Conservation of Biological Diversity , pp. 71-86
    • Aplet, G.1    Keeton, W.S.2
  • 5
    • 0032700229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview and use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems
    • Landres, P.B., P. Morgan & F.J. Swanson 1999. Overview and use of natural variability concepts in managing ecological systems. Ecol. Appl. 9: 1179-1188.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 1179-1188
    • Landres, P.B.1    Morgan, P.2    Swanson, F.J.3
  • 6
    • 0032742352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of climate change in interpreting historical variability
    • Millar, C.I. & W.B. Woolfenden 1999. The role of climate change in interpreting historical variability. Ecol. Appl. 9: 1207-1216.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 1207-1216
    • Millar, C.I.1    Woolfenden, W.B.2
  • 7
    • 0032700230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future
    • Swetnam, T.W., C.D. Allen & J.L. Betancourt 1999. Applied historical ecology: using the past to manage for the future. Ecol. Appl. 9: 1189-1206.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 1189-1206
    • Swetnam, T.W.1    Allen, C.D.2    Betancourt, J.L.3
  • 9
    • 0037093909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating historical range and variation of landscape patch dynamics: limitations of the simulation approach
    • Keane, R.E., R.A. Parsons & P.F. Hessburg 2002. Estimating historical range and variation of landscape patch dynamics: limitations of the simulation approach. Ecol. Model. 151: 29-49.
    • (2002) Ecol. Model. , vol.151 , pp. 29-49
    • Keane, R.E.1    Parsons, R.A.2    Hessburg, P.F.3
  • 10
    • 0042732930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historic range of variability of mountain forest ecosystems: concepts and applications
    • Veblen, T.T. 2003. Historic range of variability of mountain forest ecosystems: concepts and applications. For. Chron. 79: 223-226.
    • (2003) For. Chron. , vol.79 , pp. 223-226
    • Veblen, T.T.1
  • 11
    • 68949148801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management
    • Keane, R.E., P.F. Hessburg, P.B. Landres & F.J. Swanson 2009. The use of historical range and variability (HRV) in landscape management. For. Ecol. Manag. 258: 1025-1037.
    • (2009) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.258 , pp. 1025-1037
    • Keane, R.E.1    Hessburg, P.F.2    Landres, P.B.3    Swanson, F.J.4
  • 12
    • 84878181583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Setting the stage: theoretical and conceptual background of historical range of variation
    • J.A. Wiens, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford & C.M. Giffen, Eds.. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
    • Romme, W.H.J., J.A. Wiens, & H.D. Safford 2012. "Setting the stage: theoretical and conceptual background of historical range of variation." In Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management. J.A. Wiens, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford & C.M. Giffen, Eds.: 3-18. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
    • (2012) Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management , pp. 3-18
    • Romme, W.H.J.1    Wiens, J.A.2    Safford, H.D.3
  • 13
    • 0029773717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management
    • Holling, C.S. & G.K. Meffe 1996. Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conserv. Biol. 10: 328-337.
    • (1996) Conserv. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 328-337
    • Holling, C.S.1    Meffe, G.K.2
  • 14
    • 84861182751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape-scale indicators of biodiversity's vulnerability to climate change
    • art88
    • Klausmeyer, K.R., M.R. Shaw, J.B. MacKenzie & D.R. Cameron 2011. Landscape-scale indicators of biodiversity's vulnerability to climate change. Ecosphere 2: art88.
    • (2011) Ecosphere , vol.2
    • Klausmeyer, K.R.1    Shaw, M.R.2    MacKenzie, J.B.3    Cameron, D.R.4
  • 15
    • 39349090781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty
    • Millar, C.I., N.L. Stephenson & S.L. Stephens 2007. Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. Ecol. Appl. 17: 2145-2151.
    • (2007) Ecol. Appl. , vol.17 , pp. 2145-2151
    • Millar, C.I.1    Stephenson, N.L.2    Stephens, S.L.3
  • 17
    • 77958063639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Operational approaches to managing forests of the future in Mediterranean regions within a context of changing climates
    • Stephens, S.L., C.I. Millar & B.M. Collins 2010. Operational approaches to managing forests of the future in Mediterranean regions within a context of changing climates. Environ. Res. Lett. 5: 024003.
    • (2010) Environ. Res. Lett. , vol.5 , pp. 024003
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Millar, C.I.2    Collins, B.M.3
  • 18
    • 0032918684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating indicators, endpoints and value systems in strategic management of the Kruger National Park
    • Rogers, K. & H.C. Biggs 1999. Integrating indicators, endpoints and value systems in strategic management of the Kruger National Park. Freshwater Biol. 41: 439-451.
    • (1999) Freshwater Biol. , vol.41 , pp. 439-451
    • Rogers, K.1    Biggs, H.C.2
  • 19
    • 77955130039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior Alaska
    • Johnstone, J.F., F.S. Chapin, T.N. Hollingsworth, et al. 2010. Fire, climate change, and forest resilience in interior Alaska. Canad. J. For. Res. 40: 1302-1312.
    • (2010) Canad. J. For. Res. , vol.40 , pp. 1302-1312
    • Johnstone, J.F.1    Chapin, F.S.2    Hollingsworth, T.N.3
  • 20
    • 84856546486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreases in fire spread probability with forest age promotes alternative community states, reduced resilience to climate variability and large fire regime shifts
    • Kitzberger, T., E. Aráoz, J.H. Gowda, et al. 2012. Decreases in fire spread probability with forest age promotes alternative community states, reduced resilience to climate variability and large fire regime shifts. Ecosystems 15: 97-112.
    • (2012) Ecosystems , vol.15 , pp. 97-112
    • Kitzberger, T.1    Aráoz, E.2    Gowda, J.H.3
  • 21
    • 84869221382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Native fire regimes and landscape resilience
    • Ecological Studies 213. D. McKenzie, C. Miller & D.A. Falk, Eds. Netherlands: Springer
    • Moritz, M.A., P.F. Hessburg & N.A. Povak 2011. "Native fire regimes and landscape resilience." In The Landscape Ecology of Fire. Ecological Studies 213. D. McKenzie, C. Miller & D.A. Falk, Eds.: 51-86. Netherlands: Springer.
    • (2011) The Landscape Ecology of Fire , pp. 51-86
    • Moritz, M.A.1    Hessburg, P.F.2    Povak, N.A.3
  • 22
    • 78650257295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleoecological perspectives on fire ecology: revisiting the fire-regime concept
    • Whitlock, C., P.E. Higuera, D.B. McWethy & C.E. Briles 2010. Paleoecological perspectives on fire ecology: revisiting the fire-regime concept. Open Ecol. J. 3: 6-23.
    • (2010) Open Ecol. J. , vol.3 , pp. 6-23
    • Whitlock, C.1    Higuera, P.E.2    McWethy, D.B.3    Briles, C.E.4
  • 23
    • 0003038758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity
    • De Leo, G.A. & S. Levin 1997. The multifaceted aspects of ecosystem integrity. Conserv. Ecol. 1:3. http://www.consecol.org/vol1/iss1/art3/
    • (1997) Conserv. Ecol. , vol.1 , pp. 3
    • De Leo, G.A.1    Levin, S.2
  • 24
  • 25
    • 38349109288 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change effects on historical range and variability of two large landscapes in western Montana, USA
    • Keane, R.E., L.M. Holsinger, R.A. Parsons & K. Gray 2008. Climate change effects on historical range and variability of two large landscapes in western Montana, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 254: 375-389.
    • (2008) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.254 , pp. 375-389
    • Keane, R.E.1    Holsinger, L.M.2    Parsons, R.A.3    Gray, K.4
  • 27
    • 0030043339 scopus 로고
    • From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology
    • Wu, J. & O.L. Loucks 1995. From balance of nature to hierarchical patch dynamics: a paradigm shift in ecology. Qtly. Rev. Biol. 70: 439-466.
    • (1995) Qtly. Rev. Biol. , vol.70 , pp. 439-466
    • Wu, J.1    Loucks, O.L.2
  • 28
    • 84878189620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling historical range of variability at a range of scales: an example application
    • J.A. Wiens, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford & C.M. Giffen, Eds. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
    • McGarigal, K. & W.H. Romme 2012. "Modeling historical range of variability at a range of scales: an example application." In Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management. J.A. Wiens, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford & C.M. Giffen, Eds.: 128-146. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
    • (2012) Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management , pp. 128-146
    • McGarigal, K.1    Romme, W.H.2
  • 29
    • 0002054228 scopus 로고
    • Resilience and stability of ecological systems
    • Holling, C.S. 1973. Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 4: 1-23.
    • (1973) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.4 , pp. 1-23
    • Holling, C.S.1
  • 30
    • 3242715357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management
    • Folke, C., S. Carpenter, B. Walker, et al. 2004. Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. 35: 557-581.
    • (2004) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst. , vol.35 , pp. 557-581
    • Folke, C.1    Carpenter, S.2    Walker, B.3
  • 31
    • 0032968789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant attribute diversity, resilience, and ecosystem function: the nature and significance of dominant and minor species
    • Walker, B., A. Kinzig & J. Langridge 1999. Plant attribute diversity, resilience, and ecosystem function: the nature and significance of dominant and minor species. Ecosystems 2: 95-113.
    • (1999) Ecosystems , vol.2 , pp. 95-113
    • Walker, B.1    Kinzig, A.2    Langridge, J.3
  • 32
    • 0242629042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation
    • Scheffer, M. & S.R. Carpenter 2003. Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18: 648-656.
    • (2003) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.18 , pp. 648-656
    • Scheffer, M.1    Carpenter, S.R.2
  • 33
    • 0036460481 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazing management, resilience, and the dynamics of a fire-driven rangeland system
    • Anderies, J.M., M.A. Janssen & B.H. Walker 2002. Grazing management, resilience, and the dynamics of a fire-driven rangeland system. Ecosystems 5: 23-44.
    • (2002) Ecosystems , vol.5 , pp. 23-44
    • Anderies, J.M.1    Janssen, M.A.2    Walker, B.H.3
  • 34
    • 0022193508 scopus 로고
    • Fire and the dynamic relationship between Florida sandhill and sand pine scrub vegetation
    • Myers, R.L. 1985. Fire and the dynamic relationship between Florida sandhill and sand pine scrub vegetation. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 112: 241-252.
    • (1985) Bull. Torrey Bot. Club , vol.112 , pp. 241-252
    • Myers, R.L.1
  • 35
    • 72249118045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative community states maintained by fire in the Klamath Mountains, USA
    • Odion, D.C., M.A. Moritz & D.A. DellaSala 2010. Alternative community states maintained by fire in the Klamath Mountains, USA. J. Ecol. 98: 96-105.
    • (2010) J. Ecol. , vol.98 , pp. 96-105
    • Odion, D.C.1    Moritz, M.A.2    DellaSala, D.A.3
  • 36
    • 0035694989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what
    • Carpenter, S., B. Walker, J.M. Anderies & N. Abel 2001. From metaphor to measurement: resilience of what to what? Ecosystems 4: 765-781.
    • (2001) Ecosystems , vol.4 , pp. 765-781
    • Carpenter, S.1    Walker, B.2    Anderies, J.M.3    Abel, N.4
  • 37
    • 64749093619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework
    • Suding, K.N. & R.J. Hobbs 2009. Threshold models in restoration and conservation: a developing framework. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24: 271-279.
    • (2009) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.24 , pp. 271-279
    • Suding, K.N.1    Hobbs, R.J.2
  • 38
    • 77957928812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience
    • Hughes, T.P., N.A.J. Graham, J.B.C. Jackson, et al. 2010. Rising to the challenge of sustaining coral reef resilience. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25: 633-642.
    • (2010) Trends Ecol. Evol. , vol.25 , pp. 633-642
    • Hughes, T.P.1    Graham, N.A.J.2    Jackson, J.B.C.3
  • 39
    • 0027011403 scopus 로고
    • Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change
    • D'Antonio, C.M. & P.M. Vitousek 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 23: 63-87.
    • (1992) Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. , vol.23 , pp. 63-87
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 40
    • 37749034063 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive feedbacks in seagrass ecosystems: implications for success in conservation and restoration
    • van der Heide, T., E.H. van Nes, G.W. Geerling et al. 2007. Positive feedbacks in seagrass ecosystems: implications for success in conservation and restoration. Ecosystems 10: 1311-1322.
    • (2007) Ecosystems , vol.10 , pp. 1311-1322
    • van der Heide, T.1    van Nes, E.H.2    Geerling, G.W.3
  • 41
    • 0033178412 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of eutrophication for lakes subject to potentially irreversible change
    • Carpenter, S.R., D. Ludwig & W.A. Brock 1999. Management of eutrophication for lakes subject to potentially irreversible change. Ecol. Appl. 9: 751-771.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 751-771
    • Carpenter, S.R.1    Ludwig, D.2    Brock, W.A.3
  • 42
    • 0000432487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approximating nature's variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology
    • White, P.S. & J.L. Walker 1997. Approximating nature's variation: selecting and using reference information in restoration ecology. Restor. Ecol. 5: 338-349.
    • (1997) Restor. Ecol. , vol.5 , pp. 338-349
    • White, P.S.1    Walker, J.L.2
  • 43
    • 0021029661 scopus 로고
    • On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence
    • Connell, J.H. & W.P. Sousa 1983. On the evidence needed to judge ecological stability or persistence. Am. Nat. 121: 789-824.
    • (1983) Am. Nat. , vol.121 , pp. 789-824
    • Connell, J.H.1    Sousa, W.P.2
  • 44
    • 0034842145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial resilience of coral reefs
    • Nystrom, M. & C. Folke 2001. Spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems 4: 406-417.
    • (2001) Ecosystems , vol.4 , pp. 406-417
    • Nystrom, M.1    Folke, C.2
  • 45
    • 33744828944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disentangling complex landscapes: new insights into arid and semiarid system dynamics
    • Peters, D.P.C., B.T. Bestelmeyer, J.E. Herrick, et al. 2006. Disentangling complex landscapes: new insights into arid and semiarid system dynamics. BioScience 56: 491-501.
    • (2006) BioScience , vol.56 , pp. 491-501
    • Peters, D.P.C.1    Bestelmeyer, B.T.2    Herrick, J.E.3
  • 46
    • 0030613133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time lags and novel ecosystems in response to transient climatic change in arctic Alaska
    • Chapin, F.S. & A.M. Starfield 1997. Time lags and novel ecosystems in response to transient climatic change in arctic Alaska. Clim. Change 35: 449-461.
    • (1997) Clim. Change , vol.35 , pp. 449-461
    • Chapin, F.S.1    Starfield, A.M.2
  • 47
    • 0036857236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection
    • Duffy, J.E. 2002. Biodiversity and ecosystem function: the consumer connection. Oikos 99: 201-219.
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.99 , pp. 201-219
    • Duffy, J.E.1
  • 48
    • 0035958751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems
    • Jackson, J.B.C. et al. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293: 629-638.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 629-638
    • Jackson, J.B.C.1
  • 49
    • 78650735458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement
    • McWethy, D.B. et al. 2010. Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 107: 21343-21348.
    • (2010) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.107 , pp. 21343-21348
    • McWethy, D.B.1
  • 50
    • 0034636490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of changing biodiversity
    • Chapin, F.S. et al. 2000. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405: 234-242.
    • (2000) Nature , vol.405 , pp. 234-242
    • Chapin, F.S.1
  • 51
    • 0035949686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic diversity and ecosystem functioning in changing environments: a theoretical framework
    • Norberg, J., D.P. Swaney, J. Dushoff, et al. 2001. Phenotypic diversity and ecosystem functioning in changing environments: a theoretical framework. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 11376-11381.
    • (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.98 , pp. 11376-11381
    • Norberg, J.1    Swaney, D.P.2    Dushoff, J.3
  • 52
    • 53549098238 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant and microbe contribution to community resilience in a directionally changing environment
    • Suding, K.N., I.W. Ashton, H. Bechtold, et al. 2008. Plant and microbe contribution to community resilience in a directionally changing environment. Ecol. Monograp. 78: 313-329.
    • (2008) Ecol. Monograp. , vol.78 , pp. 313-329
    • Suding, K.N.1    Ashton, I.W.2    Bechtold, H.3
  • 53
    • 33845673122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience
    • Elmqvist, T., C. Folke, M. Nystrom, et al. 2003. Response diversity, ecosystem change, and resilience. Front. Ecol. Environ. 1: 488-494.
    • (2003) Front. Ecol. Environ. , vol.1 , pp. 488-494
    • Elmqvist, T.1    Folke, C.2    Nystrom, M.3
  • 55
    • 85029069680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Downscaling future climate scenarios to fine scales for hydrologic and ecological modeling and analysis
    • Flint, L.E. & A.L. Flint 2012. Downscaling future climate scenarios to fine scales for hydrologic and ecological modeling and analysis. Ecol. Proces. 1: 1-15.
    • (2012) Ecol. Proces. , vol.1 , pp. 1-15
    • Flint, L.E.1    Flint, A.L.2
  • 56
    • 0000020858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are large infrequent disturbances qualitatively different from small frequent disturbances?
    • Romme, W.H., E.H. Everham, L.E. Frelich, et al. 1998. Are large infrequent disturbances qualitatively different from small frequent disturbances? Ecosystems 1: 524-534.
    • (1998) Ecosystems , vol.1 , pp. 524-534
    • Romme, W.H.1    Everham, E.H.2    Frelich, L.E.3
  • 58
    • 0032742280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detecting change in forest spatial patterns from reference conditions
    • Hessburg, P.F., B.G. Smith & R.B. Salter 1999. Detecting change in forest spatial patterns from reference conditions. Ecol. Appl. 9: 1232-1252.
    • (1999) Ecol. Appl. , vol.9 , pp. 1232-1252
    • Hessburg, P.F.1    Smith, B.G.2    Salter, R.B.3
  • 59
    • 54049136821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decision support for evaluating landscape departure and prioritizing forest management activities in a changing environment
    • Gärtner, S., K.M. Reynolds, P.F. Hessburg, et al. 2008. Decision support for evaluating landscape departure and prioritizing forest management activities in a changing environment. For. Ecol. Manag. 256: 1666-1676.
    • (2008) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.256 , pp. 1666-1676
    • Gärtner, S.1    Reynolds, K.M.2    Hessburg, P.F.3
  • 60
    • 35948950157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecological surprises
    • Williams, J.W. & S.T. Jackson 2007. Novel climates, no-analog communities, and ecological surprises. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5: 475-482.
    • (2007) Front. Ecol. Environ. , vol.5 , pp. 475-482
    • Williams, J.W.1    Jackson, S.T.2
  • 61
    • 57449116566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of novel ecosystems: are novel approaches required
    • Seastedt, T.R., R.J. Hobbs & K.N. Suding 2008. Management of novel ecosystems: are novel approaches required? Front. Ecol. Environ. 6: 547-553.
    • (2008) Front. Ecol. Environ. , vol.6 , pp. 547-553
    • Seastedt, T.R.1    Hobbs, R.J.2    Suding, K.N.3
  • 62
    • 84858649326 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The dynamic reference concept: measuring restoration success in a rapidly changing no-analogue future
    • Hiers, J.K., R.J. Mitchell, A. Barnett, et al. 2012. The dynamic reference concept: measuring restoration success in a rapidly changing no-analogue future. Ecol. Restor. 30: 27-36.
    • (2012) Ecol. Restor. , vol.30 , pp. 27-36
    • Hiers, J.K.1    Mitchell, R.J.2    Barnett, A.3
  • 63
    • 84878189758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Landscape evaluation for restoration planning on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, USA
    • Hessburg, P.F., K.M. Reynolds, R.B. Salter, et al. 2013. Landscape evaluation for restoration planning on the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest, USA. Sustainability 5: 805-840.
    • (2013) Sustainability , vol.5 , pp. 805-840
    • Hessburg, P.F.1    Reynolds, K.M.2    Salter, R.B.3
  • 64
    • 84878170421 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fine-scale modeling of vegetation response to climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. In review
    • Hannah, L., L. Flint, A. Syphard, et al. Fine-scale modeling of vegetation response to climate change. Trends Ecol. Evol. In review.
    • Hannah, L.1    Flint, L.2    Syphard, A.3
  • 66
    • 0141681946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas
    • Parrish, J.D., D.P. Braun & R.S. Unnasch 2003. Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. BioScience 53: 851-860.
    • (2003) BioScience , vol.53 , pp. 851-860
    • Parrish, J.D.1    Braun, D.P.2    Unnasch, R.S.3
  • 67
    • 33645827964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological thresholds: the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application?
    • Groffman, P.M. et al. 2006. Ecological thresholds: the key to successful environmental management or an important concept with no practical application? Ecosystems 9: 1-13.
    • (2006) Ecosystems , vol.9 , pp. 1-13
    • Groffman, P.M.1
  • 68
    • 68149175324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structured decision making as a conceptual framework to identify thresholds for conservation and management
    • Martin, J., M.C. Runge, J.D. Nichols, et al. 2009. Structured decision making as a conceptual framework to identify thresholds for conservation and management. Ecol. Appl. 19: 1079-1090.
    • (2009) Ecol. Appl. , vol.19 , pp. 1079-1090
    • Martin, J.1    Runge, M.C.2    Nichols, J.D.3
  • 69
    • 77749239802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identifying thresholds for ecosystem-based management
    • Samhouri, J.F., P.S. Levin & C.H. Ainsworth 2010. Identifying thresholds for ecosystem-based management. PLoS ONE 5: e8907.
    • (2010) PLoS ONE , vol.5
    • Samhouri, J.F.1    Levin, P.S.2    Ainsworth, C.H.3
  • 70
    • 4644329013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adopting a heterogeneity paradigm: implications for management of protected savannas
    • du Toit, J.T., K.H. Rogers & H.C. Biggs, Eds. Washington, DC: Island Press
    • Rogers, K.H. 2003. "Adopting a heterogeneity paradigm: implications for management of protected savannas." In The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity. du Toit, J.T., K.H. Rogers & H.C. Biggs, Eds.: 41-58. Washington, DC: Island Press.
    • (2003) The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity , pp. 41-58
    • Rogers, K.H.1
  • 71
    • 33847737403 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thresholds of potential concern as benchmarks in the management of African savannahs
    • Gillson, L. & K.I Duffin 2007. Thresholds of potential concern as benchmarks in the management of African savannahs. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 362: 309-319.
    • (2007) Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. , vol.362 , pp. 309-319
    • Gillson, L.1    Duffin, K.I.2
  • 72
    • 5344228164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An adaptive system to link science, monitoring and management in practice
    • du Toit, J.T., K.H. Rogers & H.C. Biggs, Eds. Washington, DC: Island Press
    • Biggs, H.C. & K.M. Rogers 2003. "An adaptive system to link science, monitoring and management in practice." In The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity. du Toit, J.T., K.H. Rogers & H.C. Biggs, Eds.: 59-80. Washington, DC: Island Press.
    • (2003) The Kruger Experience: Ecology and Management of Savanna Heterogeneity , pp. 59-80
    • Biggs, H.C.1    Rogers, K.M.2
  • 73
    • 35548999795 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of fire research to fire management: a critical review of a long-term experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa
    • van Wilgen, B.W., N. Govender & H.C. Biggs 2007. The contribution of fire research to fire management: a critical review of a long-term experiment in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Int. J. Wildland Fire 16: 519-530.
    • (2007) Int. J. Wildland Fire , vol.16 , pp. 519-530
    • van Wilgen, B.W.1    Govender, N.2    Biggs, H.C.3
  • 74
    • 79959576692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development and application of Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM) within South African National Parks
    • Roux, D. & L.C. Foxcroft 2011. The development and application of Strategic Adaptive Management (SAM) within South African National Parks. Koedoe 53:1049.
    • (2011) Koedoe , vol.53 , pp. 1049
    • Roux, D.1    Foxcroft, L.C.2
  • 75
    • 79959597152 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards adaptive fire management for biodiversity conservation: experience in South African National Parks
    • Van Wilgen, B.W., N. Govender, G.G. Forsyth & T. Kraaij 2011. Towards adaptive fire management for biodiversity conservation: experience in South African National Parks. Koedoe 53:982.
    • (2011) Koedoe , vol.53 , pp. 982
    • Van Wilgen, B.W.1    Govender, N.2    Forsyth, G.G.3    Kraaij, T.4
  • 76
    • 80054764041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating science into management of ecosystems in the Greater Blue Mountains
    • Chapple, R.S., D. Ramp, R.A. Bradstock, et al. 2011. Integrating science into management of ecosystems in the Greater Blue Mountains. Environ. Manag. 48: 659-674.
    • (2011) Environ. Manag. , vol.48 , pp. 659-674
    • Chapple, R.S.1    Ramp, D.2    Bradstock, R.A.3
  • 77
    • 79959596586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Taking stock after a decade: does the 'thresholds of potential concern' concept need a socioecological revamp?
    • Biggs, H., S. Ferreira, S. Freitag-Ronaldson & R. Grant-Biggs 2011. Taking stock after a decade: does the 'thresholds of potential concern' concept need a socioecological revamp? Koedoe 53: 1002.
    • (2011) Koedoe , vol.53 , pp. 1002
    • Biggs, H.1    Ferreira, S.2    Freitag-Ronaldson, S.3    Grant-Biggs, R.4
  • 78
    • 0020916733 scopus 로고
    • Vegetation change in response to extreme events: the effect of a short interval between fires in California chaparral and coastal scrub
    • Zedler, P.H., C.R. Gautier & G.S. McMaster 1983. Vegetation change in response to extreme events: the effect of a short interval between fires in California chaparral and coastal scrub. Ecology 64: 809-818.
    • (1983) Ecology , vol.64 , pp. 809-818
    • Zedler, P.H.1    Gautier, C.R.2    McMaster, G.S.3
  • 81
    • 0038513931 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grass invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia
    • Rossitor, N.A., S.A. Setterfield, M.M. Douglas & L.B. Hutley 2003. Testing the grass-fire cycle: alien grass invasion in the tropical savannas of northern Australia. Divers. Distrib. 9: 169-176.
    • (2003) Divers. Distrib. , vol.9 , pp. 169-176
    • Rossitor, N.A.1    Setterfield, S.A.2    Douglas, M.M.3    Hutley, L.B.4
  • 82
    • 3242712524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes
    • Brooks, M.L., C.M. D'Antonio, D.M. Richardson, et al. 2004. Effects of invasive alien plants on fire regimes. BioScience 54: 677-688.
    • (2004) BioScience , vol.54 , pp. 677-688
    • Brooks, M.L.1    D'Antonio, C.M.2    Richardson, D.M.3
  • 84
    • 0001502990 scopus 로고
    • Exotic grass invasion and fire in the seasonal submontane zone of Hawaii
    • Hughes R.F., P.M. Vitousek & J.T. Tunison 1991. Exotic grass invasion and fire in the seasonal submontane zone of Hawaii. Ecology 72: 743-746.
    • (1991) Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 743-746
    • Hughes, R.F.1    Vitousek, P.M.2    Tunison, J.T.3
  • 85
    • 79960374553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term impacts of invasive grasses and subsequent fire in seasonally dry Hawaiian woodlands
    • D'Antonio, C.M., R.F. Hughes & J.T. Tunison 2011. Long-term impacts of invasive grasses and subsequent fire in seasonally dry Hawaiian woodlands. Ecol. Appl. 21: 1617-1628.
    • (2011) Ecol. Appl. , vol.21 , pp. 1617-1628
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1    Hughes, R.F.2    Tunison, J.T.3
  • 86
    • 77955747185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australia savannas
    • Setterfield, S.A., N.A. Rossitor-Ranchor, L.B. Hutley, et al. 2010. Turning up the heat: the impacts of Andropogon gayanus (gamba grass) invasion on fire behaviour in northern Australia savannas. Divers. Distrib. 16: 854-861.
    • (2010) Divers. Distrib. , vol.16 , pp. 854-861
    • Setterfield, S.A.1    Rossitor-Ranchor, N.A.2    Hutley, L.B.3
  • 87
    • 0037628686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Consequences of wildfire on ecosystem CO2 and water vapour fluxes in the Great Basin
    • Obrist, D., E.H. Delucia & J.A. ARnone III. 2003. Consequences of wildfire on ecosystem CO2 and water vapour fluxes in the Great Basin. Glob. Change Biol. 9: 563-574.
    • (2003) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 563-574
    • Obrist, D.1    Delucia, E.H.2    Arnone III, J.A.3
  • 88
    • 33748670693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the western US
    • Bradley, B., R.A. Houghton, J.F. Mustard & S.P. Hamburg 2006. Invasive grass reduces aboveground carbon stocks in shrublands of the western US. Glob. Change Biol. 12: 1815-1822.
    • (2006) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.12 , pp. 1815-1822
    • Bradley, B.1    Houghton, R.A.2    Mustard, J.F.3    Hamburg, S.P.4
  • 89
    • 0028995052 scopus 로고
    • Landscape characteristics of fragmented shrubsteppe habitats and breeding passerine birds
    • Knick, S. & J. Rotenberry 1995. Landscape characteristics of fragmented shrubsteppe habitats and breeding passerine birds. Conserv. Biol. 9: 1059-1071.
    • (1995) Conserv. Biol. , vol.9 , pp. 1059-1071
    • Knick, S.1    Rotenberry, J.2
  • 90
    • 0000008817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire, grass invasions and revegetation of burned areas in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
    • K.E. Galley & T.P. Wilson, Eds. Tall Timbers Research Station Publication No. 11, Lawrence Kansas: Allen Press
    • Tunsion, J.T., R. Loh & C.M. D'Antonio 2001. "Fire, grass invasions and revegetation of burned areas in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park." In Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire in the Controls and Spread of Invasive Species. K.E. Galley & T.P. Wilson, Eds.: 122-131. Tall Timbers Research Station Publication No. 11, Lawrence Kansas: Allen Press.
    • (2001) Proceedings of the Invasive Species Workshop: The Role of Fire in the Controls and Spread of Invasive Species , pp. 122-131
    • Tunsion, J.T.1    Loh, R.2    D'Antonio, C.M.3
  • 91
    • 0034176590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (cogongrass) invasion on fire regime in Florida Sandhill (USA)
    • Lippincott, C.L. 2000. Effects of Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv. (cogongrass) invasion on fire regime in Florida Sandhill (USA). Nat. Areas J. 20: 140-149.
    • (2000) Nat. Areas J. , vol.20 , pp. 140-149
    • Lippincott, C.L.1
  • 92
    • 84870679623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Introduced annual grass increases regional fire activity across the arid western USA (1980-2009)
    • Balch, J.K., B.A. Bradley, C.M. D'Antonio & J. Gómez-Dans 2013. Introduced annual grass increases regional fire activity across the arid western USA (1980-2009). Glob. Change Biol. 19: 173-183.
    • (2013) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.19 , pp. 173-183
    • Balch, J.K.1    Bradley, B.A.2    D'Antonio, C.M.3    Gómez-Dans, J.4
  • 93
    • 70349493147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire feedbacks facilitate invasion of pine savannas by Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius)
    • Stevens, J.T. & B. Beckage 2009. Fire feedbacks facilitate invasion of pine savannas by Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). New Phytol. 184: 365-375.
    • (2009) New Phytol. , vol.184 , pp. 365-375
    • Stevens, J.T.1    Beckage, B.2
  • 94
    • 0002026586 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire, plant invasions, and global changes
    • H.A. Mooney & R.J. Hobbs, Eds. Washington, DC: Island Press
    • D'Antonio C.M. 2000. "Fire, plant invasions, and global changes." In Invasive Species in a Changing World. H.A. Mooney & R.J. Hobbs, Eds.: 65-93. Washington, DC: Island Press.
    • (2000) Invasive Species in a Changing World , pp. 65-93
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1
  • 95
    • 0033017663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Requiem for an ecosystem
    • Knick, S. 1999. Requiem for an ecosystem. Northwest Sci. 73: 53-57.
    • (1999) Northwest Sci. , vol.73 , pp. 53-57
    • Knick, S.1
  • 96
    • 33646570229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire and restoration of sagebrush ecosystems
    • Baker, W.L. 2006. Fire and restoration of sagebrush ecosystems. Wildlife Soc. Bull. 34: 177-185.
    • (2006) Wildlife Soc. Bull. , vol.34 , pp. 177-185
    • Baker, W.L.1
  • 97
    • 78650968721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applying ecological concepts to the management of widespread grass invasions
    • Inderjit, Ed.. New York: Springer
    • D'Antonio, C.M., J.C. Chambers, R. Loh & J.T. Tunison 2009. "Applying ecological concepts to the management of widespread grass invasions." In Management of Invasive Weeds Inderjit, Ed.: 123-149. New York: Springer.
    • (2009) Management of Invasive Weeds , pp. 123-149
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1    Chambers, J.C.2    Loh, R.3    Tunison, J.T.4
  • 98
    • 2342624758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders
    • Parker, I., D. Simberloff, W.M. Lonsdale, et al. 1999. Impact: toward a framework for understanding the ecological effects of invaders. Biol. Invas. 1: 3-19.
    • (1999) Biol. Invas. , vol.1 , pp. 3-19
    • Parker, I.1    Simberloff, D.2    Lonsdale, W.M.3
  • 99
    • 0242424098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Teetering on the edge or too late? Conservation and research issues for avifauna of sagebrush habitats
    • Knick, S.T., D.S. Dobkin, J.T. Rotenberry, et al. 2003. Teetering on the edge or too late? Conservation and research issues for avifauna of sagebrush habitats. Condor 105: 611-634.
    • (2003) Condor , vol.105 , pp. 611-634
    • Knick, S.T.1    Dobkin, D.S.2    Rotenberry, J.T.3
  • 100
    • 33745887762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon storage on landscapes with stand-replacing fires
    • Kashian, D.M., W.H. Romme, D.B. Tinker, et al. 2006. Carbon storage on landscapes with stand-replacing fires. BioScience 56: 598-606.
    • (2006) BioScience , vol.56 , pp. 598-606
    • Kashian, D.M.1    Romme, W.H.2    Tinker, D.B.3
  • 101
    • 77954954079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon recovery rates following different wildfire risk mitigation treatments
    • Hurteau, M.D. & M. North 2010. Carbon recovery rates following different wildfire risk mitigation treatments. For. Ecol. Manag. 260: 930-937.
    • (2010) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.260 , pp. 930-937
    • Hurteau, M.D.1    North, M.2
  • 102
    • 34247587614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia
    • Beringer, J., L.B. Hutley, N.J. Tapper & L.A. Cernusak 2007. Savanna fires and their impact on net ecosystem productivity in North Australia. Glob. Change Biol. 13: 990-1004.
    • (2007) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.13 , pp. 990-1004
    • Beringer, J.1    Hutley, L.B.2    Tapper, N.J.3    Cernusak, L.A.4
  • 103
    • 57349172652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel treatment effects on tree-based forest carbon storage and emissions under modeled wildfire scenarios
    • Hurteau, M. & M. North 2009. Fuel treatment effects on tree-based forest carbon storage and emissions under modeled wildfire scenarios. Front. Ecol. Environ. 7: 409-414.
    • (2009) Front. Ecol. Environ. , vol.7 , pp. 409-414
    • Hurteau, M.1    North, M.2
  • 104
    • 65349178989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forest fuel reduction alters fire severity and long-term carbon storage in three Pacific Northwest ecosystems
    • Mitchell, S.R., M.E. Harmon & K.E.B. O'Connell 2009. Forest fuel reduction alters fire severity and long-term carbon storage in three Pacific Northwest ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 19: 643-655.
    • (2009) Ecol. Appl. , vol.19 , pp. 643-655
    • Mitchell, S.R.1    Harmon, M.E.2    O'Connell, K.E.B.3
  • 105
    • 79951572546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short- and long-term effects of fire on carbon in US dry temperate forest systems
    • Hurteau, M.D. & M.L. Brooks 2011. Short- and long-term effects of fire on carbon in US dry temperate forest systems. BioScience 61: 139-146.
    • (2011) BioScience , vol.61 , pp. 139-146
    • Hurteau, M.D.1    Brooks, M.L.2
  • 106
    • 63849229053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land-based carbon storage
    • Hudiburg, T., B. Law, D.P. Turner, et al. 2009. Carbon dynamics of Oregon and Northern California forests and potential land-based carbon storage. Ecol. Appl. 19: 163-180.
    • (2009) Ecol. Appl. , vol.19 , pp. 163-180
    • Hudiburg, T.1    Law, B.2    Turner, D.P.3
  • 107
    • 50849085784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Has fire suppression increased the amount of carbon stored in western U.S. forests?
    • Fellows, A.W. & M.L. Goulden 2008. Has fire suppression increased the amount of carbon stored in western U.S. forests? Geophys. Res. Lett. 35: L12404.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Fellows, A.W.1    Goulden, M.L.2
  • 108
    • 69549085310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fire suppression and fuels treatment effects on mixed-conifer carbon stocks and emissions
    • North, M., M. Hurteau & J. Innes 2009. Fire suppression and fuels treatment effects on mixed-conifer carbon stocks and emissions. Ecol. Appl. 19: 1385-1396.
    • (2009) Ecol. Appl. , vol.19 , pp. 1385-1396
    • North, M.1    Hurteau, M.2    Innes, J.3
  • 109
    • 79952046237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The carbon costs of mitigating high-severity wildfire in southwestern ponderosa pine
    • Hurteau, M.D., M.T. Stoddard & P.Z. Fule 2011. The carbon costs of mitigating high-severity wildfire in southwestern ponderosa pine. Glob. Change Biol. 17: 1516-1521.
    • (2011) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 1516-1521
    • Hurteau, M.D.1    Stoddard, M.T.2    Fule, P.Z.3
  • 110
    • 84155195607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of fire exclusion and recent managed fire on forest structure in old growth Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests
    • art51
    • Collins, B.M., R.G. Everett & S.L. Stephens 2011. Impacts of fire exclusion and recent managed fire on forest structure in old growth Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. Ecosphere 2: art51.
    • (2011) Ecosphere , vol.2
    • Collins, B.M.1    Everett, R.G.2    Stephens, S.L.3
  • 111
    • 41949142945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of a thinning treatment on carbon stocks in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest
    • Finkral, A.J. & A.M. Evans 2008. The effects of a thinning treatment on carbon stocks in a northern Arizona ponderosa pine forest. For. Ecol. Manag. 255: 2743-2750.
    • (2008) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.255 , pp. 2743-2750
    • Finkral, A.J.1    Evans, A.M.2
  • 112
    • 69249158049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fuel treatment effects on stand-level carbon pools, treatment-related emissions, and fire risk in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest
    • Stephens, S.L., J.J. Moghaddas, B.R. Hartsough, et al. 2009. Fuel treatment effects on stand-level carbon pools, treatment-related emissions, and fire risk in a Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forest. Canad. J. For. Res. 39: 1538-1547.
    • (2009) Canad. J. For. Res. , vol.39 , pp. 1538-1547
    • Stephens, S.L.1    Moghaddas, J.J.2    Hartsough, B.R.3
  • 113
    • 57349138422 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Carbon protection and fire risk reduction: toward a full accounting of forest carbon offsets
    • Hurteau, M.D., G.W. Koch & B.A. Hungate 2008. Carbon protection and fire risk reduction: toward a full accounting of forest carbon offsets. Front. Ecol. Environ. 6: 493-498.
    • (2008) Front. Ecol. Environ. , vol.6 , pp. 493-498
    • Hurteau, M.D.1    Koch, G.W.2    Hungate, B.A.3
  • 114
    • 0028554119 scopus 로고
    • Potential of wastelands for sequestering carbon by reforestation
    • Gupta, R.K. & D.L.N. Rao 1994. Potential of wastelands for sequestering carbon by reforestation. Curr. Sci. 66: 378-380.
    • (1994) Curr. Sci. , vol.66 , pp. 378-380
    • Gupta, R.K.1    Rao, D.L.N.2
  • 115
    • 67650872995 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests
    • Keith, H., B.G. Mackey & D.B. Lindenmayer 2009. Re-evaluation of forest biomass carbon stocks and lessons from the world's most carbon-dense forests. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 11635-11640.
    • (2009) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.106 , pp. 11635-11640
    • Keith, H.1    Mackey, B.G.2    Lindenmayer, D.B.3
  • 117
    • 65949112050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation threats due to human-caused increases in fire frequency in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems
    • Syphard, A.D., V.C. Radeloff, T.J. Hawbaker & S.I. Stewart 2009. Conservation threats due to human-caused increases in fire frequency in Mediterranean-climate ecosystems. Conserv. Biol. 23: 758-769.
    • (2009) Conserv. Biol. , vol.23 , pp. 758-769
    • Syphard, A.D.1    Radeloff, V.C.2    Hawbaker, T.J.3    Stewart, S.I.4
  • 118
    • 0032527081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the effects of fuels treatments on potential fire behaviour in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests
    • Stephens, S.L. 1998. Evaluation of the effects of fuels treatments on potential fire behaviour in Sierra Nevada mixed-conifer forests. For. Ecol. Manag. 105: 21-35.
    • (1998) For. Ecol. Manag. , vol.105 , pp. 21-35
    • Stephens, S.L.1
  • 119
    • 77956649449 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plant and soil carbon accumulation following fire in Mediterranean woodlands in Spain
    • Kaye, J.P., J. Romanya & V.R. Vallejo 2010. Plant and soil carbon accumulation following fire in Mediterranean woodlands in Spain. Oecologia 164: 533-543.
    • (2010) Oecologia , vol.164 , pp. 533-543
    • Kaye, J.P.1    Romanya, J.2    Vallejo, V.R.3
  • 120
    • 41649099948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The demise of fire and "mesophication" of forest in the eastern Unted States
    • Nowacki, G.J. & M.D. Abrams 2008. The demise of fire and "mesophication" of forest in the eastern Unted States. BioScience 58: 123-138.
    • (2008) BioScience , vol.58 , pp. 123-138
    • Nowacki, G.J.1    Abrams, M.D.2
  • 121
    • 39849089621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrogenic carbon emission from a large wildfire in Oregon, United States
    • Campbell, J., D. Donato, D. Azuma & B. Law 2007. Pyrogenic carbon emission from a large wildfire in Oregon, United States. J. Geophys. Res. 112: G04014.
    • (2007) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.112
    • Campbell, J.1    Donato, D.2    Azuma, D.3    Law, B.4
  • 122
    • 77955623505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate
    • Beer, C. et al. 2010. Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: global distribution and covariation with climate. Science 329: 834-838.
    • (2010) Science , vol.329 , pp. 834-838
    • Beer, C.1
  • 123
    • 58149135583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and wildfire in California
    • Westerling, A.L. & B.P. Bryant 2008. Climate change and wildfire in California. Clim. Change 87(Suppl. 1): S231-S249.
    • (2008) Clim. Change , vol.87 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Westerling, A.L.1    Bryant, B.P.2
  • 124
    • 79955545121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient
    • Krawchuk, M.A. & M.A. Moritz 2011. Constraints on global fire activity vary across a resource gradient. Ecology 92: 121-132.
    • (2011) Ecology , vol.92 , pp. 121-132
    • Krawchuk, M.A.1    Moritz, M.A.2
  • 125
    • 80051979847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continued warming could transform greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century
    • Westerling, A.L., M.G. Turner, E.A.H. Smithwick, et al. 2011. Continued warming could transform greater Yellowstone fire regimes by mid-21st century. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 108: 13165-13170.
    • (2011) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.108 , pp. 13165-13170
    • Westerling, A.L.1    Turner, M.G.2    Smithwick, E.A.H.3
  • 126
    • 84864762539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change and disruptions to global fire activity
    • Moritz, M.A., M.-A. Parisien, E. Batllori, et al. 2012. Climate change and disruptions to global fire activity. Ecosphere 3: 49.
    • (2012) Ecosphere , vol.3 , pp. 49
    • Moritz, M.A.1    Parisien, M.-A.2    Batllori, E.3
  • 127
    • 77349101850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the ecological benefits of wildfire by integrating fire and ecosystem simulation models
    • Keane, R.E. & E. Karau 2010. Evaluating the ecological benefits of wildfire by integrating fire and ecosystem simulation models. Ecol. Model. 221: 1162-1172.
    • (2010) Ecol. Model. , vol.221 , pp. 1162-1172
    • Keane, R.E.1    Karau, E.2
  • 128
    • 79959585208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A framework for deriving and triggering thresholds for management intervention in uncertain, varying and time-lagged systems
    • Scholes, R.J. & J.M. Kruger 2011. A framework for deriving and triggering thresholds for management intervention in uncertain, varying and time-lagged systems. Koedoe 53:987.
    • (2011) Koedoe , vol.53 , pp. 987
    • Scholes, R.J.1    Kruger, J.M.2
  • 129
    • 84878174969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating historical range of variation (HRV) time series using landscape modeling: overview and issues
    • J.A. Wiens, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford & C.M. Giffen, Eds.. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd
    • Keane, R.E. 2012. "Creating historical range of variation (HRV) time series using landscape modeling: overview and issues." In Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management. J.A. Wiens, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford & C.M. Giffen, Eds.: 113-127. Chichester: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
    • (2012) Historical Environmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management , pp. 113-127
    • Keane, R.E.1
  • 130
    • 65249122534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global pyrogeography: the current and future distribution of wildfire
    • Krawchuk, M.A., M.A. Moritz, M.-A. Parisien, et al. 2009. Global pyrogeography: the current and future distribution of wildfire. PLoS ONE 4: e5102.
    • (2009) PLoS ONE , vol.4
    • Krawchuk, M.A.1    Moritz, M.A.2    Parisien, M.-A.3
  • 131
    • 78650784340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A climatic basis for microrefugia: the influence of terrain on climate
    • Dobrowski, S.Z., 2011. A climatic basis for microrefugia: the influence of terrain on climate. Glob. Change Biol. 17: 1022-1035.
    • (2011) Glob. Change Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 1022-1035
    • Dobrowski, S.Z.1
  • 132
    • 34548506712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends
    • Jentsch, A., J. Kreyling & C. Beierkuhnlein 2007. A new generation of climate-change experiments: events, not trends. Front. Ecol. Environ. 5: 365-374.
    • (2007) Front. Ecol. Environ. , vol.5 , pp. 365-374
    • Jentsch, A.1    Kreyling, J.2    Beierkuhnlein, C.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.