Let's drink together: Early ceremonial use of maize in the titicaca basin

Latin American Antiquity

Volumn 23, Issue 3, 2012, Pages 235-258

  Logan, Amanda L ^a   Hastorf, Christine A ^b   Pearsall, Deborah M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878120216     PISSN: 10456635     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7183/1045-6635.23.3.235     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Abbott, Mark B., Michael W. Binford, Mark Brenner, and Kerry R. Kelts 1997 A 3500 14C yr High-Resolution Record of Water Level Changes in Lake Titicaca, Bolivia/Peru. Quaternary Research 47:169-180.
2. Albarracin-Jordan, Juan 1996 Tiwanaku Settlement System: The Integration of Nested Hierarchies in The Lower Tiwanaku Valley. Latin American Antiquity 7:183-210.
3. Allen, Catherine J. 1988 The Hold Life Has: Coca and Cultural Identity in an Andean Community. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
4. 2009 "Let's Drink Together, My Dear!": Persistent Ceremonies in a Changing Community. In Drink and Power in the Andes, edited by Justin Jennings and Brenda Bowser, pp. 28-48. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
5. Anderson, Karen 2009 Tiwanaku Influence on Local Drinking Patterns in Cochabamba, Bolivia. In Drink and Power in the Andes, edited by Justin Jennings and Brenda Bowser, pp. 167-199. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
6. Arnold, Denise Y., and Christine A. Hastorf 2008 Heads of State: Icons, Power, an Politics in the Ancient and Modern Andes. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California.
7. Bandy, Matthew S. 2001 Population and History in the Ancient Titicaca Basin. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.
8. 2004 Fissioning, Scalar Stress, and Social Evolution in Early Village Societies. American Anthropologist 106:322-333.
9. 2005 Trade and Social Power in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin Formative. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 14:91-111.
10. 2006 Early Village Society in the Formative Period in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin. In Andean Archaeology III: North and South, edited by William Isbell and Helaine Silverman, pp. 210-227. Springer, New York.
11. 2007 Kala Uyuni and the Titicaca Basin Formative. In Kala Uyuni:An Early Political Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin: 2003 Excavations of the Taraco Archaeological Project, edited by Matthew S. Bandy and Christine A. Hastorf, pp. 135-143. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility No. 64. University of California, Berkeley.
12. Bandy, Matthew S., and Christine A. Hastorf (editors) 2007 Kala Uyuni: An Early Political Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin: 2003 Excavations of the Taraco Archaeological Project. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility No. 64. University of California, Berkeley.
13. Bandy, Matthew, Christine Hastorf, Lee Steadman, Katherine Moore, Melissa Goodman-Elgar, William Whitehead, Jose Luis Paz Soria, Amanda Cohen, Maria Bruno, Andrew Roddick, Kirk Frye, M. Soledad Femdndez, Josd Capriles Flores, and Mary Leighton 2004 Taraco Archaeological Project: Report on 2003 Excavations at Kala Uyni. Report submitted to the Unidad Nacional de Arqueologi'a de Bolivia, La Paz.
14. Beck, Robin A., Jr. 2004 Architecture and Polity in the Formative Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. Latin American Antiquity 15:323-343.
15. Bennett, Wendell C. 1936 Excavations in Bolivia. American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers 35(4):329-504.
16. Binford, Michael, Mark Brenner, and Barbara Leyden 1996 In Agroecology, edited by Alan Kolata, pp. 90-108. Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoe-cology of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
17. Bolin, Inge 1998 Rituals of Respect: The Secret of Survival in the High Peruvian Andes. University of Texas Press, Austin.
18. Bozarth, Steven 1993 Maize (Zea mays) Cob Phytoliths from a Central Kansas Great Bend Aspect Archaeological Site. Plains Anthropologist 38:279-286.
19. 1996 Pollen and Opal Phytolith Evidence of Prehistoric Agriculture and Wild Plant Utilization in the Lower Verde River Valley, Arizona. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence.
20. Bray, Tamara L. 2003 To Dine Splendidly: Imperial Pottery, Commensal Politics, and the Inca State. In The Archaeology of Food and Feasting in Early States and Empires, edited by Tamara L. Bray, pp.93-142. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York.
21. 2009 The Role of Chicha in Inca State Expansion: A Distributional Study of Inca Aribalos. In Drink, Power, and Society in the Andes, edited by Justin Jennings and Brenda Bowser, pp. 108-132. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
22. Browman, David 1978a The Temple of Chiripa (Lake Titicaca, Bolivia). In III Congreso Peruano "El HombreyLa Cultura Andina, " Vol. 2, edited by Ramiro Matos, pp.807-813. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima.
23. 1978b Toward the Development of the Tiahuanaco (Tiwanaku) State. In Advances in Andean Archaeology, edited by David Browman, pp. 327-349. Mouton Publishers, The Hague, Paris.
24. 1986 Chenopod Cultivation, Lacustrine Resources, and Fuel Use at Chiripa, Bolivia. The Missouri Archaeologist 17:137-172.
25. Bruno, Maria C. 2008 Waranq Waranqa: Ethnobotanical Perspectives on Agricultural Intensification in the Lake Titicaca Basin (Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia). Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis.
26. Bruno, Maria C., and William T. Whitehead 2003 Chenopodium Cultivation and Formative Period Agriculture at Chiripa, Bolivia. Latin American Antiquity 14:339-355.
27. Burger, Richard, and Nicholas van der Merwe 1990 Maize and the Origin of Highland Chavfn Civilization: An Isotopic Perspective. American Anthropologist 92:85-95.
28. Chivez, Karen L. M. The Significance of Chiripa in Lake Titicaca Basin Developments. Expedition 30(3): 17-26.
29. Chivez, Sergio J. 2002 Identification of the Camelid Woman and Feline Man Themes, Motifs, and Designs in Pucara Style Pottery. In Andean Archaeology II: Art, Landscape and Society, edited by Helaine Silverman and William H. Isbell, pp. 35-69. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
30. 2006 Native Aymara and Quechua Botanical Terminologies of Zea mays in the Lake Titicaca and Cuzco Regions. In Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz, pp. 623-629. Academic Press, San Diego.
31. Chdvez, Sergio J., and Robert G. Thompson Early Maize on the Copacabana Peninsula: Implications for the Archaeology of the Lake Titicaca Basin. In Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz, pp. 415-428. Academic Press, San Diego.
32. Cobo, Berna W 1979 History of the Inca Empire: An Account of the Indians' Customs and Their Origin, Together with a Treatise on Inca Legends, History, and Social Institutions, translated and edited by Roland Hamilton. University of Texas Press, Austin.
33. Cohen, Amanda B., and Andrew Roddick Excavations in the AC (Achachi Coa Kkollu) Sector. In Kala Uyuni: An Early Political Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin: 2003 Excavations of the Taraco Archaeological Project, edited by Matthew Bandy and Christine Hastorf, pp. 41-66. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility No. 64. University of California, Berkeley.
34. Costin, Cathy, and Timothy Earle Status Distinction and Legitimation of Power as Reflected in the Changing Patterns of Occupation in Late Prehispanic Peru. American Antiquity 54:691-714.
35. Cummins, Thomas B. F. 2002 Toasts with the Inca: Andean Abstraction and Colonial Images on Quero Vessels. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
36. Cutler, Hugh C., and Martin C Srdenas 1947 Chicha, a Native SouthAmerican Beer. Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflet 13(3): 33-60.
37. Dean, Emily, and David Kojan 1999 Santiago. In Early Settlement at Chiripa, Bolivia: Research of the Taraco Archaeological Project, edited by Christine A. Hastorf, pp. 37-42. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility Number 57, University of California, Berkeley.
38. Dietler, Michael 2006 Alcohol: Anthropological/Archaeological Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 35:229-249.
39. Dillehay, Thomas D., and Lautaro Nunez A. 1988 Camelids, Caravans, and Complex Societies in the South-Central Andes. In Recent Studies in Pre-Columbian Archaeology, edited by Nicholas J. Saunders and Olivier de Montmollin, pp. 603-634. BAR International Series 421(ii). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.
40. Erickson, Clark L. 1999,Neo-Environmental Determinism and Agrarian 'Collapse' in Andean Prehistory. Antiquity 73:634-642.
41. 2000, The Lake Titicaca Basin: A Precolumbian Built Landscape. In Imperfect Balance: Landscape Transformations in the Precolumbian Americas, edited by David L. Lentz, pp. 311-356. Columbia University Press, New York.
42. Eubanks, Mary 1999 Corn in Clay: Maize Paleoethnobotany in Pre- Columbian Art. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
43. Finucane, Brian, Patricia Maita Agurto, and William H. Isbell 2006 Human and Animal Diet at Conchopata, Peru: Stable Isotope Evidence for Maize Agricultural and Animal Management Practices during the Middle Horizon. Journal of Archaeological Science 33:1766-1776.
44. Gero, Joan 1990 Pottery, Power, and Parties! At Queyash, Peru. Archaeology Magazine (March-April):52-55.
45. Goette, Susan, Michelle Williams, Sissel Johannessen, and Christine A. Hastorf 1994 Toward Reconstructing Ancient Maize: Experiments in Processing and Charring. Journal of Ethnobiology 14:1-21.
46. Goldstein, David J. 2003 From Stew-Eaters to Maize-Drinkers: The Chicha Economy and Tiwanaku Expansion. In The Archaeology and Politics of Food and Feasting in Early States, edited by Tamara Bray, pp. 143-172. Kluwer Academic, New York.
47. Goldstein, David J., Robin C. Coleman Goldstein, and Patrick R. Williams 2009 You Are What You Drink: A Sociocultural Reconstruction of Pre-Hispanic Fermented Beverage Use at Cerro Baiil, Moquegua, Peru. In Drink and Power in the Andes, edited by Justin Jennings and Brenda Bowser, pp. 133-166. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
48. Gumerman IV, George 1994 Corn for the Dead: The Significance of Tea mays in Moche Burial Offerings. In Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World, edited by Sissel Johannessen and Christine A. Hastorf, pp. 399-410. Westview Press, Boulder.
49. Hart, John P., Robert G. Thompson, and Hetty Jo Brumbach 2003 Phytolith Evidence for Early Maize (Zea mays) in the Northern Finger Lakes Region of New York. American Antiquity 68:619-640.
50. Hastorf, Christine A. 1988 The Use of Paleoethnobotanical Data in Prehistoric Studies of Crop Production, Processing, and Consumption. In Current Paleoethnobotany: Analytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remains, edited by Christine A. Hastorf and Virginia S. Popper, pp. 119-144. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
51. 1991 Gender, Space, and Food in Prehistory. In Engendering Archaeology: Women in Prehistory, edited by Joan M. Gero and Margaret W. Conkey, pp. 132-159. Basil Black- well, Oxford.
52. 1993 Agriculture and the Onset of Political Inequality before the Inca. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
53. 1998 The Cultural Life of Early Domestic Plant Use. Antiquity 72:773-82.
54. 1999 Cultural Implications of Crop Introductions in Andean Prehistory. In The Prehistory of Food: Appetites for Change, edited by Chris Gosden and Jon Hather, pp .35-58. Routledge, London.
55. 2003a Community with the Ancestors: Ceremonies and Social Memory in the Middle Formative at Chiripa, Bolivia. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 22:305-332.
56. 2003b Andean Luxury Foods: Special Food for Ancestors, Deities, and Elite. Antiquity 77:545-554.
57. 2008 The Formative Period in the Titicaca Basin. In Handbook of South American Archaeology, edited by Helaine Silverman and William Isbell, pp. 545-561. Springer, New York.
58. Hastorf, Christine A. (editor) 1999 Early Settlement at Chiripa, Bolivia: Research of the Taraco Archaeological Project. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility No. 57, University of California, Berkeley.
59. Hastorf, Christine, Matthew Bandy, William Whitehead, Lee Steadman, Katherine Moore, Jos Luis Paz Soria, Andrew Roddick, Maria Bruno, Soledad Ferndndez, Kathryn Kil- lackey, Amanda Logan, Delfour Ullua, Luis Callisaya, Jose Capriles Flores, Emily Stovel, Annie Rooth, and Alexander Antonites Taraco Archaeological Project: Report on 2004 Excavations at Kumi Kipa and Sonaje. Report submitted to Directorate Unidad Nacional de Arqueologfa de Bolivia, La Paz.
60. Hastorf, Christine, Matthew Bandy, William Whitehead, Lee Steadman, Katherine Moore, Melissa Goodman Elgar, Andrew Roddick, Maria Bruno, Soledad FernSndez, Kathryn Killackey, Ruth Fontenla, Luis Callisaya, Josd Capriles Flores, Mary Leighton, Eduardo Machicado, Marcia Peterson, Nicole Anthony, and Vanessa Jimenez Taraco Archaeological Project: Report of the 2005 Excavations at the Sites of Sonaji and Kumi Kipa. Report submitted to the Directorate Unidad Nacional de Arqueologfa de Bolivia, La Paz.
61. Hastorf, Christine A., and Sissel Johanessen 1993 Prehispanic Political Change and the Role of Maize in the Central Andes of Peru. American Anthropologist 95:115-138.
62. Hastorf, Christine A., William T. Whitehead, Maria C. Bruno, and Melanie Wright 2006 The Movements of Maize into Middle Horizon Tiwanaku, Bolivia. In Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz, pp. 429-448. Academic Press, San Diego.
63. Hayashida, Frances 2008 Ancient Beer and Modern Brewers: Ethnoarchaeo- logical Observations of Maize Beer (Chicha) Production in Two Regions of the North Coast of Peru. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27:161-174.
64. Ho, Engseng T 2006 The Graves ofTarim. University of California Press, Berkeley.
65. Janusek, John Wayne 2007 Ancient Tavanafcu. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
66. Jennings, Justin 2005 La Chichera y El Patron: Chicha and the Energetics of Feasting in the Prehistoric Andes. In Foundations of Power in the Prehispanic Andes, edited by Kevin Vaughn, Dennis Ogburn, and Christina Conlee, pp. 241-259. Archaeological Papers No. 14. American Anthropological Association, Arlington, VA.
67. Jennings, Justin, and Brenda Bowser (editors) 2009 Drink and Power in the Andes. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
68. Jennings, Justin, and Melissa Chatfield 2009 Pots, Brewers, and Hosts: Women's Power and the Limits of Central Andean Feasting. In Drink and Power in the Andes, edited by Justin Jennings and Brenda Bowser, pp. 200-231. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.
69. Johannessen, Sissel, and Christine A. Hastorf (editors) 1994 Corn and Culture in the Prehistoric New World. West- view Press, Boulder, Colorado.
70. Kidder, Alfred 1956 Digging in the Titicaca Basin. University of Pennsylvania Museum Bulletin 20(3): 16-29.
71. Klarich, Elizabeth A. 2004 From the Monumental to the Mundane: Defining Early Leadership Strategies at Late Formative Pukara, Peru. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropolgy, University of California, Santa Barbara.
72. Kolata, Alan L. 1993 The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization. Blackwell Publishers, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
73. Kolata, Alan L. (editor) 1996 Agroecology. Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
74. 2003 Urban and Rural Archaeology. Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
75. Kolata, Alan L., and Charles R. Ortloff Tiwanaku Raised-Field Agriculture in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Bolivia. In Agroecology, edited by Alan Kolata, pp. 109-152.Tiwanaku and its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
76. Lee, Misumi A. 1997 Paleoethnobotanical Report of Five Yaya-Mama Sites from Lake Titicaca. Report on file at the University of Missouri Paleoethnobotany Laboratory, Columbia, MO.
77. Logan, Amanda L. 2006 The Application of Phytoiith and Starch Grain Analysis to Understanding Formative Period Subsistence, Ritual, and Trade on the Taraco Peninsula, Highland Bolivia. Unpublished MA. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia.
78. MacNeish, Richard S., Antoinette Nelken-Terner, and Robert K.Vierra 1980 Introduction. In Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin. Peru. Vol. 3. Nonceramic Artifacts, edited by Richard S. MacNeish, Robert K. Vierra, Antoinette Nelken-Terner, and Carl J. Phagen, pp. 1-34. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor.
79. Miller, Melanie J. 2005 What's in That Pot? Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Understand Cuisines of the Taraco Peninsula, Bolivia 1500 B C.-A.D. 1000. Unpublished Honors Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley.
80. Moore, JerTy 1989 Pre-Hispanic Beer in Coastal Peru: Technological and Social Context of Prehistoric Production. American Anthropologist 91:682-695.
81. Moore, Katherine, Maria Bruno, Jose Capriles, and Christine Hastorf 2007 Integrated Contextual Approaches to Understanding Past Activities Using Plant and Animal Remains from Kala Uyuni. In Kala Uyuni: An Early Political Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin: 2003 Excavations of the Taraco Archaeological Project, edited by Matthew Bandy and Christine Hastorf, pp. 113-133. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility No. 64. University of California, Berkeley.
82. Morris, Craig 1979 Maize Beer in the Economics, Politics, and Religion of the Inca Empire. In Fermented Food Beverages in Nutrition, edited by Clifford F. Gastineau, William J. Darby and Thomas B.Turner, pp. 21 -34. Academic Press, New York.
83. 1982 The Infrastructure of Inca Control in the Peruvian Central Highlands. In The Inca and Aztec States 1400-1800: Anthropology and History, edited by George A. Collier, Renato I. Rosaldo, and John D. Wirth, pp. 119-152. Academic Press, New York.
84. Mulholland, Susan C. A Test of Phytoiith Analysis at Big Hidatsa, North Dakota. In Current Research in Phytoiith Analysis: Applications in Archaeology and Paleoecology, edited by Deborah M. Pearsall and Dolores R. Piperno, pp. 131-146. Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology (MASCA), The University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia.
85. Murra, John V. 1972 El control vertical de un mdximo de pisos ecologicos en la economi'a de las sociedades andinas. In Visita de la Provincia de Ledn de Huanaco, Peru, edited by John V. Murra, pp. 429-476. Universidad Hermilio Valdizan, Huanaco, Peru. Economic Organization of the Inca State. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.
86. 1986 The Expansion of the Inca State: Armies, War, and Rebellions. In Anthropological History of Andean Polities, edited by John V. Murra, Nathan Watchel, and Jaques Revel, pp. 49-58.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and Maison des Sciences de L'Homme, Paris.
87. Ortloff, Charles R. and Alan L. Kolata 1993 Climate and Collapse: Agro-Ecological Perspectives on the Decline of the Tiwanaku State. Journal of Archaeological Science 20:195-221.
88. Paz Soria, Jose Luis 1999 Excavations in the Llusco Area. In Early Settlement at Chiripa, Bolivia: Research of the Taraco Archaeological Project, edited by Christine A. Hastorf, pp. 31-36.
89. Pearsall, Deborah M. 1997 Physiotolith Analysis of Archaeological Soils: Evidence for Maize Cultivation in Formative Ecuador. Science 199:177-178.
90. 1989 Adaptation of Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers to the High Andes: The Changing Role of Plant Resources. In Foraging and Farming: The Evolution of Plant Exploitation, edited by David R. Harris and Gordon C. Hillman, pp. 318-332. Unwin Hyman, London.
91. 1999 Agricultural Evolution and the Emergence of Formative Societies in Ecuador. In Pacific Latin America in Prehistory: The Evolution of Archaic and Formative Cultures .edited by Michael Blake, pp. 161-170. Washington State University Press, Pullman.
92. 2000 Paleoethnobotany: A Handbook of Procedures. 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.
93. 2002 Maize is Still Ancient in Prehistoric Ecuador: The View from Real Alto, with Comments on Staller and Thompson. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:51-55.
94. Pearsall, Deborah M., Karol Chandler-Ezell, and Alex Chan- dler-Ezell 2003 Identifying Maize in Neotropical Sediments and Soils Using Cob Phytoliths. Journal of Archaeological Science 30:611-627.
95. Pearsall, Deborah M., Karol Chandler-Ezell, and James A. Zei-dler 2004 Maize in Ancient Ecuador: Results of Residue Analysis of Stone Tools from the Real Alto Site. Journal of Archaeological Science 31:423-442.
96. Pearsall, Deborah M., and Dolores R. 1990 Piperno Antiquity of Maize Cultivation in Ecuador: Summary and Reevaluation of the Evidence. American Antiquity 55:324-336.
97. Perry, Linda, Daniel H. Sandweiss, Dolores R. Piperno, Kurt Rademaker, Michael A. Malpass, Adan Umire, and Pablo de la Vera Early Maize Agriculture and Interzonal Interaction in Southern Peru. Nature 440:76-79.
98. Piperno, Dolores R. 1984 A comparison and Differentiation of Phytoliths from Maize and Wild Grasses: Use of Morphological Criteria. American Antiquity 49:361-383.
99. 2005 Phytoliths: A Comprehensive Guide for Archaeologists and Paleoecologists. Altamira Press, Lanham, Maryland.
100. Piperno, Dolores R., and Irene Hoist 1998 The Presence of Starch Grains on Prehistoric Stone Tools from the Humid Neotropics: Indications of Early Tuber Use and Agriculture in Panama. Journal of Archaeological Science 25:765-776.
101. Piperno, Dolores R., and Deborah M. Pearsall 1993 Phytoliths in the Reproductive Structures of Maize and Teosinte: Implications for the Study of Maize Evolution. Journal of Archaeological Science 20:337-362.
102. 1998 The Origins of Agriculture in the Lowland Neotropics. Academic Press, San Diego.
103. Pizarro, Pedro 1965 [1571] Relacian del descubrimiento y conquista de los reinos del Peru, in Crdnicas del Peru, Biblioteca de Autores Espanoles 68:159-242. Ediciones Atlas, Madrid.
104. Poma de Ayala, F. Guaman 1987(1615] Nueva crdnica y buen gobierno. Historia 16, Madrid.
105. Portugal Ortiz, Max 1981 Expansion del estilo escultorico Pa-Ajanu. Arte y Arqueologta 7:149-159.
106. Ramirez, R. E., D. H.Timothy, E.Diaz, and U.J.Grant 1961 Razas de mafz en Bolivia. Division de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Boleti'n Tecnico No. 9, Bogota.
107. Raviele, Maria E. 2010 Assessing Carbonized Archaeological Cooking Residues: Evaluation of Maize Phytolith Taphonomy and Density through Experimental Residue Analysis. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Michigan State University.
108. Raymond, J. Scott, and Warren R. DeBoer 2006 Maize on the Move. In Histories of Maize: Multidis- ciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Bio- geography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by John Staller, Robert Tykot, and Bruce Benz, pp. 337-343. Academic Press, New York.
109. Reichert, Edward T. 1913 The Differentiation and Specificity of Starches in Relation to Genera, Species, Etc. Carnegie Institute of Washington, Philadelphia.
110. Roddick, Andrew 2002 Archaeological Approaches to Ritual in the Andes: A Ceramic Analysis of Ceremonial Space at the Formative Period Site of Chiripa, Bolivia. Unpublished MA. Thesis, Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
111. Schreiber, Katharina 1992 Wari Imperialism in Middle Horizon Peru. Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers 87. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
112. Stahl, Ann 1993 Concepts of Time and Approaches to Analogical Reasoning in Historical Perspective. American Antiquity 58:235-260.
113. Staller, John E. 2006 The Social, Symbolic, and Economic Significance of Zea mays L. in the Late Horizon Period. In Histories of Maize: Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Prehistory, Unguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by John E. Staller, Robert H. Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz, pp. 449-470. Academic Press, San Diego.
114. Staller, John E., and Robert G. Thompson 2002 A Multidisciplinary Approach to Understanding the Initial Introduction of Maize into Coastal Ecuador. Journal of Archaeological Science 29:33-50.
115. Stanish, Charles 2003 Ancient Titicaca: The Evolution of Complex Society in Southern Peru and Northern Bolivia. University of California Press, Berkeley.
116. Steadman, Lee 2007 Ceramic Analysis. In Kala Uyuni: An Early Political Center in the Southern Lake Titicaca Basin: 2003 Excavations of the Taraco Archaeological Project, edited by Matthew Bandy and Christine Hastorf, pp. 67-112. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility No. 64, University of California, Berkeley.
117. Thompson, Lonnie G., Ellen Mosley-Thompson, J.F. Bolzan, and B.R. Koci 1985 A 1500-Year Record of Tropical Precipitation in Ice Cores from the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Science 229:971-973.
118. Thompson, Robert 2006 Documenting the Presence of Maize in Central and South America Through Phytolith Analysis of Food Residues. In Documenting Domestication: New Genetic and Archaeological Paradigms, edited by MelindaA. Zeder, Daniel G. Bradley, Eve Emshwiller, and Bruce D. Smith, pp. 82-98. University of California Press, Berkeley.
119. Twiss, Page C., Erwin Suess, and R.M. Smith 1969 Morphological Classification of Grass Phytoliths. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 33:109-115.
120. Tykot, Robert H., Richard L. Burger, and Nicholas van der Merwe 2006 The Importance of Maize in the Initial Period and Early Horizon Peru. In Histories of Maize: Multidiscipli- nary Approaches to the Prehistory, Linguistics, Biogeography, Domestication, and Evolution of Maize, edited by John E. Staller, Robert H.Tykot, and Bruce F. Benz, pp. 187-198. Academic Press, San Diego.
121. Umlauf, Marcelle La Vieve 1988 Paleoethnobotanical Investigations at the Initial Period Site of Cardal, Peru. Unpublished MA. Thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia.
122. Valdez, Lidio M. 2006 Maize Beer Production in Middle Horizon Peru. Journal of Anthropological Research 62:53-80.
123. Valdez, Lidio M., Katrina J. Bettcher, and J. Ernesto Valdez 2010 Production of Maize Beer at a Wari Site in the Ayacucho Valley, Peru. Archaeologia Iberoamericana 5:23-35.
124. Weismantel, Mary J. 1991 Maize Beer and Andean Social Transformations: Drunken Indians, Bread Babies, and Chosen Women. MLN 106:861-879.
125. Whitehead, William T. 1999a Radiocarbon Dating. In Early Settlement at Chiripa Bolivia, edited by Christine A. Hastorf, pp. 17-22. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility Number 57, University of California, Berkeley.
126. 1999b Paleoethnobotanical Evidence. In Early Settlement at Chiripa Bolivia, edited by Christine A. Hastorf, pp. 95-104. Contributions of the Archaeological Research Facility Number 57, University of California, Berkeley.
127. Wright, Melanie F., Christine A. Hastorf, and Heidi A. Lennstrom PreHispanic Agriculture and Plant Use atTiwanaku: Social and Political Implications. In Urban and Rural Archaeology, edited by Alan L. Kolata, pp. 384-403. Tiwanaku and Its Hinterland: Archaeology and Paleoecology of an Andean Civilization, Volume 2. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
128. Zarrillo, Sonia 2004 Extraction Procedure for Starch and Phytoliths from Carbonized Pottery Residues. Manuscript on file, University of Calgary.
129. Zarrillo, Sonia, Deborah M. Pearsall, J. Scott Raymond, Mary Ann Tisdalc, and Dugane J. Quon 2008 Directly Dated Starch residues Document Early Maize (Zea mays L.) in Tropical Ecuador. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105( 13):5006-5011.