Perceived Sexist Events and Psychological Distress of Sexual Minority Women of Color: The Moderating Role of Womanism

Psychology of Women Quarterly

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 167-178

  DeBlaere, Cirleen ^a   Bertsch, Kristin N ^a  

^a LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

discrimination; distress; race and ethnic discrimination; sexism; sexual orientation; social identity; womanism

Indexed keywords

EID: 84878081140     PISSN: 03616843     EISSN: 14716402     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0361684312470436     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Aiken L. S.,West S. G.Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1991:.
2. Baron R. M.,Kenny D. A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1986;51:1173-1182.
3. Bowleg L.When black + lesbian + woman ≠ black lesbian woman: The methodological challenges of qualitative and quantitative intersectionality research.Sex Roles. 2008;59:312-325.
4. Brown E. B.Womanist consciousness: Maggie Lena Walker and the Independent Order of Saint Luke.Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society. 1989;14:610-633.
5. Carter R. T.,Parks E. E.Womanist identity and mental health.Journal of Counseling & Development. 1996;74:484-489.
6. Cole E. R.Intersectionality and research in psychology.American Psychologist. 2009;64:170-180.
7. Crocker J.,Major B.Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.Psychological Review. 1989;96:608-630.
8. Crocker J.,Voelkl K.,Testa M.,Major B.Social stigma: The affective consequences of attributional ambiguity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1991;60:218-228.
9. DeBlaere C.,Brewster M. E.,Bertsch K. N.,DeCarlo A. L.,Kegel K. A.,Presseau C. D.Multiple perceived discrimination experiences and psychological distress of sexual minority women of color: The moderating role of collective action.Psychology of Women Quarterly. under review;:.
10. Derogatis L. R.,Lipman R. S.,Rickels K.,Uhlenhuth E. H.,Covi L.The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL): A self-report symptom inventory.Behavioral Science. 1974;19:1-14.
11. Downing N. E.,Roush K. L.From passive acceptance to active commitment: A model of feminist identity development for women.Counseling Psychologist. 1986;13:695-709.
12. Fassinger R. E.,Arseneau J. R.Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender clients. Bieschke K. J.Perez R. M.DeBord K. A., ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2007:19-49.
13. Field A.Discovering statistics. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 2009:.
14. Fischer A. R.,Good G. E.Women's feminist consciousness, anger, and psychological distress.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2004;51:437-446.
15. Fischer A. R.,Bolton Holz K.Perceived discrimination and women's psychological distress: The roles of collective and personal self-esteem.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2007;54:154-164.
16. Fisher A. R.,Bolton Holz K.Testing a model of women's personal sense of justice, control, well-being, and distress in the context of sexist discrimination.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2010;34:297-310.
17. Friedman C.,Leaper C.Sexual minority college women's experiences with discrimination: Relations with identity and collective action.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2010;34:152-164.
18. Garth P. H.A new knowledge: Feminism from an Afrocentric perspective.Thresholds in Education. 1994;20:8-13.
19. Gosling S. D.,Vazire S.,Srivastava S.,John O. P.Should we trust web-based studies? A comparative analysis of six preconceptions about Internet questionnaires.American Psychologist. 2004;59:93-104.
20. Green D. E.,Walkey F. H.,McCormick I. A.,Taylor A. J.Development and evaluation of a 21-item version of the Hopkins, symptom checklist with New Zealand and United States respondents.Australian Journal of Psychology. 1988;40:61-70.
21. Greene B.Foreword: Lesbian and bisexual women's mental health.Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality. 2003;15:xvii-xviii.
22. Henley N. M.,McCarthy W. J.Measure feminist attitudes: Problems and prospects.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1998;22:363-369.
23. Henley N. M.,Meng K.,O'Brien D.,McCarthy W. J.,Sockloskie R. J.Developing a scale to measure the diversity of feminist attitudes.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1998;22:317-348.
24. Huang Y.,Brewster M. E.,Moradi B.,Goodman M. B.,Wiseman M. C.,Martin A.Content analysis of literature about LGB people of color: 1998-2007.The Counseling Psychologist. 2009;38:363-398.
25. King K.Do you see what I see? Effects of group consciousness on African American women's attributions to prejudice.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2003;27:17-30.
26. Klonoff E. A.,Landrine H.The schedule of sexist events: A measure of lifetime and recent sexist discrimination in women's lives.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1995;19:439-472.
27. Komiya N.,Eells G. T.Predictors of attitudes toward counseling among international students.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2001;4:153-181.
28. Landrine H.,Klonoff E. A.Discrimination against women: Prevalence, consequences, remedies. Thousand Oaks; CA: Sage; 1997:.
29. Landrine H.,Klonoff E. A.,Gibbs J.,Manning V.,Lund M.Physical and psychiatric correlates of gender discrimination; An application of the schedule of sexist events.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 1995;19:473-492.
30. Lehavot K.,Simoni J. M.The impact of minority stress on mental health and substance use among sexual minority women.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2011;79:159-170.
31. Levinson D. J.A conception of adult development.American Psychologist. 1986;41:3-13.
32. Levinson D. J.,Darrow C. M.,Klein E. B.,Levinson M. H.,McKee B.Periods in the adult development of men: Ages 18 to 45.Counseling Psychologist. 1976;6:21-25.
33. Lorde A.Sister outsider. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press; 1984:.
34. Moller N. P.,Fouladi R. T.,McCarthy C. J.,Hatch K. D.Relationship attachment and social support to college students' adjustment following a relationship breakup.Journal of Counseling & Development. 2003;81:354-369.
35. Moradi B.Advancing womanist identity development: Where we are and where we need to go.Counseling Psychologist. 2005;33:225-253.
36. Moradi B.,DeBlaere C.Handbook of diversity in feminist psychology. Landrine H.Russo N., ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2010:173-210.
37. Moradi B.,Funderburk J. R.Roles of perceived sexist events and perceived social support in the mental health of women seeking counseling.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2006;53:464-473.
38. Moradi B.,Subich L. M.Perceived sexist events and feminist identity development attitudes: Links to women's psychological distress.The Counseling Psychologist. 2002;30:44-65.
39. Moradi B.,Subich L. M.A concomitant examination of the relations of perceived racist and the sexist events to psychological distress for African American women.Counseling Psychologist. 2003;31:451-469.
40. Moradi B.,Wiseman M.,DeBlaere C.,Sarkees A.,Goodman M.,Brewster M.,Huang Y.LGB people of color and white individuals' perceptions of heterosexist stigma, internalized homophobia and outness: Comparisons of levels and links.Counseling Psychologist. 2010;38:397-424.
41. Ossana S. M.,Helms J. E.,Leonard M. M.Do "womanist" identity attitudes influence college women's self-esteem and perceptions of environmental bias.Journal of Counseling & Development. 1992;70:402-408.
42. Purdie-Vaughns V.,Eibach R.Intersectional invisibility: The ideological sources and social consequences of non-prototypicality.Sex Roles. 2008;59:377-391.
43. Riggle E. D. B.,Rostosky S. S.,Reedy C. S.Online surveys for BGLT research: Issues and techniques.Journal of Homosexuality. 2005;49:1-21.
44. Sabik N. J.,Tylka T. L.Do feminist identity styles moderate the relation between perceived sexist events and disordered eating?.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2006;30:77-84.
45. Schafer J. L.Analysis of incomplete multivariate data. London, England: Chapman & Hall; 1997:.
46. Schafer J. L. Mix: Estimation/multiple imputation for mixed categorical and continuous data (R package version 1.0-8) [Software]. Retrieved from http://CRAN.Rproject.org/package=mix 2010
47. Schlomer G. L.,Bauman S.,Card N. A.Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology.Journal of Counseling Psychology. 2010;57:1-10.
48. Selvidge M. M. D.,Matthews C. R.,Bridges S. K.The relationship of minority stress and flexible coping to psychological well being in lesbian and bisexual women.Journal of Homosexuality. 2008;55:450-470.
49. Smith C. A.,Haynes K. N,Lazarus R. S.,Pope L. K.In search of the "hot" cognitions: Attributions, appraisals, and their relation to emotion.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1993;65:916-929.
50. Solórzano D. G.Critical race theory, race and gender microaggressions, and the experience of Chicana and Chicano scholars.Qualitative Studies in Education. 1998;11:121-136.
51. Suarez-Balcazar Y.,Balcazar F. E.,Taylor-Ritzler T.Using the internet to conduct research with culturally diverse populations: Challenges and opportunities.Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2009;15:96-104.
52. Szymanski D. M.Heterosexism and sexism as correlates of psychological distress in lesbians.Journal of Counseling and Development. 2005;83:355-360.
53. Szymanski D. M.,Owens G. P.Group-level coping as a moderator between heterosexism and sexism and psychological distress in sexual minority women.Psychology of Women Quarterly. 2009;33:197-205.
54. Szymanski D. M.,Stewart D. N.Racism and sexism as correlates of African American Women's psychological distress.Sex Roles. 2010;63:226-238.
55. Szymanski D. M.,Sung M. R.Minority stress and psychological distress among Asian American sexual minority persons.Counseling Psychologist. 2010;38:848-872.
56. Tabachnick B. G.,Fidell L. S.Using multivariate statistics. 2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.Boston, MA: Pearson; 2007:.
57. Walker A.In search of our mothers'gardens: Womanist prose. New York, NY: Harcourt; 1983:.
58. Warner L.A best practices guide to intersectional approaches in psychological research.Sex Roles. 2008;59:454-463.
59. Weston R.,Gore P. A.A brief guide to structural equation modeling.Counseling Psychologist. 2006;34:719-751.
60. Williams C. B.Counseling African American women: Multiple identities - Multiple constraints.Journal of Counseling and Development. 2005;83:278-283.
61. Williams C. B.,Frame M. W.,Greene E.Counseling groups for African American women: A focus on spirituality.Journal for Specialists in Group Work. 1999;24:260-273.
62. Yoder J. D.,Snell A. F.,Tobias A.Balancing multicultural competence with social justice: Feminist beliefs and optimal psychological functioning.Counseling Psychologist. 2012;40:1101-1132.