Causal relevance of blood lipid fractions in the development of carotid atherosclerosis mendelian randomization analysis

Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics

Volumn 6, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 63-72

  Shah, Sonia ^a   Casas, Juan Pablo ^a,b   Drenos, Fotios ^a   Whittaker, John ^c   Deanfield, John ^a   Swerdlow, Daniel I ^a   Holmes, Michael V ^a   Kivimaki, Mika ^a   Langenberg, Claudia ^a,d   Wareham, Nick ^d   Gertow, Karl ^e   Sennblad, Bengt ^e   Strawbridge, Rona J ^e   Baldassarre, Damiano ^f,g   Veglia, Fabrizio ^g   Tremoli, Elena ^f,g   Gigante, Bruna ^h   De Faire, Ulf ^h   Kumari, Meena ^a   Talmud, Philippa J ^a   Hamsten, Anders ^e   Humphries, Steve E ^a   Hingorani, Aroon D ^a   more..

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^c GLAXOSMITHKLINE   (United Kingdom)

^d ADDENBROOKE S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^e KAROLINSKA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^f UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^g CENTRO CARDIOLOGICO MONZINO   (Italy)

^h KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Carotid intima media thickness; Lipids; Mendelian randomization

Indexed keywords

HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; TRIACYLGLYCEROL;

ADULT; AGED; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; CARDIOCHIP LIPID GENETIC SCORE; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; FEMALE; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GENETIC ASSOCIATION; GLOBAL LIPID GENETIC CONSORTIUM SCORE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NAMED INVENTORIES, QUESTIONNAIRES AND RATING SCALES; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL;

AGED; APOLIPOPROTEINS E; CAROTID ARTERY DISEASES; CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; CHOLESTEROL, LDL; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS; MIDDLE AGED; POLYMORPHISM, SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; TRIGLYCERIDES;

EID: 84878042322     PISSN: 1942325X     EISSN: 19423268     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.112.963140     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Buck G, Pollicino C, et al Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267-1278.
2. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, Holland L, Reith C, Bhala N, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376:1670-1681.
3. Cannon CP, Shah S, Dansky HM, Davidson M, Brinton EA, Gotto AM, et al Determining the Efficacy and Tolerability Investigators. Safety of anacetrapib in patients with or at high risk for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2406-2415.
4. Forrest MJ, Bloomfield D, Briscoe RJ, Brown PN, Cumiskey AM, Ehrhart J, et al. Torcetrapib-induced blood pressure elevation is independent of CETP inhibition and is accompanied by increased circulating levels of aldosterone. Br J Pharmacol. 2008;154:1465-1473.
5. Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, Crouse JR, Leiter LA, Linz P, et al. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563-1574.
6. Jun M, Foote C, Lv J, Neal B, Patel A, Nicholls SJ, et al. Effects of fibrates on cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2010;375:1875-1884.
7. NHLBI Communications. NIH stops clinical trial on combination cholesterol treatment. 2011. http://www.nih.gov/news/health/may2011/nhlbi-26.htm. Accessed June 19, 2011.
8. O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:14-22.
9. Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Rosamond W, Szklo M, Sharrett AR, et al. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987-1993. Am J Epidemiol. 1997;146:483-494.
10. Espeland MA, O'Leary DH, Terry JG, Morgan T, Evans G, Mudra H. Carotid intimal-media thickness as a surrogate for cardiovascular disease events in trials of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Curr Control Trials Cardiovasc Med. 2005;6:3.
11. Bedi US, Singh M, Singh PP, Bhuriya R, Bahekar A, Molnar J, et al. Effects of statins on progression of carotid atherosclerosis as measured by carotid intimal-medial thickness: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2010;15:268-273.
12. Kastelein JJ, Wiegman A, de Groot E. Surrogate markers of atherosclerosis: impact of statins. Atheroscler Suppl. 2003;4:31-36.
13. Bots ML, Visseren FL, Evans GW, Riley WA, Revkin JH, Tegeler CH, et al; RADIANCE 2 Investigators. Torcetrapib and carotid intima-media thickness in mixed dyslipidaemia (RADIANCE 2 study): a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2007;370:153-160.
14. Taylor AJ, Villines TC, Stanek EJ, Devine PJ, Griffen L, Miller M, et al. Extended-release niacin or ezetimibe and carotid intima-media thickness. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2113-2122.
15. Hiukka A, Westerbacka J, Leinonen ES, Watanabe H, Wiklund O, Hulten LM, et al. Long-term effects of fenofibrate on carotid intima-media thickness and augmentation index in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:2190-2197.
16. Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. Mendelian randomization: can genetic epidemiology help redress the failures of observational epidemiology? Hum Genet. 2008;123:15-33.
17. Smith GD, Ebrahim S. Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations. Int J Epidemiol. 2004;33:30-42.
18. Talmud PJ, Drenos F, Shah S, Shah T, Palmen J, Verzilli C, et al; ASCOT investigators; NORDIL investigators; BRIGHT Consortium. Gene-centric association signals for lipids and apolipoproteins identified via the Human CVD BeadChip. Am J Hum Genet. 2009;85:628-642.
19. Teslovich TM, Musunuru K, Smith AV, Edmondson AC, Stylianou IM, Koseki M, et al. Biological, clinical and population relevance of 95 loci for blood lipids. Nature. 2010;466:707-713.
20. Keating BJ, Tischfield S, Murray SS, Bhangale T, Price TS, Glessner JT, et al. Concept, design and implementation of a cardiovascular gene-centric 50 k SNP array for large-scale genomic association studies. PLoS ONE. 2008;3:e3583.
21. Marmot M, Brunner E. Cohort Profile: the Whitehall II study. Int J Epidemiol. 2005;34:251-256.
22. Baldassarre D, Nyyssönen K, Rauramaa R, de Faire U, Hamsten A, Smit AJ, et al; IMPROVE study group. Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data to identify the major determinants of carotid intima-media thickness in a European population: the IMPROVE study. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:614-622.
23. Voight BF, Kang HM, Ding J, Palmer CD, Sidore C, Chines PS, et al. The metabochip, a custom genotyping array for genetic studies of metabolic, cardiovascular, and anthropometric traits. PLoS Genet. 2012;8:e1002793.
24. Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat. 1978;6:461-464.
25. Brown PJ. Measurement, Regression and Calibration. New York: Oxford University Press; 1994.
26. Lawless JF, Wang P. A simulation study of ridge and other regression estimators. Communications in Statistics. 1976;5:307-323.
27. Sabia S, Kivimaki M, Kumari M, Shipley MJ, Singh-Manoux A. Effect of apolipoprotein E epsilon4 on the association between health behaviors and cognitive function in late midlife. Mol Neurodegener. 2010;5:23.
28. Bennet AM, Di Angelantonio E, Ye Z, Wensley F, Dahlin A, Ahlbom A, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E genotypes with lipid levels and coronary risk. JAMA. 2007;298:1300-1311.
29. Staiger D, Stock JH. Instrumental variables regression with weak instruments. Econometrica. 1997;65:557-586.
30. Sarwar N, Sandhu MS, Ricketts SL, Butterworth AS, Di Angelantonio E, Boekholdt SM, et al. Triglyceride-mediated pathways and coronary disease: collaborative analysis of 101 studies. Lancet. 2010;375:1634-1639.
31. Baum CF, Schaffer ME, Stillman S. Instrumental variables and GMM: estimation and testing. Stata J. 2003;3:1-31.
32. Asselbergs FW, Guo Y, van Iperen EP, Sivapalaratnam S, Tragante V, Lanktree MB, et al; LifeLines Cohort Study. Large-scale gene-centric meta-analysis across 32 studies identifies multiple lipid loci. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;91:823-838.
33. Taylor AJ, Sullenberger LE, Lee HJ, Lee JK, Grace KA. Arterial biology for the investigation of the treatment effects of reducing cholesterol (ARBITER) 2: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation. 2004;110:3512-3517.
34. Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, Wollersheim H, Trip MD, Kastelein JJ, Stalenhoef AF. Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2001;357:577-581.
35. MacMahon S, Sharpe N, Gamble G, Hart H, Scott J, Simes J, et al. Effects of lowering average of below-average cholesterol levels on the progression of carotid atherosclerosis: results of the LIPID Atherosclerosis Substudy. LIPID Trial Research Group. Circulation. 1998;97: 1784-1790.
36. Crouse JR III, Raichlen JS, Riley WA, Evans GW, Palmer MK, O'Leary DH, et al METEOR Study Group. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA. 2007;297:1344-1353.
37. Fleg JL, Mete M, Howard BV, Umans JG, Roman MJ, Ratner RE, et al. Effect of statins alone versus statins plus ezetimibe on carotid atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes: the SANDS (Stop Atherosclerosis in Native Diabetics Study) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:2198-2205.
38. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, Best J, Scott R, Taskinen MR, et al; FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849-1861.
39. Taylor AJ, Bots ML, Kastelein JJ. Vascular disease: meta-regression of CIMT trials-data in, garbage out. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2011;8:128-130.
40. Costanzo P, Perrone-Filardi P, Vassallo E, Paolillo S, Cesarano P, Brevetti G, et al. Does carotid intima-media thickness regression predict reduction of cardiovascular events? A meta-analysis of 41 randomized trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:2006-2020.
41. Ginsberg HN. The ACCORD (Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes) Lipid trial: what we learn from subgroup analyses. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S107-S108.
42. Aulchenko YS, Ripatti S, Lindqvist I, Boomsma D, Heid IM, Pramstaller PP, et al ENGAGE Consortium. Loci influencing lipid levels and coronary heart disease risk in 16 European population cohorts. Nat Genet. 2009;41:47-55.
43. Lewis SJ. Mendelian randomization as applied to coronary heart disease, including recent advances incorporating new technology. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:109-117.
44. Palmer TM, Lawlor DA, Harbord RM, Sheehan NA, Tobias JH, Timpson NJ, et al. Using multiple genetic variants as instrumental variables for modifiable risk factors. Stat Methods Med Res. 2012;21:223-242.
45. Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Vanderweele TJ. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40:740-752.