Preventive measures against the mustard gas: A review

Medical Journal of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 83-90

  Razavi, Seyed Mansour ^a   Karbakhsh, Mojgan ^a   Salamati, Payman ^b  

^a TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

^b TEHRAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Chemical warfare; Mustard gas; Prevention and control; Wounds and Injuries

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877988175     PISSN: 10161430     EISSN: 22516840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Wattana M, Bey T. Mustard gas or sulfur mustard: an old chemical agent as a new terrorist threat. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 2009; 24, 1:19-29.
2. Khateri S, Ghanei M, Keshavarz S, Soroush M, Haines D. Incidence of lung, eye, and skin lesions as late complications in 34000 Iranian with wartime exposure to mustard agent. J Occup Environ Med. 2003;45:1136-43. (Persian)
3. Javadi M A, Yazdani S, Sajjadi H, Jadidi K, Karimian F, Einollahi B, et al. Chronic and delyed onset mustard gas keratitis: report of 48 patients and review of literature Ophthalmology. 2005;112(4):617-625.
4. Razavi SM, Salamati P, Saghafinia M, Abdollahi M. A review on delayed toxic effects of sulfur mustard in Iranian veterans. DARU 2012, 20(51):2-8.
5. Razavi SM, Salamati p, Feizi S, Javadi MA. Mustard gas-induced ocular injuries : a review of manifestations and managements. Iranian Journal of Ophthalmology 2012; 24(4):11-18.
6. Papirmeister B, Fiester AJ, Robinson SI, Ford RD. Medical defense against mustard gas toxic mechanisms and pharmacological implications. Boston, MA: CRC Press; 1991; 80-82.
7. Zarchi K, Akbar A, Naieni KH. Long-tem pulmonary complications in combatants exposed to mustard gas: a historical cohort study. Int J epidemiol 2004; 33: 579-581.
8. Zargar M, Araghizadeh H, Soroush MR, Khaji A. Iranian casualties during the eight years of Iraq-Iran conflict. Rev Saude Publica. 2007; 41:6.
9. International program on chemical safety (IPCS). Mustard Gas. (Accessed on 7 Aug 2012) Available from: http://www.inchem.org/documents /pims/chemical/mustardg.htm#SectionTitle:12.2%2 0Specific%20preventative%20mesaures.
10. Safarinejad MR, Moosavi SA, Montazeri B. Ocular injuries caused by mustard gas: diagnosis, treatment, and Medical Defense. Mil Med 2001; 166: 67-70.
11. Ghasemi Boroumand M, Agin A, Amiri Z. Late concurrent ophthalmic and respiratory complications of Mustard gas exposure. Scientific Journal of The Eye Bank of Iran 2004; 2(9): 171- 165.(Persian)
12. Ghasemi Boroumand M, Amiri Z. Delayed ocular complications of mustard gas on 500 veterans. Journal of Rehabilitation 2008; 8(4): 67-74. (Persian)
13. Collumbine H. Medical aspects of mustard gas poisoning. Nature 1947; 4031: 151-153.
14. Aghanouri R, Ghanei M, Aslani J, Keivani-Amine H, Rastegar F, Karkhane A. Fibrogenic cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage aspirates 15 years after exposure to sulfur mustard. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004; 287(6):L1160-4.
15. Balali M, Hefazi M. The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulfur mustard poisoning. 2005 Blackwell Publishing Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology. 2005; 10: 297-315. (Persian)
16. Kehe K, Thiermann F, Balszuweit F, Eyer F, Steinritz D, Zilker T. Acute effects of sulfur mustard injury Munich experiences. Toxicology 2009; 263: 3-8.
17. Ghasemi Broumand M, Karamy Gh, Pourfarzam Sh, Emadi SN, Ghasemi H. Late concurrent ophthalmic, respiratory, coetaneous and psychiatric complications of chemical weapons exposure in 479 war patients. Daneshvar, Scientificresearch Journal of Shahed University; 70 (14): 81-92. (Persian).
18. Borak J, Sidell FR. Agents of chemical warfare: sulfur mustard. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Mar; 21 (3):303-8.
19. Balali-Mood M, Hefazi M. The pharmacology, toxicology, and medical treatment of sulphur mustard poisoning. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2005; 19:297-315.
20. Hughes WF. Mustard gas injuries to the eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 1942; 27: 582-601.
21. Bernstam L, Hartman E. The effect of war gases and other chemicals on the eyes of civilian population. Bull. N.Y. Acad. Med. 1943; 19: 356-67.
22. Rosenwasser GO. Complications of topical ocular anesthetics. Int, Ophthalmol. Clin. 1989; 29: 153-158.
23. Javadi M A, Kazemi-Moghdam M. Ocular effects of sulphur mustard poisoning. In: Cheraghali A. (Eds). Prevention and treatment of complications of chemical warfare agents. Chemical warfare research center, Tehran, Iran. 2000. pp; 82-101. (Persian)
24. Freitag L, Firusian N, Stamatis G, Greschuchna D. The role of bronchoscopy in pulmonary complications due to mustard gas inhalation. Chest. 1991 Nov; 100 (5):1436-41.
25. Boiselle PM, Feller-Kopman D, Ashiku S, Weeks D, Ernst A. Tracheobronchomalacia: evolving role of dynamic multislice helical CT. Radiol Clin North Am. 2003 May; 41(3):627-36.
26. Ghoddousi K, Ghanei M, Bahaeloo Horeh S, Khoddami Vishteh H. Body mass index in veterans exposed to chemical warfare agents with chronic bronchiolitis . Iranian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2007; 9(3): 285-290. (Persian)
27. Agin Kh. Comparison of serum magnesium values among sulfur mustard induced asthma with non-chemical asthmatic in Iranian war victims. Journal of Army University of Medical Sciences of The Iran. 2005; 3(9): 499-495.(Persian)
28. Konermann M, Luck G, Rawert B, Pirsing W. Effect of the long-acting beta-2 agonist inhalant for moterol on the quality of sleep of patients with bronchial asthma. Pneumologie, 2000 ; 54: 104-109.
29. Einollahi B, Jadidi K. A study of ophthalmic complications due the mustard gas in the chemical war injured. Kowsar Medical Journal 2000;4(4): 287-285.(Persian)
30. Mousavi B, Soroush M R, Montazeri A. Quality of life in chemical warfare survivors with ophthalmologic injuries: the first results from Iran chemical warfare victims health assessment study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes. 2009; 7(2): 1-8. (Persian)
31. Tavallaii SA , Ghanei M , Assari SH , Lorgarde Dezfuli Nezhad M , Habibi M. Risk factors correlated to suicide in deceased Iranian veterans. Journal of Military Medicine, 2006; 8(2): 143-148.(Persian).
32. Centers for disease control and prevention (CDC). Emergency Preparedness and Response. Facts about sulfur mustard. Last updated on 12 march 2003, Last accessed 11 Jan 2013Available online at: http://emergency.cdc.gov/agent/sulfur mustard/basics/facts.asp.
33. Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management (CHEMM). Mustard Pre -hospital Management, basic decontamination. 2012, (Cited 2012 Aug 7) Aavailable from: http://chemm.nlm. nih.gov/mustard_prehospital_mmg.htm#top.
34. Material Safety Data Sheet. Distilled mustard (HD). Revised 21 December 2004. (Cited 2012 Aug 7) Available from: http://www.noblis.org/MissionAreas/nsi/ChemistryofLethalChemicalWarfareAgents/Documents/hdMSDSDec2004.pdf.
35. Polk County Health Department. Factsheet. Sulfur Mustard.(Cited 2012 Aug 7) Available from: http://www.polkcountyiowa.gov/health/pdfs/sulfurm ustard.pdf.
36. CAMEO chemicals, version 2.2, revision 2. Mustard Gas,(Cited 2012 Aug 8) Available from: http://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/5083.
37. Encyclopedia Britannica facts matter. Gas mask.(Cited 2012 Aug 8) Available from: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/22644 8/gas-mask.
38. Fact sheets on Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents. Blister Agent: Sulfur Mustard (H, HD, HS). 2005,(Cited 2012 Aug 8) Available from: http://cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Blister/HD.shtml.