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2
-
-
84878000266
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-
Criminal Code of Canada RSC 1985 c 46, ss 210, 212.1(j) and 213(1). [Criminal Code]
-
Criminal Code of Canada RSC 1985, c 46, ss 210, 212.1(j) and 213(1). [Criminal Code]
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
33745639286
-
-
being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11. Section 7 guarantees the right to "life, liberty and security of the person
-
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms , Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982 being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11. Section 7 guarantees the right to "life, liberty and security of the person."
-
(1982)
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms Part i of the Constitution Act
-
-
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4
-
-
84877943210
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Canada (AG) v Bedford, [2012] ONCA 186. [Canada v Bedford]
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Canada (AG) v Bedford , [2012] ONCA 186. [Canada v Bedford]
-
-
-
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5
-
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84877985376
-
-
reasoning that the "living on the avails" law was intended to protect sex workers from pimps yet criminalized all professional relationships (i.e., those with receptionists, security, drivers) that help and of er sex workers security
-
reasoning that the "living on the avails" law was intended to protect sex workers from pimps yet criminalized all professional relationships (i.e., those with receptionists, security, drivers) that help and of er sex workers security.
-
-
-
-
6
-
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84877970199
-
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Since "bawdy-house" as def ned in Criminal Code s197 and not in s 210 is being revised (with the removal of the word "prostitution"), a signif cant grey area has emerged as "houses kept for the practice of acts of indecency" are still subject to criminal sanction
-
Since "bawdy-house" as def ned in Criminal Code s197 and not in s 210 is being revised (with the removal of the word "prostitution"), a signif cant grey area has emerged as "houses kept for the practice of acts of indecency" are still subject to criminal sanction.
-
-
-
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7
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84877953679
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Canada v Bedford at para 304
-
Canada v Bedford at para 304.
-
-
-
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8
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84877966011
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Federal conservatives continue to jeopardize women's lives and neighbourhood safety April 26
-
See, for example, Maggie's: Toronto Sex Workers Action Project. "Federal conservatives continue to jeopardize women's lives and neighbourhood safety," (April 26, 2012), http://maggiestoronto. ca/press-releases?news-id=89 .
-
(2012)
Toronto Sex Workers Action Project
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-
Maggie1
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11
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84877994875
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A Supreme Court ruling would be applicable to the nation and not just Ontario as is, at least in principle, currently the case
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A Supreme Court ruling would be applicable to the nation and not just Ontario as is, at least in principle, currently the case.
-
-
-
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12
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84877990097
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Canada v Bedford at para 173
-
Canada v Bedford at para 173.
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14
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77953276875
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What's law got to do with it? How and why law matters in the regulation of sex work
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J. Scoular, "What's Law Got to Do With it? How and Why Law Matters in the Regulation of Sex Work," Journal of Law and Society 37, 1 (2010), 12;
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(2010)
Journal of Law and Society
, vol.37
, Issue.1
, pp. 12
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Scoular, J.1
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15
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84877968680
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Legislative approaches to prostitution: A critical introduction
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2nd ed., eds. L. Tepperman and A. Kalyta Toronto: Oxford
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F. M. Shaver, "Legislative Approaches to Prostitution: A Critical Introduction," in Reading Sociology: Canadian Perspectives, 2nd ed., eds. L. Tepperman and A. Kalyta (Toronto: Oxford, 2012);
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(2012)
Reading Sociology: Canadian Perspectives
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Shaver, F.M.1
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16
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When (Some) prostitution is legal: The impact of law reform on sex work in Australia
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B. Sullivan, "When (Some) Prostitution is Legal: The Impact of Law Reform on Sex Work in Australia," Journal of Law and Society 37, 1 (2010), 85.
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Journal of Law and Society
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Sullivan, B.1
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Teorizing stigma and the politics of resistance: Symbolic and structural stigma in everyday life
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eds. S. Hannem and C. Bruckert, Chapter 2 Ottawa: University of Ottawa
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S. Hannem, "T eorizing Stigma and the Politics of Resistance: Symbolic and Structural Stigma in Everyday Life," in Stigma Revisited: Implications of the Mark , eds. S. Hannem and C. Bruckert, Chapter 2 (Ottawa: University of Ottawa, 2012).
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(2012)
Stigma Revisited: Implications of the Mark
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Hannem, S.1
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18
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Prostitution policy in europe: A time of change
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at 90
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J. Kilvington, S. Day, and H.Ward, "Prostitution Policy in Europe: A Time of Change," Feminist Review 67, 1 (2001), 78 at 90.
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Feminist Review
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Kilvington, J.1
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Canadian sex work policy for the 21st century: Enhancing rights and safety, lessons from Australia
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at 64
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See L. A. Jef rey and B. Sullivan, "Canadian Sex Work Policy for the 21st Century: Enhancing Rights and Safety, Lessons from Australia," Canadian Political Science Review 3, 1 (2009) at 64.
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Canadian Political Science Review
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Jefrey, L.A.1
Sullivan, B.2
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22
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85050325298
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Sex and the limits of enlightenment: The irrationality of legal regimes to control prostitution
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at 74
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L. Agustin, "Sex and the Limits of Enlightenment: The Irrationality of Legal Regimes to Control Prostitution," Sexuality Research & Social Policy 5, 1 (2008) at 74.
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Sexuality Research & Social Policy
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Agustin, L.1
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26
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84877981573
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Here we are drawing attention to the process of "translation"- how a policy is enacted will be conditioned by the institutions and individuals responsible for implementation tactics-what O'Malley, Shearing, and Weir (1996) refer to as the "messy actualities." For example, police services exercise considerable discretion in enforcement practices
-
Here we are drawing attention to the process of "translation"- how a policy is enacted will be conditioned by the institutions and individuals responsible for implementation tactics-what O'Malley, Shearing, and Weir (1996) refer to as the "messy actualities." For example, police services exercise considerable discretion in enforcement practices.
-
-
-
-
27
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0000517804
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The powers of association
-
ed. J. Law London: Routledge & Kegan Paul
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See B. Latour, "T e Powers of Association," in Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge, ed. J. Law, 264-80 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986);
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(1986)
Power, Action and Belief: A New Sociology of Knowledge
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Latour, B.1
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28
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0000304247
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Governmentality, criticism, politics
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P. O'Malley, L. Weir, and C. Shearing, "Governmentality, Criticism, Politics," Economy and Society 26, 4 (1997), 501.
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Economy and Society
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, pp. 501
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O'Malley, P.1
Weir, L.2
Shearing, C.3
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30
-
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84877947420
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However, in discourse this issue is highly gendered, and we use the female pronoun
-
However, in discourse this issue is highly gendered, and we use the female pronoun.
-
-
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32
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84877991896
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To serve and protect? Structural stigma, social prof ling and the abuse of police power in ottawa
-
eds. E. Van der Meulen, E. M. Durisin, and V. Love, chapter 19 (Vancouver: UBC Press)
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For a discussion of the stereotypes embedded in the discourse of the Ottawa Police Service, see C. Bruckert and S. Hannem, "To Serve and Protect? Structural Stigma, Social Prof ling and the Abuse of Police Power in Ottawa," in Selling Sex: Canadian Academics, Advocates, and Sex Workers in Dialogue, eds. E. Van der Meulen, E. M. Durisin, and V. Love, chapter 19 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2013).
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(2013)
Selling Sex: Canadian Academics, Advocates, and Sex Workers in Dialogue
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Bruckert, C.1
Hannem, S.2
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34
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33748540737
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Fallen women and rescued girls: Social stigma and media narratives of the sex industry in victoria, B.C., from 1980 to 2005
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H. Haulgrimsdott, R. Phillips and C. Benoit, "Fallen Women and Rescued Girls: Social Stigma and Media Narratives of the Sex Industry in Victoria, B.C., from 1980 to 2005," C anadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 43, 3 (2006), 265, for discussions on the media's reproduction of stereotypes.
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(2006)
Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology
, vol.43
, Issue.3
, pp. 265
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-
Haulgrimsdott, H.1
Phillips, R.2
Benoit, C.3
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35
-
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84877987047
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Hintonburg Community Association Ottawa: HCA
-
For a particularly egregious example, see Hintonburg Community Association, Street-level Prostitution: Dispelling the Myths (Ottawa: HCA, 2001).
-
(2001)
Street-level Prostitution: Dispelling the Myths
-
-
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36
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84877972026
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Of course, like all stereotypes, some of these things may be true of individual sex workers' realities; however, to extrapolate from some to all workers takes us down a treacherous path. History is littered with instances where stigmatic assumptions were used to trample upon the human rights of a population
-
Of course, like all stereotypes, some of these things may be true of individual sex workers' realities; however, to extrapolate from some to all workers takes us down a treacherous path. History is littered with instances where stigmatic assumptions were used to trample upon the human rights of a population.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
34548751234
-
Sex work for the middle classes
-
See, for example, E. Bernstein, "Sex Work for the Middle Classes," Sexualities 10, 4 (2007), 437.
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(2007)
Sexualities
, vol.10
, Issue.4
, pp. 437
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-
Bernstein, E.1
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41
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84878002521
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For example, the three plaintif s in Bedford v Canada are members of Sex Professionals of Canada (SPOC, Toronto), and POWER (Ottawa) joined with Maggie's (Toronto) to intervene in the OCA hearings
-
For example, the three plaintif s in Bedford v Canada are members of Sex Professionals of Canada (SPOC, Toronto), and POWER (Ottawa) joined with Maggie's (Toronto) to intervene in the OCA hearings.
-
-
-
-
42
-
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84877969953
-
-
Canada v Bedford , at para 134, emphasis ours. When they assert "the acknowledged reality that prostitution is inherently dangerous in virtually any circumstances" (at para 117) they prioritize "common knowledge" over the volumes of expert testimony that Justice Himel ruled credible and which they implicitly they endorse when they defer to Justice Himel's assessment (at para 130)
-
Canada v Bedford , at para 134, emphasis ours. When they assert "the acknowledged reality that prostitution is inherently dangerous in virtually any circumstances" (at para 117) they prioritize "common knowledge" over the volumes of expert testimony that Justice Himel ruled credible and which they implicitly they endorse when they defer to Justice Himel's assessment (at para 130).
-
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-
-
46
-
-
84877933021
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-
For a detailed theoretical discussion of the concept of structural stigma, see Hannem, "Teorizing Stigma."
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Teorizing Stigma
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Hannem1
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Chasing the social evil: Moral fervour and the evolution of canada's prostitution laws
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J. McLaren, "Chasing the Social Evil: Moral Fervour and the Evolution of Canada's Prostitution Laws," Canadian Journal of Law and Society 1 (1986), 125;
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(1986)
Canadian Journal of Law and Society
, vol.1
, pp. 125
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McLaren, J.1
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48
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F. M. Shaver, "Te Regulation of Prostitution: Avoiding the Morality Traps," Canadian Journal of Law and Society 9 (1994), 123.
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, pp. 123
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Shaver, F.M.1
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Risk and moralization in everyday life
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Toronto: University of Toronto
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Alan Hunt, "Risk and Moralization in Everyday Life," in Risk and Morality, eds. R. V. Ericson and A, Doyle, 165-92 (Toronto: University of Toronto, 2003).
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Risk and Morality, Eds
, pp. 165-192
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Hunt, A.1
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51
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84877963754
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According to Criminal Code at s 213.(2), a "'public place' includes any place to which the public have access as of right or by invitation, express or implied, and any motor vehicle located in a public place or in any place open to public view." Criminal Code at s 213.(1)
-
According to Criminal Code at s 213.(2), a "'public place' includes any place to which the public have access as of right or by invitation, express or implied, and any motor vehicle located in a public place or in any place open to public view." Criminal Code at s 213.(1).
-
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52
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84877985457
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Reference re ss 193 and 195.1(1)(C) of the criminal code (Man.) [1990] 1 SCR. 1123, paras 15-16
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Reference re ss 193 and 195.1(1)(C) of the criminal code (Man.) [1990] 1 SCR. 1123, paras 15-16.
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53
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84878000130
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Canada v Bedford at para 307, emphasis ours. T is issue was raised by Justice MacPherson writing for the dissent at 346: "It is not clear to me how street prostitution's association with these other social ills increases the weight that ought to be assigned to the legislative objective" (emphasis in the original)
-
Canada v Bedford at para 307, emphasis ours. T is issue was raised by Justice MacPherson writing for the dissent at 346: "It is not clear to me how street prostitution's association with these other social ills increases the weight that ought to be assigned to the legislative objective" (emphasis in the original).
-
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55
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84877986651
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Bedford v Canada (Attorney General) [2010] ONSC 4264 at para 239. [Bedford v Canada[. See also Canada v Bedford at para 195.
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Canada v Bedford at Para
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57
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(Toronto: McClelland & Stewart) at 93
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Socio-historical researcher Mariana Valverde asserts that "virtually no evidence was found of a traffic in Canadian women, either within or without Canadian borders." M. Valverde, The Age of Light, Soap and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885-1925 . (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1991) at 93. Surprisingly, the appeal court justices refer to "the pressing social problem of so-called 'white-slavery'"; Canada v Bedford at para 202.
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The Age of Light, Soap and Water: Moral Reform in English Canada, 1885-1925
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Valverde, M.1
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84877968793
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They also appear to accept the evidence of appellants' witnesses when they assert that "frequently police investigating residential bawdy-houses have found vulnerable women brought in from abroad or under-age girls working as prostitutes" (at para 195)
-
They also appear to accept the evidence of appellants' witnesses when they assert that "frequently police investigating residential bawdy-houses have found vulnerable women brought in from abroad or under-age girls working as prostitutes" (at para 195).
-
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59
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Criminal Code at s 212(j)
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Criminal Code at s 212(j).
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60
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Criminal Code at s 212 (a)(h)
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Criminal Code at s 212 (a)(h).
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Canada v Bedford at para 254.
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66
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C a n a d a's f rst Criminal Code (1892) prohibited "all persons from procuring the def lement of women under the age of 21." In 1897, a new law was added that criminalized "the procuring of women for unlawful carnal connection," and in 1913, in the shadow of moral panic about the "white slave trade," the procuring provisions were revised to criminalize living on the earnings of another's prostitution
-
C a n a d a's f rst Criminal Code (1892) prohibited "all persons from procuring the def lement of women under the age of 21." In 1897, a new law was added that criminalized "the procuring of women for unlawful carnal connection," and in 1913, in the shadow of moral panic about the "white slave trade," the procuring provisions were revised to criminalize living on the earnings of another's prostitution.
-
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69
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Canada v Bedford at para 277
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Militarized humanitarianism meets carceral feminism: The politics of sex, rights, and freedom in contemporary anti-traf cking campaigns
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D. Kulick, "On the Swedish model." Presented at the Beijing Plus Ten Meetings (2005), http://www.globalrights.org/site/DocServer/Don-Kulick- on-The-Swedish-Model.pdf;
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A 2012 Farlige Forbindelser report
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Norway introduced an end-demand law in 2009. A 2012 Farlige Forbindelser report ( http://prosentret.no/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/FARLIGE-FORBINDELSER. pdf ), commissioned by the City of Oslo, concluded, based on interviews with sex workers, police and social service providers, that sex workers were more vulnerable to violence and had increased their reliance on third parties.
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Norway Introduced An End-demand Law in 2009
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See partial translation of report by Wendy Lyon, http://feministire . wordpress.com/2012/07/01/the-oslo-report-on-violence-against-sex-workers/.
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Lyon, W.1
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118
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Swedish Institute at 34
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Swedish Institute , Selected Extracts, at 34.
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Selected Extracts
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Scoular makes a similar link to neoliberalism when she argues, "those who act responsibly by adopting appropriate lifestyles via work and norms of sexuality are of ered inclusion, those who do not or cannot and instead remain in sex work . . . are excluded."
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Scoular makes a similar link to neoliberalism when she argues, "those who act responsibly by adopting appropriate lifestyles via work and norms of sexuality are of ered inclusion, those who do not or cannot and instead remain in sex work . . . are excluded."
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The impact of decriminalisation on the number of sex workers in New Zealand
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G. M. Abel, L. J. Fitzgerald and C. Brunton, "Te Impact of Decriminalisation on the Number of Sex workers in New Zealand," Journal of Social Policy 38 (2009), 515.
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(2009)
Journal of Social Policy
, vol.38
, pp. 515
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Abel, G.M.1
Fitzgerald, L.J.2
Brunton, C.3
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124
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Prostitution Law Review Committee New Zealand: Ministry of Justice
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The certif cation of brothel-operators was intended to reduce the chance of organized crime or exploitive 'criminals' becoming involved in operating brothels and victimizing workers; see Prostitution Law Review Committee, Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act, 2003 (New Zealand: Ministry of Justice, 2008).
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(2008)
Report of the Prostitution Law Review Committee on the Operation of the Prostitution Reform Act, 2003
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Prostitution Law Review Committee, Report
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Prostitution Law Review Committee, Report.
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While arguably still in f ux, the experiences of gay and lesbian communities in North America may shed some light on the importance of removing structural stigma in order to facilitate a movement toward destigmatization
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While arguably still in f ux, the experiences of gay and lesbian communities in North America may shed some light on the importance of removing structural stigma in order to facilitate a movement toward destigmatization.
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132
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Teterm was famously coined by Scarlot Harlot
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Teterm was famously coined by Scarlot Harlot.
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