A brief historic overview of clinical disorders associated with tryptophan: The relevance to chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and fibromyalgia (FM)

International Journal of Tryptophan Research

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2013, Pages 27-32

  Blankfield, Adele ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Chronic fatigue syndrome; Fibromyalgia; Gamma interferon; Pellagra; Tryptophan; Vitamin B12

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877912108     PISSN: None     EISSN: 11786469     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4137/IJTR.S10085     Document Type: Letter

References (75)

1. Rose DP. Aspects of tryptophan metabolism in health and disease: a review. J Clin Pathol. 1972;25(1):17-25.
2. Lehman J. Mental and neuromuscular symptoms in tryptophan deficiency: Pellagra, carcinoidosis, phenylketonuria, Hartnup disease and disturbances of tryptophan metabolism induced by p-chlorophenylalanine, levodopa and a-methyldopa. A review with special reference to mental symptoms in a selected material of carcinoid patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1972;48 (Suppl 237):5-28.
3. Heseker H, Kübler W, Pudel V, Westenhöffer J. Psychological disorders as early symptoms of mild-moderate vitamin deficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;669:352-7.
4. Lisham WA. Organic Psychiatry. 2nd edition. New York: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1987.
5. Sidransky H. Tryptophan. Biochemical and Health Implications. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2001.
6. Fernstrom JD, Wurtman RJ. Brain serotonin content: physiological dependence on plasma tryptophan levels. Science. 1971;173(3992):149-52.
7. Richard DM, Dawes MA, Mathias CW, Acheson A, Hill-Kapturczak N, Dougherty DM. L-tryptophan: basic metabolic functions, behavioural research and therapeutic indications. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2009;2: 45-60.
8. Rubinsztein JS, Rogers RD, Riedel WJ, Mehta MA, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. Acute dietary tryptophan depletion impairs maintenance of "affective set" and delayed visual recognition in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001;154(3):319-26.
9. Wilson JD. Disorders of vitamins: deficiency, excess and errors of metabolism. In: Petersdorf RG, editor. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1983.
10. Chen V, Guillemin GJ. Kynurenine pathway metabolites in human disease and healthy states. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2009;2:1-19.
11. Ruddick JP, Evans AK, Nutt DJ, Lightman SL, Rook GA, Lowry CA. Tryptophan metabolism in the central nervous system: medical implications. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2006;8(20):1-27.
12. Schröcksnadel K, Wirleitner B, Winkler C, Fuchs D. Monitoring tryptophan metabolism in chronic immune activation. Clin chim Acta. 2006;364(1-2): 82-90.
13. Brandacher G, Margrieter R, Fuchs D. Implications of IFN-gamma mediated tryptophan catabolism on solid organ transplantation. Curr Drug Metab. 2007;8(3):273-82.
14. Capuron L, Schroecksnadel S, Féart C, et al. Chronic low-grade inflammation in elderly persons is associated with altered tryptophan and tyrosine metabolism: role in neuropsychiatric symptoms. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;70(2): 175-82.
15. Taylor MW, Feng GS. Relationship between interferon-Gamma, indolemine 2, 3-dioxygenase, and tryptophan catabolism. FASEB J. 1991;5:2516-22.
16. Cleare AJ, Messa C, Rabiner EA, Grasby PM. Brain 5-HT1A receptor binding in chronic fatigue syndrome using position emission tomography and [11C]WAY-100635. Biol Psychiatry. 2003;57(3):239-46.
17. Perkin GD, Murray-Lyon I. Neurology and the gastrointestinal system. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1998;65(3):291-300.
18. Hogenauer C, Hammer HF. Maldigestion and malabsorption. In: Sleisenger and Fordtran's gastrointestinal and liver disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management. 8th edition. Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, editors. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2006.
19. Ledochowski M, Widner B, Murr C, Sperner-Unterweger B, Fuchs D. Fructose malabsorption is associated with decreased plasma tryptophan. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001;36(4):367-71.
20. Haverback BJ, Dyce B, Thomas HV. Indole metabolism in the malabsorption syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1960;26:754-7.
21. Scriver CR. Abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism in a patient with malabsorption syndrome. J Lab Clin Med. 1961;58:908-19.
22. Montgomery RD, Beale DJ, Schneider R. Post-infective malabsorption syndrome: a sprue syndrome. Brit Med J. 1973;2(5861):265-8.
23. Bender Da. Introduction to nutrition and metabolism. 4th edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008.
24. Ekwall O, Hedstrand H, Grimelius L, et al. Identification of tryptophan hydroxylase as an intestinal autoantigen. Lancet. 1998;352(9124): 278-83.
25. Ekwall O, Hedstrand H, Haavik J, et al. Pteridin-dependent hydroxylases as autoantigens in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(8):2944-50.
26. Cianchetta G, Stouch T, Yu W, et al. Mechanism of inhibition of novel tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitors revealed by co-crystal structures and kinetic analyses. Curr Chem Genomics. 2010;4:19-26.
27. Tack J, Janssen P, Wouters M, Boeckxstaens G. Targeting serotonin synthesis to treat irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(2): 420-2.
28. Sabater J, Ricós C. Abnormalities of tryptophan metabolism (kynurenine pathway) found in a group of 830 mentally retarded children. Clin Chem Acta. 1974;56(2):175-86.
29. Heely AF, Heeley ME, Hardy J, Soothill JF. A disorder of tryptophan metabolism in chronic granulomatous disease. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45(242): 485-90.
30. Salih MA, Bender DA, McCreanor GM. Lethal familial pellagra-like skin lesion associated with neurologic and developmental impairment and the development of cataracts. Pediatrics. 1985;76(5):787-93.
31. Assmann B. Biogenic amines and pterins in cerebrospinal fluid: some pitfalls with interpretation. Future Neurol. 2006;1(5):651-7.
32. Hyland K. Inherited disorders affecting dopamine and serotonin: critical neurotransmitters derived from aromatic amino acids. J Nutr. 2007;137 (6 Suppl 1):1568S-72.
33. Schott DA, Nicolas J, de Vries JE, Keularts IM, Rubio-Gozalbo ME, Gerver WJ. Disorder in the serotonergic system due to tryptophan hydroxylation impairment: a cause of hypothalamic syndrome? Horm Res Paediatr. 2010;73(1):68-73.
34. Wilken B, Yu JS, Brown DA. Natural History of Hartnup Disease. Arch Dis Child. 1977;52(1):38-40.
35. Seow HF, Bröer S, Bröer A, et al. Hartnup disorder is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the neutral amino acid transporter SLC 6A19. Nature Genetics. 2004;36(9):1003-7.
36. Oakley A, Wallace J. Hartnup disease presenting in an adult. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1994;19(5):407-8.
37. Poaletti R, Sirtori C Jr, Spano PF. Clinical relevance of drugs affecting tryptophan transport. Annu Rev Pharmacol. 1975;15:73-81.
38. Fuchs D, Weiss G, Wachter H. Pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1992;53(8):296.
39. Russell IJ, Vipraio GA, Acworth J. Abnormalities in the central nervous (CNS) metabolism of tryptophan (TRY) to 3-hydroxy kynurenine (OHKY) in fibromyalgia syndrome (FS). Arthritis Rheum. 1993;36(9):S222.
40. Blankfield A. Kynurenine pathway hypothesis: The nature of the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) Revisited. Int J Tryptophan Res. 2011;4:47-8.
41. Popper, Karl R. Conjectures and Refutations. The growth of scientific knowledge. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; 1972.
42. Werbach MR. Nutritional strategies for treating chronic fatigue syndrome. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(2):93-108.
43. Werbach MR. Serotonin in chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia. Townsend letter for doctors and patients. Nov 2001.
44. Kerr JR, Barah F, Mattey DL, et al. Circulating tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma are detectable during acute and convalescent parvovirus B19 infection and are associated with prolonged and chronic fatigue. J Gen Virol. 2001;82(Pt 12):3011-9.
45. Constant EL, Adam S, Gillain B, Lambert M, Masquellier E, Seron X. Cognitive deficits in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome compared to those with major depressive disorder and healthy controls. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2011;113(4):295-302.
46. Hickie I, Lloyd A, Wakefield D, Parker G. The psychiatric status of patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. Brit J Psychiat. 1990;156:534-40.
47. Bell David S. The Doctors Guide to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Boston: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company; 1995.
48. Russell IJ. The fibromyalgia syndrome: A clinical case definition for practitioners. J of Musculoskeletal Pain. 2003;11(4): Binghampton: Haworth Medical Press; 2003.
49. Carruthers BM, van de Sande M. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: A clinical case definition and guidelines for medical practitioners. A consensus document. JCFS. 2003;11(1):7-115.
50. Park DC, Glass IM, Minear M, Crofford J. Cognitive Function in fibromyalgia patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44(9):2125-33.
51. Rodríguez-Andreu J, Ibáñez-Bosch R, Portero-Vázquez A, Masramon X, Rejas J, Gálvez R. Cognitive impairment in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome as assessed by the mini-mental state examination. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009;10:162.
52. Nickel JC, Tripp DA, Pontari M, et al. Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome and associated medical conditions with an emphasis on irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. J Urol. 2010;184(4):1358-63.
53. Clarke G, McKernan DP, Gaszner G, et al. A distinct profile of tryptophan metabolism along the kynurenine pathway downstream of toll-like receptor activation in irritable bowel syndrome. Front Pharmacol. 2012;3:90.
54. Moldofsky H, Scarisbrick P, England R Smythe H. Musculoskeletal symptoms and non-REM sleep disturbances in patients with "fibrositis syndrome" and healthy subjects. Psychosom Med. 1975;37(4):341-51.
55. Yunus MB, Dailey JW, Aldag JC, Masi AT, Jobe PC. Plasma tryptophan and other amino acids in primary fibromyalgia: a controlled study. J Rheumatol. 1992;19(1):90-4.
56. Schwartz MJ, Offenbaecher M, Neumeister A, Ackenheil M. Experimental evaluation of an altered tryptophan metabolism in fibromyalgia. In: Developments in Tryptophan and Serotonin Metabolism. Allegri G, Costa CVL, Ragazzi E, Steinhart H, Laresio L. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers; 2003.
57. Bazzichi L, Palego L, Giannaccini G, et al. Altered amino acid homeostasis in subjects affected by fibromyalgia. Clin Biochem. 2009;42(10-11):1064-70.
58. Jones MG, Cooper, Amjad S, Goodwin CS, Barron JL, Chalmers RA. Urinary and plasma organic acids and amino acids in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clin Chem Acta. 2005;361:150-8.
59. Niblett SH, King KE, Dunstan RH, et al. Hematologic and urinary excretion anomalies in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2007;232(8):1041-9.
60. Belensky P, Bogan KL, Brenner C. NAD+ metabolism in health and disease. Trends Biochem Sci. 2007;32(1):12-9.
61. Murray MF. Nicotinamide: an oral antimicrobial agent with activity against both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36(4):453-60.
62. Regland G, Andersson M, Abrahamsson L, Bagby J, Dyrehag LE, Gottfries CG. Increased concentrations of homocystine in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26(4):301-7.
63. Ortancil O, Sanli A, Eryuksel R, Basaran A, Ankarali H. Association between serum ferritin level and fibromyalgia syndrome. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(3):308-12.
64. Ali A, Njike VY, Northrup V, et al. Intravenous micronutrient therapy [Myers' Cocktail] for fibromyalgia: a placebo-controlled pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(3):247-57.
65. Bell David S. Cellular Hypoxia and Neuro-immune Fatigue. Livermore: Wingspan Press; 2007.
66. Brenu EW, van Driel ML, Staines DR, et al. Immunological abnormalities as potential biomarkers in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Translational Medicine. 2011;9:81.
67. Lloyd AR, Wakefield D, Boughton CR, Dwyer JM. Immunological abnormalties in the chronic fatigue syndrome. Med J Aust. 1989;151,3,122-4
68. von Bubnoff D, Hanau D, Wenzel J, et al. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase-expressing antigen presenting cells and peripheral T-cell tolerance: another piece to the atopic puzzle? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003;112(5):854-60.
69. Vial T, Descotes J. Clinical toxicity of the interferons. Drug SAF. 1994;10(2): 115-50.
70. Kerr JR, Gough J, Richards SC, et al. Antibody to parvovirus B19 nonstructural protein is associated with chronic arthralgia in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. J Gen Virol. 2010;91(Pt 4): 893-7.
71. Bansal AS, Bradley AS, Bishop KN, Kiani-Alikhan S, Ford B. Chronic fatigue syndrome, the immune system and viral infection. Brain Behave Immun. 2012;26(1):24-31.
72. Meeus M, Mistiaen W, Lampbrecht L, Nijs J. Immunological similarities between cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome: the common link to fatigue? Anticancer Res. 2009;29(11):4717-26.
73. Däubener W, Mackenzie CR. IFN-gamma activated indoleamine 2,3-dixoygenase activity in human cells is an antiparasitic and an antibacterial effector mechanism. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;467:517-24.
74. Shapiro JS. Does varicella-zoster virus infection of the peripheral ganglia cause Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.? Med Hypotheses. 2009;73(5):728-34.
75. Mersky H. The importance of hysteria. Br J Psychiatry. 1986;149:23-8.